英语教案-句子成分与结构.doc

星海教育2016年暑假双流校区
目标满分班 名师培优精讲
第 1 讲
【教学标题】
英语句子成分
【教学目标】
让学生完全掌握英语句子的成分问题,使学生能够更好的理解句子结构
【教学重点】
1.句子成分的划分
2。句子的主要成分
3.句子的次要成分
4。作各个成分相应的词性
【教学难点】
1.句子的主要成分
2.状语的识别
3.定语的识别
4.宾语补足语
【教学内容】
句子成分的定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分.
句子成分有主要成分和次要成分：主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
A。主语:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
一句话语法: 主语由名词性的词来充当.
例如：
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.(名词）
The students all love their English teacher.
We often speak English in class。（代词)
They go to school by bus。
One—third of the students in this class are girls。（数词)
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式)
To see is to believe。
Smoking does harm to the health.(动名词）
Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.
It’s no use regretting it.
The rich should help the poor。(名词化的形容词）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
It is necessary to master a foreign language。（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
B.谓语:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。注意动词不定式、动名词、分词为非谓语，不能作谓语.
一句话语法: 谓语由动词充当。
有很多同学在写作的时候容易犯的错误就是要么乱用be动词，要么句子没有谓语动词。
1、可作谓语的动词一般为行为动词（表动作)和连系动词(表状态)，行为动词根据其后是否可直接接宾语，又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。
（1）、及物动词作谓语
We should help each other。
They respect one another。
All of the students like the novel。
Did you see many people there?
(2）、不及物动词作谓语
He left here yesterday.
You’re driving too fast.
The teacher came in， book in hand。
He went abroad in the September of 1988。
（3)连系动词表状态
He is an excellent teacher。
Her son is a friend of ours.
Ours is a great country.
The box itself is not so heavy。
2、谓语的构成如下：
（1）、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成.如：He practices running every morning。
（2）、复合谓语：（a）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。注意：这里面的动词原形非常重要。 如:You may keep the book for two weeks。 He has caught a bad cold。 （b）由系动词加表语构成.如：We are students.
C。表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词（如be， become， get, look， grow， turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
一句话语法: 表语使用形容词，不用副词! 例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
They are brother and sister.
John is captain of the team。
Is it yours?（代词)
What I want to say is this。
The poor boy was myself.
The weather has turned cold。（形容词)
The speech is exciting.(分词)
Three times seven is twenty one?(数词)
Her father is sixty-five.
His job is to teach English。（不定式）
All you need do is to take a taxi from the airport。
His hobby（爱好）is playing football。（动名词)
My favourite sport is swimming。
The machine must be out of order.（介词短语)
注意: 副词可以做表语的只有几个，非常简单,考试不考，所以上面说:表语使用形容词,不用副词! 我们所复习的语法直接针对高考，不是搞语法研究，这点请大家一定要记住.例如：
Time is up. The class is over。（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表语从句）
D。宾语:宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。充当宾语的可以是名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式或整个句子。
一句话语法：宾语由名词性的词充当，宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语,分别构成动宾结构和介词结构，这点非常重要,务必要牢记.例如：
They went to see an exhibition(展览）yesterday。（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five。（数词)
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.(名词化形容词）
He pretended not to see me.(不定式短语)
I enjoy listening to popular music。(动名词短语)
I think（that)he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
宾语种类：(1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如:Lend me your dictionary, please.如果同学搞不清楚什么是双宾语,记下下面这个句子： give me a book.一人一物做宾语就是双宾语。说得白一点,双就是两个的意思.
（2） 复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如:They elected him their monitor.
E．宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整,宾语补足语与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系。
带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当.
一句话语法: 宾语补足语使用形容词,不用副词.例如:
His father named him Dongming。(名词）
They painted their boat white。（形容词）
You must keep it clean。
Tom found the climb quite easy。
Let the fresh air in.(副词）
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you。（不定式短语）
I have a lot of work to do。
She has plenty of clothes to wear。
He made me repeat the story
We saw her entering the room.（现在分词)
I have the car waiting.
Why don’t you have your hair cut?（-ed分词）
We had the machine repaired。
I had my watch stolen yesterday
We found everything in the lab in good order。（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
(注意：后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有call, name, think， make， choose等； 后跟形容词作宾语补足语的动词有keep， find, get， think, make等；
动词不定式作宾语补足语时,当谓语动词为感官动词如feel， see, hear, notice， watch, observe, listen to,look at等，使役动词如let, have, make等，动词不定式不带to。）
F。定语:修饰或限制名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语，是句子中的次要成分。可分为前置定语和后置定语.一般有形容词，形容词性物主代词、副词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词（短语)或句子充当。
一句话语法:定语使用形容词 例如:
Guilin is a beautiful city。（形容词)
Mr. Green has two sons. （数词)
The man downstairs couldn't sleep well。 （副词）
China is a developing country； America is a developed country。（分词)
A man going to die is always kind-hearted。
The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted.
There are thirty women teachers is our school。(名词）
Can you find out the answer to the question.
His rapid progress in English made us surprised。（代词)
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
Would you like something to drink?
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.(动名词）
A barking dog seldom bites.
He is reading an article about how to learn English。（介词短语）
The girl under the tree is Kate。
Do you know the man who is standing next to Mr. Green?（从句)
G.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。
一句话语法: 状语用副词,不用形容词，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。可由副词、名词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词或状语从句来充当。
例如:
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组)
He has lived in the city for ten years。（介词短语）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.(不定式短语)
He is in the room making a model plane.(分词短语)
Wait a minute.（名词）
Once you begin， you must continue.（状语从句)
H. 句子结构
（S＝主语;V＝谓语；P＝表语；O＝宾语；O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语；C＝宾语补足语）
一．S十V主谓结构|（vi。）
I swim。
主 谓
They listened carefully．My homework has finished。
二．S十V十O主谓宾结构（vt.）
I saw a film yesterday。
主 谓 宾
They found their home easily .They have taken good care of the children．
三．S十V十F主系表结构（系动词)
Be,系动词 ____________________+形容词
He is old。
主 系动 表语
The story sounds interesting。
主 系动词 表语
The desk feels hard He becomes a teacher．
The trees turn yellow in the autumn.
四．S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构
give，ask__________________sb sth
He gave me a book。
主 谓 宾1 宾2
He brought me a pen. He offered me his seat
He got me a chair
五．S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构
They made the girl angry.
主 谓 宾 宾补
They found her happy that day．
I heard the glass broken just now.
【过手练习】
一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分:
1。 The students got on the school bus。
2. He handed me the newspaper。
3。 I shall answer your question after class.
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting！
5。 They went hunting together early in the morning。
6. His job is to train swimmers。
7。 He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing。
8. There is going to be an American film tonight.
9。 He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
10。 His wish is to become a scientist.
11。 He managed to finish the work in time.
12。 Tom came to ask me for advice.
13。 He found it important to master English.
14. Do you have anything else to say？
15。 To be honest, your pronunciation is not so good。
16。 Would you please tell me your address？
17。 He sat there, reading a newspaper.
18。 It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy。
19。 He noticed a man enter the room。
20。 The apples tasted sweet.
【拓展训练】
1、选择填空：
( ）1. ____ will leave for Beijing.
A。 Now there the man B. The man here now
C。 The man who is here now D. The man is here now
（ ） 2。 The weather ____。
A。 wet and cold B. is wet and cold C. not wet and cold D. were wet and cold
( ） 3。 The apple tasted ____.
A。 sweets B。 sweetly C. nicely D。 sweet
( ) 4。 He got up ____ yesterday morning.
A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter
( ）5. The actor ______at the age of 70。
A. dead B. died C。 dyed D. deaded
（ )6。 ____ were all very tired, but none of ____ would stop to take a rest.
A。 We， us B。 Us， we C. We， our D。 We， we
( )7. He found the street much ______.
A. crowd B。 crowding C。 crowded D。 crowdedly
（ ) 8.I think _____necessary to learn English well。
A。 its B. it C. that D。 that is
（ ） 9. The dog ____ mad.
A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D。 was looked
（ )10。I will never forget the day ______ I joined the army。
A。 that B。 when C. in which D. where
2.阅读理解：
Little Tom down the street calls our dog "The keep dog”.Zip is a sheep dog。 But when Tom tries to say" Seep”， it comes out "keep”。 And in a way Tom is right。 Zip is always bringing things hoem for us to keep！ I’ll tell you about some of them.
Zip’s first present was a shoe. It was made of green silk。
We didn’t know how Zip found the shoe。 But after a moment Mary, my big sister, told me the shoe had a strange smell. I nodded（点头）and held my nose. ”What do you think it is？”
"It smells like something for cleaning. I think someone tried to clean a spot （污点） off the shoe. Then he put it at the door to dry.”
"Along came Zip. And good-bye shoe!" I said。"We should take it back.”
"We can’t ".said my sistter。
"Maybe little Tom is right，” Mary said. ”Maybe Zip is a keep dog！"
1.The writer and Mary didn't know______.
A。 what Zip's first present was B。 how Zip carried its first present home
C。 who owned Zip’s first present D. what Zip’s first present was made of
2.Tom calls Zip ”the keep dog" because ______。
A. the dog likes keeping things B. the dog likes playing with shoes
C. he doesn’t know the dog's name D。 he can't pronounce the word " sheep” well
3。What made the shoe strange was ______.
A。 its colour        B。 its smell C. its size          D. that it was a silk one
4.The word ”keep"in the last sentence means "_____”
A。 keeping things for itself B。 bringing things for other to keep
C。 not letting it run about D. taking care of a small child
5.We can know from the reading that the dog _____。
A. likes to give presents to people B. has been kept in at the writer’s home
C. has brought some trouble D. likes to be called "the keep dog"
3.阅读短文，根据首字母提示填空,每空一词.
     Most American families are smaller than the families in o  81   countries。 Most American families e   82    have one or two children。
C   83    in the US will leave their parents' home when they grow up. They usually live far f    84    their parents because they want to find good jobs。 They often w   85    to their parents or telephone them。 And they often go to visit their parents on h   86    。
    Parents usually let their children choose their o   87    jobs。 Americans think it important for young people to decide on their lives by themselves.
    Children are asked to do some work around their house. And in many families， children are paid （付钱）for d   88    some housework so that they learn how to make money for their own use。
    Do you often help y   89    parents do housework？ Do you want to live with your parents w   90    you grow up ?
【课后作业】
一、选择填空
基础题组训练（五题）
1、The old man feeds four ___。
A. piggs B。 piges C. pigs D。 pig
2、Please remember to give the horse some tree___。
A．leafs B. leaves C。 leaf D。 leave
3、Would you like something to drink， ___or coffee?
A．tea B. fruit C。 bread D。 meat
4、Mr. White has a beautiful garden with many___ in it。
A. flowers B. grass C. villages D。 water
5、There are seven ___ in a week。
A. dayes B。 days C。 dayies D. day
拔高题组训练(十题）
1、—Mom, could you pass me some___? It's delicious。
—OK， but only a little.
A．butter B。 apples C. tomatoes D。 sandwiches
2、—What's in the cupboard?
—A few ___， but little ___。
A。 apples； coffee B。 coffee; apples
C。 apple； coffees D。 coffees； apples、
3、He gave us ___ on how to protect eyes.
A. some advices B. some advice
C。 an advice D。 a advice
4、There are ___ on my desk.
A. three paper B。 three pieces of papers
C. three pieces of paper D。 three papers
5、A group of ___ will visit the museum tomorrow.
A. Englishman B。 American
C. Australian D. Chinese
6、The farmer raised ten ___.
A。 sheeps B. deers C。 horse D. cows
7、Why not give Linda some ___? She has failed in Chinese several times。
A。 notice B。 suggestion C. advice D. warning
8、When we saw Liu Xiang’s face, we knew ___ was bad。
A。 some news B. a news C. the news D。 news
9、I wonder why ___ are interested in action films。
A. people B。 peoples C。 the people D. the peoples
10、There is good ___for you。 I’ve found the watch.
A。 news B。 ideas C. messages D. thoughts
疑难题组训练（五题)
1、I think the teenagers should try to improve their living ___。
A。 activities B. skills C。 memory D。 success
2、-Mum， something is wrong with my teeth. I can’t
eat anything.
-What about seeing a ___ at once?
A. designer B。 dentist C。 director D。 detective
3、 Mike and his friend are going to the ___ to see the
new action movie tonight.
A. bookshop B。 restaurant C. concert D. cinema
4、They got much ___ from those new books.
A. ideas B。 photos C。 information D. stories
5、We often use the mobile phone to send text ___ to our friends.
A. menus B。 messages C。 advice D. warning
2.阅读理解
An old lady in a plane had a blanket（毯子)over her head and she did not want to take it off . The air hostess spoke to her， but the old lady said， “I have never been in a plane before ， and I am frightened。 I am going to keep this blanket over my head until we are back on the ground again !”
Then the captain came。 He said， “Madam， I am the captain of this plane。 The weather is fine， there are no clouds in the sky, and everything is going very well。 ”But she continued to hide.
So the captain turned and started to go back. Then the old lady looked out from under the blanket with one eye and said, “I am sorry， young man， but I don’t like planes and I am never going to fly again. But I'll say one thing, ”She continued kindly, “You and your wife keep your plane very clean！”
1. An old lady had _________ 。
A. glasses    B. a blanket over her head    C. a coat    D. a basket
2. A. She didn’t want to ________ 。
A。 take it off    B. turn it off    C。 get on    D. talk about it
3。 _________ spoke to her .
A. The air hostess    B。 The man next to her     C. her husband    D。 one of her friends
4。 The old lady had never been _________ before 。
A。 abroad    B。 home    C. in a plane     D. in hos