博士课后英语翻译习题.doc

(完整word)博士课后英语翻译习题Unit11. “Equality between women and men is no longer a negotiable issue。”。 “As long as women remain unequal, they cannot have access to resources, they can never participate in political decision-making， they cannot make their choices in life. That is the bottom line.” Mrs Mongella says women round the world ear all concerned about equality. In developing countries， in states emerging as industrial powers, in the countries of west， women are looking for action, action she sometimes calls a revolution.男女平等已不是什么可以商讨的问题。只要妇女仍处於不平等的地位，他们就得不到各种资源，永远无法参加政治决策，甚至在生活中都不能做出自己的选择。这就是底线。Mongella夫人说全世界的女人都关心平等问题。无论是发展中国家，正在成为工业国的国家,还是西方国家，妇女都希望采取行动，她有时称之为革命。2. 一些妇女认为牺牲一个女婴可以确保下次怀孕生个儿子。Some women believe that sacrificing a female infant guarantees a son in the next pregnancy。3. 对于许多母亲来说，亲自宣判女儿的死刑，胜过判定女儿一辈子遭受歧视忍受贫困。For many mothers， sentencing a daughter to death is better than condemning her to life with cradle-tograve discrimination and poverty4. 城市妇女可以根据胎儿性别选择堕胎,因为他们更容易有机会享用现代医学技术。In urban areas，easier access to modern medical technology enables women to undergo sex-selective abortions5. 在印度，一个年轻女子只是被看成是她出生家庭的临时成员，而且对这个家庭的财力是极大的消耗。In India， a young women is regarded as a temporary member of her natural family and a drain on its wealth6. 烧柴做饭的女人一天吸入的致癌物质相当于每天抽20包烟。Those women who use wood fuels in cooking inhale carcinogenic pollutants that are the equivalent of smoking 20 packs of cigarettes a day7. 妇女的健康需求过去常常被忽视，或者被认为和男人的相同.去年开罗的大会上一致认为不安全的流产，应该是整个医疗保健中要注意的一个方面。多次会议都承认，必须理解妇女有特殊的健康需求，妇女应充分获得足够的医疗卫生服务。Womens health needs have in the past often been over looked， or assumed to be the same as mans. At Cairo conference last year it was agreed that the consequence of unsafe abortions are part of overall health care. The conferences recognize that women have specific health needs which must be understood， and that women must have full access to adequate healthcare services。Unit 21. In 1993 national survey of 50，000 junior and senior high school students revealed a marked increase in marijuana use among high school students. One of the researchers noted, we have the unenviable role of informing the country that drug use are making a comeback， that the epidemic could be re-emerging.This increase in the use of marijuana on the part of teenagers is significant because of some of this young people， pot will become a gateway drug, that is， a relatively mild or soft mind-altering substance that lead to the ingestion more powerful drugs. Substance abuse expert Herbert Kleber notes， if you used marijuana less than 10 times the likelihood of use cocaine was practically nil。 But if you used marijuana more than 100 times， or twice a week for a year, the likelihood of using cocaine went up 70 percent. 1993年国家对5万名初中高中生进行的调查显示中学生中吸食大麻的人数明显上升。一个研究人员陈述说，我们肩负一个不值得羡慕的责任，要让全国人民了解到吸食毒品现象正在回潮，这一流行病有可能重新出现.就青少年这方面而言，吸食大麻的这种上升是值得注意的。因为对一些年轻人来说，大麻会成为一种入门毒品，即，这种相当温醇和轻微改变意识的物质会导致吸食更具效力的毒品.专门从事毒品滥用研究的专家Herbert Kleber说，你如果吸食大麻少于10次，吸食可卡因的可能性实际上为零。但是,如果你吸食大麻超过100次，或者说一年里每周两次，那么吸食可卡因的可能性就上升到70.2. 如果你到医院去，你会见到病人在做手术前吸止痛药If you go to a hospital, you will find that patients usually snort painkilling medicine before an operation3. 那个议员在她的政党里是一股很强的势力，所以她今年很可能赢得今年的那个席位Since the senator is a potent force in her political party, she is most surely to win the place this year4. 自从他得知了事实真相以来,他就一直寻找机会为被谋杀的兄弟报仇He has been seeking vengeance for the murder of his brother since he was told of the fact5. 在较长的节假日周末，死亡人数会因为车祸上升On long holidays weekends there is always raise in the number of fatalities due to auto accidents6. 你在中学度过的那段时间是你受教育的一个重要时期The time you spent in high school is an important phase of your education 7. 然而，我应该指出的是在医学和科学研究领域里，实际上在进行认真的，并且是有价值与毒品有关的工作。但是，在对毒品政策进行大规模的讨论中,学术界和知识界的来说没有提出什么好办法，提出的办法也很少真正有用。I should point out, however, that in the field of medical and scientific research， there is indeed serious and valuable drug-related work going on. But in the great public policy debate over drugs, the academic and intellectual communities have by and large had little to contribute， and little of that has been genuinely useful。Unit 31. The primacy of genes also assumes that genes act on their own。 How do they know when to turn on and off the synthesis of particular proteins? If you view genes as autonomous, the answer is that they just know。 No one tells a gene what to do； instead， that bucks start and stop there. However， that view is far from accurate too。 Within the staggeringly long sequences of DNA, it turns out that only a tiny percentage of letters actually form the words that constitute genes and serve as code for proteins. More than 95 percent of DNA， instead, is noncoding。 Much of DNA simple constitute on and off switches for regulating the activity of genes. Its like you have a 100page book, and 95 of the pages are instructions and advice for reading the other five pages。 Thus， genes dont independently determine when proteins are synthesized. They follow instructions originating somewhere else.What regulates those switches? In some instances， chemical messengers from other parts of the cell. In other cases, messengers from other cells in the body (this is the way many hormones work）。 And, critical, in still other cases, genes are turned on or off by environmental factors. As a crude example, some carcinogens work by getting into cells， binding to one of those DNA switches and turning on genes that cause the uncontrolled growth that constitutes cancer。基因至上论还认为基因可自发作用。基因如何知道何时开始和结束某些蛋白质的合成呢?如果你将基因看成是自发作用的，那么结论就是基因自己知道如何行事。没有人告诉基因应该怎么做;换而言之,他们自主行事。但是，这种观点也远非正确。结果证实，在长得惊人的DNA链中，事实上只有很小一部分字母组成了构成基因的词汇并充当蛋白质的密码。95以上的DNA只是构成了调节基因活动的开关。这就像你有一本100页的书，其中有95页是关于如何阅读另外5页的指示和建议。因此，基因不是独立地决定什么时候合成蛋白质的。他们需要根据来自外部的指示行事。那么是什么调节这些开关呢？有些时候,是来自细胞其他部分的化学信使担当此任。在另外一些情况下，化学信使来自于身体的其他细胞（许多荷尔蒙是这样工作的）。而起关键作用的是，在还有一些情况下，基因的关闭和开启由环境因素决定。举个简单的例子，一些致癌物质通过进入细胞内部起作用，它们吸附在某些DNA开关的一个开关上，启动能造成细胞增长失控的基因，最终导致癌症。再比如，一只母耗子通过舔抚小耗子而引发一系列的事件，最终启动小耗子体内与生长有关的基因。2. 赛莱拉公司已经把他们测得的20多个显示出特质的基因登记申请专利.Celra has filed for about two dozen patents on the identification of genes that signal for unique traits3. 对科学家来说，未来几年中一个更迫切要面对的道德难题是：有多少基因密码应该公开，有又有多少内容各有关公司有权申请专利以为他们的研究提供资金.A more immediate ethical dilemma that sciences face in the coming years is deciding how much of genetic code should be made public and how much companies should have the right to patent to fund their research。4. 各类机构会因为各种各样的事情而越来越希望获得个人的基因图谱。Increasingly agencies are going to want genetic profiling for all kinds of things5. 基因学研究从来没有像现在这样包罗万象，涵盖了从医学到社会学每个学科。The study of genetic will never be so all encompassing as to gobble up every subject from medicine to sociology。6. 或者是,炎热中母灵长类动物散发的气味会诱发公灵长类动物体内有关生殖的基因开始工作.Or the smell of a female in heat will activate genes in certain male primates related to reproduction.7. 基因芯片这种能力的奥秘在于两股DNA以非常独特的方式结合在一起这一事实。两股DNA形成的双螺旋线的内部链接由标名为ATCG的四种不同的化学单位或碱基组成。一股DNA上的A总是链接到另一股DNA的T上；同样，C总是和G相连。因此，知道一股DNA上的碱基顺序也就知道了另一股DNA上的碱基顺序.The secret to this ability lies in that fact two strands of DNA adhere in a very specific way. The inner rungs of the double helix formed by two DNA strands are made up of four deferent chemical unit， or base, dubbed ATCG. The As on one strand always link to Ts on the other; likewise， Cs always bind Gs。 Thus, knowing the sequence of base on one strand reveals the sequence on the other.Unit41. Now, in 1995， the time has come to bring the vision of a global marshall plan into focus again. Getting on with the industrial revolution is the most urgent challenge civilization faces now. if foreign aid was being considered an act of common humanity at mid-century， it is now dictated by the exigencies of common survival。 The population of the world has more than doubled since 1950-from 2.5 billion to 5.3 billion. The number of living in direct poverty has increased to 1.3 billion-close to the total population of underdeveloped countries in 1950。 The population is doubling now again. The number in direct poverty could equal the present world population。 A doubling after that would bring human species close to full occupation of the Earth.到了1995年，全球马歇尔计划再次成为焦点。如今文明所面临的最紧迫挑战是伴随着工业革命。如果说上个世纪中叶外国援助被看成是普通的人道精神，而现在则受到普遍的生存需求的支配.自从1950年以来，全世界人口增加了一倍多-从25亿增加到53亿。直接生活在贫困中的人口增加到了13亿-接近1950年时不发达国家的总人数。现在人口还在翻番。到某天直接生活在贫困的人口总数可能等于现在的人口总数。在这之后,人口再翻番的话，人类就将充斥着整个地球.2. 尽管Davos文化在全球事务中有着极其重要的影响，但它远不能作为全球文明统一的象征While the davos culture is playing a tremendously important role in global affairs， it is far from a symbol of a universal civilization.3. 只有无知傲慢才会使西方人认为，西方产品的全球化将带来全球的西化Only nave arrogance can lead westerners to assume that the whole world will become westernized by the globalization of western goods。4. 非西方国家经济的迅速发展导致了能适合满足不同社会品味的地区性区域性传播业的发展。The rapid economic development in nonwestern countries is leading to the emergence of local and regional media industries which cater to various social tastes。5. 英语已经成为不同民族交往时使用的混合语，这一现象正好说明了世界上存在着不同文化这一事实。The English language has become the worlds lingua franca， which presupposes the existence of separate cultures.6. 认为某种全球统一文明正在出现的论点仅仅基于人们的一些设想.The argument that some sort of universal civilization is emerging rests on some assumptions。7. 随着国家之间联系的日益紧密，经济上的相互依存和优势互补也越发明显.任何国家都不能置身于国际事务之外，不能脱离世界大市场。经济生活的国际化，要求各国在经济科技金融贸易等领域开展广泛的交流合作。As the countries become increasingly closer in their relations, their economic interdependence and mutual support of relative advantages have grown all the more obvious. No country can afford to stand aloof from the international community and isolate itself from the global market. The internationalization of economic life requires that all countries conduct extensive exchange and co-operation in economies, technology, finance， trade and other fields.Unit51. American medical television series, such as ER, regularly show the hi technology used in modern US hospitals。 A good example is the thin flat screens used on all computers。 Know why they have thin, flat monitors? Because they are LCD, which is less bulky and smaller than the standard CRT， the kind used in television sets. The LCD screens dont emit any electromagnetic radiation， which could interfere with the heart machines and other sophisticated electronic equipment in hospitals and thereby cause crisis。 LCD screens are lighter， flatter and throw out less heat than CRTs. They are also at least three times the price and as such， out of the league of home users. This wont be the case forever， and technologies such as Fujitsus super-thin Plasmavision screen （16000 for the 42inch or 1.07metre model） will get cheaper, too。 美国有关医疗的电视连续剧，如急症室的故事不断表现出现代美国医院所使用的高科技。一个很好的例子就是所有的计算机都使用又薄又平的显示器。知道为什么使用又薄又平的显示器吗？因为它们是液晶显示的，比应用在电视机上的准阴极射线管显示器更小，更轻便.液晶显示器不会释放出任何电磁波而电磁波会干扰检查心脏的仪器和医院里的其他先进的电子仪器,从而引发危险。液晶显示器更轻，更平,而且比阴极射线管显示器释放更少的热量。但是，它们的价格也会至少高出一两倍，正因为如此，是家庭使用者望尘莫及的。情况不会永远这样，像富士通的超薄显示器（42寸或1.07米的价格是16000美元）也会降价。2. 计算机犯罪从心怀不满的职员对其先前供职的公司搞破坏,到某公司非法进入其竞争对手的电脑里窃取商业机密。Computer crimes range from a disgruntled employee who sabotages his former company to a company that hacks into a competitors computer to steal trade secrets。3. 商家将会抛弃个人计算机，而转向使用更为方便的网络计算机，到处由计算机相连的办公室和可携式计算机.Business will dump PC and embrace easier-touse net work computers, ubiquitous computing office and wearable computers.4. 这种对个人监控已经出现在计算机世界里了This kind of personal surveillance has begun in cyberspace。5. 电子货币留下显示犯罪的事实痕迹，结果导致更多的逮捕定罪，这些告发反过来又会制止更多的犯罪.Electronic money would leave incriminating trails of data， resulting in more arrests and convictions. These prosecutions， in turn, would inhibit further crimes.6. 这将使许多计算机程序出现混乱,如果不加以修复，许多公用设施、装配线、银行自动取款机、交通信号灯和电梯等都可能关闭.This will turn many computer programs to mush. Unchecked, many public utilities assembly lines， bank teller machines, traffic lights and lifts may shut down。7. 最近一项研究表明，在17251名因特网用户中，有6的用户不同程度飞痴迷上网。这些网迷承认，他们上网成癖导致了婚姻破裂，使孩子误入歧途，滋生犯罪而且经济上入不敷出.敲击键盘进入网迷站点,你会发现这样一些信息：嗨,我叫鲍勃，一个网虫。A recent survey of 17251 internet users found nearly 6 percent had some sort of addiction to the medium. They revealed that their online habit contributed to disrupted marriages, childhood delinquency, crime and overspending。 Tap into online addiction sites and youll find messages such as “hello， my name is bob and Im a web aholic”.Unit61. It is highly unlikely that the death penalty will ever operate so effectively as to save many more lives than other， less severe punishments. Yet， given its defects, it would have to save many more lives in order for it to be a genuine candidate for moral legitimacy. If it had this positive effect, we would be faced with an anguished choice， just as we would be faced with an anguished choice if we found that executing innocent people save many lives。 Fortunately, all of this is merely hypothetical。 We have no reason to believe that the death penalty does save more lives than other punishments， and so we need not actually confront this choice。死刑判决同其他不如其严厉的惩罚相比根本不可能会会发挥有效的作用来挽救更多的生命。然而，考虑到它的缺点,它会不得不去挽救更多的生命让其成为道义上合法的真正的选择。如果它有积极的效果，我们就会面临一个痛苦的选择，正如我们发现处决无辜的人会挽救更多的生命所面临的痛苦选择一样。幸好所有这些都仅仅是假设。我们无理由相信死刑判决会比其他惩罚挽救更多的生命。所以,实际上我们无需面对这一选择。2. 高速公路的中央分车带有助于防止交通事故的发生.The median or median strip on the expressway prevents accidents.3. 她通过出示拥有土地的法律文件维护自己对土地的所有权。She vindicated her claim to the land by producing legal documents showing that she owns it.4. 现在许多著名的运动员都为体育器材和其他产品作宣传.Nowadays many athletes endorse sports equipment and other products.5. 翻船的时候，那个男人显得十分胆怯,自己得救了，却让自己的老婆淹死了。When the boat turned over， the man showed cowardice by saving himself while leaving his wife to drown.6. 他总爱把财富等同于人生的成功。He always equates wealth with success in life。7. 犯罪学家Greg Newbold说，犯罪率以一种难以解释的循环方式忽上忽下，减少犯罪并没有简单的解决方法.加重判刑和增加警察数量只能增加纳税人的负担，实行死刑也不一定能降低犯罪率。罪犯会学会那些Criminology 手段，并找到逃避的方法。Greg Newbold says that crime rates spiral up and down in unexpected cycles and there are no easy solutions to reduce crime。 Tougher sentences and more police mean an increasing drain on taxpayers and there is no certainty that they will continue to lower crime levels. Criminals will learn to live with those methods and find way around them。WritingForeign Languages Department,Guangdong Normal University,Guangzhou， Guangdong， ChinaMarch 15， 2001Office of Graduate StudiesCollege of New JerseyUSADear Professor Cooper,I am writing this letter in recommendation of Mr Li Wen, who intends to pursue advanced studies in your college for a masters degree.Mr Li was one of my best students in 19801984， when he was studying in the Guangdong Normal Universitys Department of Foreign Languages of which I was chairman。Mr Li is good at English speaking and writing。 He has published many academic papers and works on English studies and teaching, winning admiration from the readers.I sincerely hope that Mr Lis application for admission to your school will be favorably considered， leading to his entry into your school。Sincerely yours,Wang HuaProfessor of English Guangdong Normal Univ