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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,专题十三 主旨大意,高考英语,(江苏省专用),1/268,A组自主命题江苏卷题组,Passage 1,(江苏,D)词数:720,Not so long ago,most people didn,t know who Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce was going to become.She,was just an average high school athlete.There was every indication that she was just another Ja-,maican teenager without much of a future.However,one person wanted to change this.Stephen,Francis observed then eighteen-year-old Shelly-Ann at a track meet and was convinced that he had,seen the beginnings of true greatness.Her times were not exactly impressive,but even so,he sensed,there was something trying to get out,something the other coaches had overlooked when they had,assessed her and found her lacking.He decided to offer Shelly-Ann a place in his very strict training,sessions.Their cooperation quickly produced results,and a few years later at Jamaica,s Olympic tri-,als in early,Shelly-Ann,who at that time only ranked number 70 in the world,beat Jamaica,s,unchallenged queen of the sprint(短跑).,“Where did she come from?”asked an astonished sprinting world,before concluding that she,五年高考,2/268,must be one of those one-hit wonders that spring up from time to time,only to disappear again with-out signs.But Shelly-Ann was to prove that she was anything but a one-hit wonder.At the Beijing Olympics she swept away any doubts about her ability to perform consistently by becoming the first Jamaican woman ever to win the 100 metres Olympic gold.She did it again one year on at the World Championships in Berlin,becoming world champion with a time of 10.73the fourth fastest time ever.,Shelly-Ann is a little woman with a big smile.She has a mental toughness that did not come about by chance.Her journey to becoming the fastest woman on earth has been anything but smooth and effortless.She grew up in one of Jamaica,s toughest inner-city communities known as Waterhouse,where she lived in a one-room apartment,sleeping four in a bed with her mother and two brothers.Waterhouse,one of the poorest communities in Jamaica,is a really violent and overpopulated place.Several of Shelly-Ann,s friends and family were caught up in the killings;one of her cousins was shot dead only a few streets away from where she lived.Sometimes her family didn,t have enough to eat.She ran at the school championships barefooted because she couldn,t afford shoes.Her moth-er Maxime,one of a family of fourteen,had been an athlete herself as a young girl but,like so many,3/268,other girls in Waterhouse,had to stop after she had her first baby.Maxime,s early entry into the adult world with its responsibilities gave her the determination to ensure that her kids would not end up in Waterhouse,s roundabout of poverty.One of the first things Maxime used to do with Shelly-Ann was taking her to the track,and she was ready to sacrifice everything.,It didn,t take long for Shelly-Ann to realize that sports could be her way out of Waterhouse.On a summer evening in Beijing in,all those long,hard hours of work and commitment finally bore fruit.The barefoot kid who just a few years previously had been living in poverty,surrounded by criminals and violence,had written a new chapter in the history of sports.,But Shelly-Ann,s victory was far greater than that.The night she won Olympic gold in Beijing,the routine murders in Waterhouse and the drug wars in the neighbouring streets stopped.The dark cloud above one of the world,s toughest criminal neighbourhoods simply disappeared for a few days.“,I have so much fire burning for my country,”Shelly said.She plans to start a foundation for homeless children and wants to build a community centre in Waterhouse.She hopes to inspire the Jamaicans to lay down their weapons.She intends to fight to make it a woman,s as well as a man,s world.,4/268,As Muhammad Ali puts it,“Champions aren,t made in gyms.Champions are made from some-,thing they have deep inside them.A desire,a dream,a vision.”One of the things Shelly-Ann can be,proud of is her understanding of this truth.,1.,Why did Stephen Francis decide to coach Shelly-Ann?,A.He had a strong desire to free her family from trouble.,B.He sensed a great potential in her despite her weaknesses.,C.She had big problems maintaining her performance.,D.She suffered a lot of defeats at the previous track meets.,2.,What did the sprinting world think of Shelly-Ann before the Olympic Games?,A.She would become a promising star.,B.She badly needed to set higher goals.,C.Her sprinting career would not last long.,D.Her talent for sprinting was known to all.,3.,What made Maxime decide to train her daughter on the track?,A.Her success and lessons in her career.,5/268,B.Her interest in Shelly-Ann,s quick profit.,C.Her wish to get Shelly-Ann out of poverty.,D.Her early entrance into the sprinting world.,4.,What can we infer from Shelly-Ann,s statement underlined in Paragraph 5?,A.She was highly rewarded for her efforts.B.She was eager to do more for her country.,C.She became an athletic star in her country.D.She was the envy of the whole community.,5.,By mentioning Muhammad Ali,s words,the author intends to tell us that,.,A.players should be highly inspired by coaches,B.great athletes need to concentrate on patience,C.hard work is necessary in one,s achievements,D.motivation allows great athletes to be on the top,6.,What is the best title for the passage?,A.The Making of a Great Athlete,B.The Dream for Championship,C.The Key to High Performance,D.The Power of Full Responsibility,6/268,答案,语篇解读本文是一篇记叙文。题材为人物故事类。本文讲述了在北京奥运会上取得女子1,00米短跑金牌牙买加运动员Shelly-Ann奋斗故事,也给那些想取得成功人一个启示:要有,渴望、有梦想、有愿景。,1.,B推理判断题。依据第一段中描述可知,从她身上教练看到了一个伟大成功开始,看到,了她身上有东西能够被开发出来,尽管这些东西被其它教练忽略了。由此推断出这位教练决定,训练Shelly-Ann是因为他看到了Ann身上那股巨大潜力。故选B项。,2.,C细节了解题。依据第二段中描述可知,她就是那种偶然知名一次人(one-hit),会在毫无,征兆情况下又销声匿迹了(disappear again without signs),故选C项。,3.,C细节了解题。依据第三段中描述可知,她下决心不会让她孩子在Waterhouse一直过这,种贫穷生活,故选C项。,4.,B推理判断题。依据本段描述可知,Shelly-Ann在北京奥运会取得金牌后她那个充满凶杀和,暴力故乡也一下子平静了好几天。她说:我有很多能量为我祖国去燃烧,由此推断出她说这,句话目标就是想为自己国家做更多贡献,故选B项。,5.,D推理判断题。依据拳王阿里说话可知,冠军不是产生于体育馆,是产生于自己内心某,7/268,种东西。要有渴望、有梦想、有愿景。由此推断出阿里认为做一件事动机会让运动员到达,巅峰。故选D项。,6.,A主旨大意题。本文主要讲是一位教练怎样发觉了Shelly-Ann并把她培养成世界冠军,历程。即一个伟大运动员形成。故选A项。,高级语块,1.a one-hit wonder昙花一现,2.spring up跳起;跃起;快速成长,3.anything but根本不,4.be caught up in被卷入,牵涉,包括,5.bear fruit结果实,有结果,长难句,She grew up in one of Jamaica,s toughest inner-city communities known as Waterhouse,where she lived in a one-room apartment,sleeping four in a bed with her mother and two brothers.她,在牙买加治安最差贫民区之一Waterhouse长大,在这里她居住在一个有一个房间公寓中,和母亲还有两个弟弟四个人睡在一张床上。,本句为主从复合句。第一个逗号之前是主句部分;关系副词where引导非限制性定语从句,修饰,先行词Waterhouse;sleeping.是非谓语动词短语作状语。,8/268,Passage 2,(江苏,B),词数:391,In the United States alone,over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year.Cell-phones are,part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants.The,electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.,Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver.A Swiss study reported that while,the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to,total waste,the concentration(含量)of gold and other precious metals was higher in so-called e-waste,than in naturally occurring minerals.,Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals.Even when the machines are recycled and the,harmful metals removed,the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries,in practically un-,controlled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment.,Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material,up to 100 times more,than,the material contained in the finished products.Consider again the cell-phone,and imagine the mines,that produced those metals,the factories needed to make the box and packaging(包装)it came in.,Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well.,9/268,The U.S.Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that“the produc-,tion,distribution,and use of productsas well as management of the resulting wasteall result in,greenhouse gas release.”Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start,for instance,buying reusable products and recycling.,In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been,put in place as an incentive(动机)for reducing waste.If producers are required to take back packag-,ing they use to sell their products,would they reduce the packaging in the first place?,Governments,incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is,usually based on money.Why,they ask,should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with,the bubble wrap(气泡垫)that encased your television?,From the governments,point of view,a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsi-,bility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the gov-,ernment and tax-payers back to the producers.,1.,By mentioning the Swiss study,the author intends to tell us that,.,A.the weight of e-goods is rather small,10/268,B.e-waste deserves to be made good use of,C.natural minerals contain more precious metals,D.the percentage of precious metals is heavy in e-waste,2.,The responsibility of e-waste treatment should be extended,.,A.from producers to governments,B.from governments to producers,C.from individuals to distributors,D.from distributors to governments,3.,What does the passage mainly talk about?,A.The increase in e-waste.,B.The creation of e-waste.,C.The seriousness of e-waste.,D.The management of e-waste.,11/268,答案,语篇解读本文为说明文,题材为环境保护类。伴随电子数码科技进步,越来越多电子垃,圾产生了,手机、电脑、个人电子器件等被扔掉越来越多。这些被扔掉电子垃圾中含有一,些像金银之类珍贵金属,当然也有很多有毒物质。那我们该怎样处理这些电子垃圾呢?,1.,B推理判断题。依据第二段第二句中.the concentration of gold and other precious metals was,higher in so-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals可知,瑞士一项研究结果表明,电,子垃圾中珍贵金属含量比自然界中矿石中珍贵金属含量还要高。由此推断作者意在说明,这些电子垃圾值得被充分利用,故选B项。,2.,B推理判断题。依据文章最终一段.a primary goal of laws.is to transfer both the costs and,the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the,producers.可知,政府要制订相关法律,对制造商提出明确责任要求,这份责任应该是从政府开,始延伸到制造商身上,故选B项。,3.,D主旨大意题。本文第一段提出了越来越严重电子垃圾污染问题,后面就怎样处理这些,垃圾提出了一些提议,也明确了该问题所包括各方应负责任,由此推断出本文主题应该是D,项:电子垃圾处理。,12/268,评析,主旨大意题是阅读了解难点,首先依据第一段确定文章根本,然后分析后面各段与第一,段关系,分别从哪个角度为第一段服务,全方面地推断出主题,不能受到某个细节影响而误,选。此题易误选C项:电子垃圾严重性。这仅仅是文章一个细节。,高级语块,1.in comparison to与,比较,2.naturally occurring minerals天然产生矿物,3.from one,s point of view从某人观点来看,长难句,Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed,the recycling pro-,cess often is carried out in poor countries,in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poi-,sonous substances to escape into the environment.即使当这些机器被回收,有害金属被移除之后,回收过程经常在一些贫困国家进行,而且是以几乎无法控制方式进行,使得很多有害物质进,入环境。,本句为主从复合句。when引导是时间状语从句;which引导是定语从句,修饰先行词ways。,13/268,Passage 3,(江苏,C),词数:460,Suppose you become a leader in an organization.It,s very likely that you,ll want to have volunteers,to help with the organization,s activities.To do so,it should help to understand why people undertake,volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.,Let,s begin with the question of why people volunteer.Researchers have identified several factors,that motivate people to get involved.For example,people volunteer to express personal values related,to unselfishness,to expand their range of experiences,and to strengthen social relationships.If volun-,teer positions do not meet these needs,people may not wish to participate.To select volunteers,you,may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.,People also volunteer because they are required to do so.To increase levels of community service,some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs.Unfortunately,these programs can shift,people,s wish of participation from an internal factor(e.g.,“I volunteer because it,s important to,me”)to an external factor(e.g.,“I volunteer because I,m required to do so”).When that happens,people become less likely to volunteer in the future.People must be sensitive to this possibility when,they make volunteer activities a must.,14/268,Once people begin to volunteer,what leads them to remain in their positions over time?To answer this question,researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time.For instance,one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year.One of the most important fac-tors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions.Although this result may not surprise you,it leads to important practical ad-vice.The researchers note that attention should be given to“training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.,Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the de-gree to which people view“volunteer”as an important social role.It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work.Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by re-sponding to statements such as“Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.”Con-sistent with the researchers,expectations,they found a positive correlation(正相关)between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer.These results,once a-,15/268,gain,lead to concrete advice:“Once an individual begins volunteering,continued efforts might focus,on developing a volunteer role identity.Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized,publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity”.,1.,People volunteer mainly out of,.,A.academic requirementsB.social expectations,C.financial rewardsD.internal needs,2.,What can we learn from the Florida study?,A.Follow-up studies should last for one year.B.Volunteers should get mentally prepared.,C.Strategy training is a must in research.D.Volunteers are provided with concrete advice.,3.,What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work?,A.Individual differences in role identity.B.Publicly identifiable volunteer T-shirts.,C.Role identity as a volunteer.D.Practical advice from researchers.,4.,What is the best title of the passage?,A.How to Get People to Volunteer B.How to Study Volunteer Behaviors,C.How to Keep Volunteers,InterestD.How to Organize Volunteer Activities,16/268,答案,语篇解读本文为说明文,题材为社会生活类,内容是分析影响志愿者参加志愿者活动并坚持,下去原因。,1.,D推理判断题。依据文章第二段最终一句To select volunteers,you may need to understand the,motivations of the people you wish to attract.和第三段第三句.shift people,s wish of participation,from an internal factor.to an external factor.可知,人们做志愿者主要是出于内在动机,即内在,(internal)需求,故选D项。,2.,B推理判断题。依据文章第四段最终一句.attention should be given to“training methods,that would prepare vol
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