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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考,不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考,不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考,不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考,不能作为科学依据。,英语四级与英语语法翻译写作阅读听力完型,1/192,翻译评分标准,:,1.整体内容和语言均正确,得1分。2.结构正确,但整体意思不确切、信息不全或用词不妥,得0.5分。3.整体意思正确但语言有错误,得0.5分。4.整体意思完全错误,即使结构正确也不得分。5.大小写错误及标点符号忽略不计。,所以,整体意思和内容还有语言正确度,2/192,四级翻译基本考点,三大考点:,1.,固定搭配考点,:这是翻译中最为关键考点,也是近几次命题密度最高知识点,应该引发大家高度重视。比如说名词与动词搭配,形容词与名词搭配,动词与副词修饰关系,名词与介词搭配,更为主要是常见固定词组以及固定表示,这些都可能成为四级考试命题重点。,3/192,2.,关键语法考点,:这部分语法考点大多数是以前词汇语法考点重现和转移,这一点要引发同学们重视,尽管词汇单项选择题现在不考了,不过还是不能忽略这部分题目,因为考点是一致。关键语法考点最主要虚拟语气,其次是倒装结构、从句知识、非谓语动词等。,4/192,3.,关键动词以及动词短语考查。,5/192,解题步骤,(一)通读全句,确定语法成份,汉译英题型中汉语和英语部分共同组成了一个完整达意单位,不能将其割裂开来。同时,因为两种语言之间语法结构相去甚远,大家不应该将汉语部分直接翻译成英语,而是要首先,阅读整个句子,确定要求翻译部分在整个英语句子中语法成份。,6/192,比如:_(她目不转睛地看着窗外),shetoldusthatourfriendTomhaddiedintheaircrash,解析:很多学生看到给出汉语部分是一个完整主谓句,就想当然地将其翻译成一个英文简单句。,但仔细研究,逗号以后英文部分,我们就会发觉,这一部分才是句子主干。,因为英文中,逗号没有连接两个分句功效,,而本句,逗号后面没有连接词,,所以划线部分不是一个句子,而是一个,状语成份,。由此可知,我们必须使用,非谓语结构或独立主格结构。,7/192,可接收答案包含:,Keepinghereyesfixedoutofthe window;,Staringoutofthewindow;,Withhereyesfixedoutthewindow,Hereyesfixedoutofthewindow,8/192,(二)审查时态,决定表示方式,确定语法成份以后,考生要有意识地审查时态,要尤其注意句中,时间状语,,并对照,所给英语部分时态,。另外,还应该依据汉语意思推断出题人想考查,语法或词汇项目,,防止将汉语词汇逐一机械地翻译成英语情况。,9/192,Sincewerehere_(我们不如四处看看),10/192,解析:首先通读全句,我们发觉Sincewerehere是一个条件状语从句,意思是“既然我们在这里”,所以划线部分应该是主句,有完整主谓结构。随即我们开始分析汉语表示,“不如(做)”英文表示法是,may/mightaswelldosth,与“四处看看”对应英文短语是lookaround,而且全句使用是普通现在时态。所以正确答案是,wemayaswelllookaround,11/192,(三)付诸笔墨,确保拼写无误,经过仔细斟酌以后,真正翻译工作就变得简单得多,但对很多考生来说单词拼写是一大难题,所以考生应该在确保关键结构无误前提下尽可能选取自己有把握单词和短语。,12/192,比如:Bycontrast,Americanparentsweremorelikely_(把孩子成功归因于)naturaltalent.,解析:经过分析可知,本题考查,belikelytodosth.“很可能做”和,attributesth.tosb./anotherthing“将归因于”使用方法,对这两点很熟悉考生能够不费吹灰之力就做出完美答案,但正确地写出,attribute,和,success,并不是件轻易事。正确答案为,toattributetheirchildrenssuccessto。,13/192,(四)重新审阅,确认句法合理,在检验时候,考生应该确认,自己翻译部分与题目给出英文部分,共同组成了一个语法正确达意清楚句子。在这一阶段,考生还应该重点检验,句首字母大写、冠词和代词使用以及主谓一致,问题。总之,做汉译英题目标时候,切忌盲目下笔,考生应该在平日练习中严格遵照以上四个步骤,有意识地培养良好翻译习惯。,14/192,常考语法点,虚拟语气、非谓语动词使用方法、从,句、谓语动词时态和语态、主谓,一致、情态动词、关联词、特殊结,构(倒装结构、比较结构、强调结,构),15/192,常考词汇关键点:,动词短语、名词短语、形容词短语、,介词短语和固定搭配,16/192,常考语法点,17/192,一、虚拟语气,(一)虚拟语气用于非真实条件句,英语中条件句可分为真实条件句和非真实条件句。由if 引导非真实条件句表示对现在、过去和未来事实进行假设时,主、从句谓语动词形式以下:,18/192,表虚拟时间,If从句谓语形式,主句谓语形式,现在,过去,未来,were/v-ed(动词过去式),would/should/could/might+动词原形,had+过去分词,Would/should/could/might+,have,+过去分词,would/should/could/might+动词原形,普通过去时,were to+动词原形,should+动词原形,19/192,例,1 Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _(,要是找到工作,)she probably,wouldnt be able to,see her friends very often.(1996.1),答案:,were to get a job,译文:吉恩不想马上参加工作,因为她,以为要是找到工作,可能就无法,经常去探望朋友,解析:考查对未来虚拟。,20/192,例,2 If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell you _(,现在就不能这么笑了,).(1999.1),答案:,couldnt be smiling like this now,译文:你摔下来时候假如我没有站在梯子下,接住你,你现在就不能这么笑了。,解析:从句是对过去虚拟,但主句是对现在虚,拟,主句谓语动词用could+动词原形。此句,考查虚拟语气在错综时间条件句中使用方法,,即条件句中动作发生时间与主句不一致,时,就要依据句意选择适当虚拟形式。,21/192,真题:,(,.12),89.The victim _(原来会有机会活下来)if he had been taken to hospital in time.,答案:,would have a chance to survive,(.6),答案:,wouldnt have been caught by,the rain,88.If she had returned an hour earlier,Mary,(就不会被大雨淋湿了).,22/192,(.12),87.You would not have failed if you _(按照我指令去做).,答案:,had followed my instructions/orders,23/192,(二)虚拟语气用于宾语从句中,wish后宾语从句可用三种谓语动词形式表示虚拟:,(1)表示对现在情况假设用普通过去时(即were型虚拟);,(2)表示对过去情况假设用过去完成时,(3)表示对未来愿望用“would+动词原形”,24/192,例3,Sometimes I wish I _(生活在)in a different time and a different place.(.1),答案:,were living,译文:有时候我希望自己生活在一个不一样时间和,空间。,解析:此题考查wish后宾语从句表示对现在情况,假设。,例4,He didnt go to the party,but he does wish he _(当初在那里).(1992.6),答案:,had been there,译文:他没有去舞会,不过他很希望自己当初在那,里。,解析:此题考查wish后宾语从句表示对过去情况,假设。,25/192,(三)虚拟语气用于It is+adj./n.+that 结构中,此结构形容词和名词包含:,advisable,appropriate,basic,desirable,elementary,essential,fitting,fundamental,imperative,important,impossible,incredible,natural,necessary,obligatory,proper,strange,urgent,vital,a pity,a shame,no wonder that,其虚拟形式是从句谓语动词为(should)+动词原形。,26/192,例5,It is highly,desirable,that a new president,_(,被任命,)for this college.,答案:,be appointed,译文:大家非常希望任命一位新校长来管理这所大,学。,例6 It is,essential,that these application forms _(尽早寄出去).(.1),答案:,be sent as early as possible,译文:主要是把这些申请表尽早寄出去。,27/192,(四)虚拟语气用于表语从句及同位语从句中,以下这些名词后表语从句及同位从句中应该用虚拟语气,谓语动词形式为(should)+动词原形:,advice,decision,desire,demand,idea,importance,instruction,necessity,motion,order,preference,proposal,recommendation,resolution,request,requirement,suggestion,28/192,例7 It is Harolds,desire,that he,(和妻子合葬).,答案:,(should)be buried next to his wife,译文:Harold 希望死后和妻子合葬.,解析:本题考查是desire后面表语从句,句中谓语动词应该用should型虚拟语,气,should可省略.,29/192,例8,The,suggestion,that the mayor _,(颁奖)was accepted by everyone.(.6),答案:,(should)present the prizes,译文:每个人都接收了让市长来颁奖提议.,解析:此题考查是suggestion 后同位语,从句,句中谓语动词要采取should型虚,拟式.,30/192,真题,(,.6,),90.It is,suggested,that the air conditioner _(要安装在窗户旁).,答案:,(should)be fixed/installed by the,window,31/192,(五)虚拟语气用于一些特定结构中,用于if only,would rather+从句,as if/though,It is(high)time that.等结构中,与if引导虚拟结构形式一样.,例9,Look at the terrible situation I am in!If only I,(听从了你提议)(1993.6),答案:,had followed your advice,译文:看看我所处糟糕情形!我要是听从了你提议就好了。,32/192,解析:if only 表示“要是.该多好”,此句,表示对过去情况假设,用“had+过,去分词”虚拟式。在if only 引导简,单句中,表示对现在和未来虚拟,动,词用普通过去式或“would+动词原,形”虚拟式;表示对过去情况假,设,动词用过去完成式虚拟式.,33/192,例10 Id rather you,(不带那些主要文件)with you.(1993.6),答案:,didnt take those important,documents,译文:我宁愿你不带那些主要文件在身上.,解析:此题考查would rather 后宾语从,句中对现在情况虚拟,谓语动词用,普通过去时.,34/192,(六)虚拟语气用于状语从句中,状语从句中谓语动词用(should)+动词原形,这种虚拟形式仅限于lest,in case 或for fear that 引导目标状语从句中;在as if 或as though 引导方式状语从句中,谓语动词虚拟式改变就要依据对过去、现在、未来假设选择适当动词虚拟式了。,35/192,例11 The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell,lest,he,(伤害自己)(1998.1),答案:,injure himself,译文:那个疯子被安置在有软垫房间以,免他伤害自己.,解析:lest/in case/for fear that 引导目,状语从句中谓语动词用(should)+,动词原形。,36/192,例12 Take your raincoat,in case,_,(以防下雨),答案:,it(should)rain,译文:带上雨衣,以防下雨。,解析:in case 引导目标状语从句中,谓语动词用(should)+动词,原形,37/192,真题:(.12),89.Youd better take a sweater with you_(以防天气变冷),答案:,in case it(should)turn cold.,38/192,二、非谓语动词,(一)现在分词,1现在分词作状语,,能够表示时间,原因,结果,条件,让步、伴随情况等。,例13,(在求职面试之后),you,will be required to take a language,test.(1993.6),答案:,After being interviewed for the,job,39/192,译文:在求职面试之后,你会被要求参加,一项语言测试,解析:现在分词作状语,表示时间;此题,还要注意使用被动语态,40/192,例14 He wasnt asked to take on the,chairmanship of the society,(人们认为他人缘不够广),答案:,being considered insufficiently,popular with all members,译文:他没有被要求担任社团主席,因为,人们认为他人缘不够广,解析:此题用现在分词被动式表原因,,因为分词逻辑主语he是分词动作,consider 承受者。分词被动式,普通式是being done,完成式having,been done,41/192,2.现在分词短语用作宾补,这类分词短语主要出现在感官动词之后,如:,feel,hear,notice,observe,perceive,see,smell,watch,listen to,look at 等,强调动作正在发生;或出现在使役动词之后,如:,get,have,bring,keep,leave,send,set,start 等。,42/192,例15“I was late for the laboratory,yesterday.”“I know.I,saw,you,(拼命地跑).”,答案:,running madly,译文:“我昨天试验迟到了。”“我知道。,我看见你拼命地跑。”,解析:因为前面有感官动词see,所以用现,在分词强调当初run 这个作动作正,在发生,43/192,例16 His remarks,left,me,(想知,道他真实目标).,答案:,wondering about his real,purpose,译文:他评论令我想知道他真实目标,解析:现在分词出现在使役动词leave后,44/192,3现在分词完成式和被动式,例17 The children went there to,watch,the,(铁塔被竖起),答案:,iron tower being erected,译文:孩子们去那里观看铁塔被竖起,解析:现在分词被动式普通式是being,done,完成式是having been done,45/192,例18 Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus,found,it,(被种植)in Cuba,答案:,being cultivated,译文:玉米来自新大陆,所以在哥伦布发,现它在古巴被种植之前,欧洲人并,不知道它。,解析:当分词动作(被植)和其逻辑主语,(玉米)是动宾关系时使用现在分词,被动式,46/192,4现在分词复合结构,分词复合结构也称独立主格结构,形式是名词/代词+分词。其中名词或代词与现在分词是逻辑上主谓关系,与过去分词是动宾关系,在句中作状语。现在分词复合结构有时可由介词with或without 引导。,例19,(因为这么多董事缺席),the board meeting had to be put off.(.1),答案:,So many directors being absent/,Because so many directors were,absent,译文:因为这么多董事缺席,只好推迟董事会议,解析:因为逗号隔开,只能译成从句或现在分词复合结构,47/192,例20,(演讲发表之后),a lively,discussion started.,答案:,The speech having been delivered,/After the speech had been made,译文:演讲发表之后,活跃讨论开始了,解析:Speech 与deliver 是动宾关系,故用,过去分词。且delivered 发生在主句谓,语动词started之前,故用完成时,48/192,(二)动名词,1动名词作动词宾语,有些动词,只可接动名词而不可接不定式,,这些动词包含:abandon,admit,advice,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,complete,consider,delay,deny,deserve,discuss,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,include,involve,keep,mention,mind,miss,pardon,postpone,practise,quit,recall,recommend,resist,risk,save,suggest,tolerate,understand,等,49/192,例21 That young man still,denies,_,(在商店后面放了火).(.1),答案:,having started the fire behind the,store,译文:那个年轻人依然否定在商店后面放,了火。,解析:deny 后接动名词,注意本题要使用,动名词完成式,其形式是having,done,表示动作或状态(放火)在,谓语动词(否定)之前完成。,50/192,例22 People,appreciate,(与他,一起工作)because he has a good,sense of humor.(1998.1),答案:,working with him,译文:人们喜欢与他一起工作,因为他很,有幽默感。,解析:appreciate后接动名词,51/192,2动名词作介词宾语,介词后接动名词作宾语很普遍,其中尤其要记住一些含有介词to短语:,以下带介词to短语后面接动名词:abandon oneself to,adhere to,stick to,cling to,admit to,confess to,contribute to,feel up to,get down to,give ones mind to,give way to,yield to,keep to,lead to,look forward to,object to,take to,turn to,succumb to,point to,see to,be/get used to,be accustomed to,be addicted to,be committed to,be dedicated to,be devoted to,be opposed to,be reduced to,be subject to,resort to,submit to 等。,52/192,例23 The man in the corner,confessed,to,(对经理说了谎)of the,company.(1997.6),答案:,having told a lie to the manager,译文:角落里那个人认可对企业经理说,了谎。,解析:短语confess to 后面要接动名词,,而“撒谎”这一动作发生在“认可”之,前,所以要用完成时。,53/192,3动名词用在固定结构之后,以下固定结构,只可接动名词而不可接不定式,:be busy/engaged(in),burst out,cant help/stand/resist,feel like,give up,having a good time(in),have difficulty/trouble(in),keep from,leave off,look like,put off,spend/waste time(in),Its no use,Theres no point in等,54/192,例24 She was so angry that she,felt like,(扔东西打他).,答案:,throwing something at him,译文:她如此生气以至想扔东西打他。,解析:feel like 后面要用动名词,55/192,真题:(.6),87.Soon after he transferred to the new school,Ali found that he had,(极难跟上班里同学)in math and English.,答案:,difficulty(in)catching up with his,classmates,56/192,4动名词主动表被动,在need,want,require,deserve,bear,等动词及be worth后面动名词以主动形,式表示被动意义,例25 What a lovely party!It,s,worth,_,(我终生铭记).,(.6),答案:,remembering all my life,译文:多么有趣舞会!值得我终生铭,记。,解析:worth后面动名词以主动形式表示,被动意义,57/192,5动名词被动时和完成时,例26 The police accused him of setting,fire to the building but he,denied,_(在起火当晚在那个地,区).(1996.1),答案:,having been in the area on the,night of the fire,译文:警察起拆他纵火焚烧那座大厦,但,他否定起火当晚在那个地域。,解析:因为指是过去已经发生事,因,此要用动名词完成时。,58/192,(三)不定式,1不定式作动词宾语,有些动词,只可接不定式而不可接动名词,,这些动词包含:afford,aim,appear,beg,choose,claim,dare,decide,deserve,desire,determine,except,expect,happen,hesitate,hope,learn,neglect,offer,prepare,pretend,proceed,promise,resolve,seek,seem,threaten,volunteer,wish 等,59/192,例27 With a large family to support,Mr.,Johnson cant,(连生病都生不,起),答案:,afford to be sick,译文:约翰逊先生要养活一大家子人,他,连生病都生不起。,解析:“做不起某事,承受不了某事带来,后果”,往往用cant afford to do,sth.。afford 之后也能够接名词作,宾语。,60/192,2不定式作宾语补足语,不定式作宾语补足语时,不定式符号to 在感官动词(如see,watch,observe,notice,hear,listen to,feel 等)和使役动词(如let,make,have,等)宾语后面可省略。,例28 I have,heard,both teachers and,students,(都说他不错),答案:,speak well of him,译文:我听到过老师和学生都说他不错。,解析:感官动词hear 后面接不定式作宾语,补足语时,不定式符号to能够省,略,表示“听到过,经常听到”;说某人,不错惯用短语speak well of sb.来表示。,61/192,例29 With the development in science and technology man can,make,various flowers,(提前开放).(.6),答案:,bloom before their time,(bloom ahead of time/in advance),译文:因为科技发展,人类能够使各种,花提前开放。,解析:花“开放”用bloom一词,此处,提前指在正常花期之前,简单明了,表示是before their time。,62/192,3.不定式作被动句中主语补足语,例30 As a public relations officer,he is said,(认识一些很有影响力人).(.6),答案:,to know some very influential,people/to know some people,who have strong influence,译文:作为一名公共关系官员,听说他认,识一些非常有影响力人。,解析:he is said后面需要不定式作主语补,足语,63/192,4不定式用于but,except 之后,例31 Lots of empty bottles were found under the old mans bed.He_(必定除了喝酒什么也没做).,答案:,must have done nothing but,drink,译文:在老人床底下找到了很多空瓶,子。他必定除了喝酒什么也没做,解析:依据前一句时态,后一句是对过,去必定猜测,用must have,done;因为but 前面有动词do,其,后不定式就不带to了。,64/192,5不定式进行,完成和被动式,例32 If the building project,(需要在月底前完工)is delayed,the construction company will be fined.(.6),答案:,to be completed by the end of,this month,译文:假如这项需要在月底前完工建筑,工程被拖延话,建筑企业将被罚款。,解析:空白处需填一个表示未来时态非谓语动,词形式,作定语修饰名词the building,project,应该用不定式;且complete 和,project 是动宾关系,所以用被动语态。,65/192,6既可接动名词,又可接不定式动词,以下动词后接动名词和不定式均可,:begin,cease,continue,dread,forget,hate,intend,learn,like,dislike,omit,prefer,regret,remember,need,neglect,start,stop,try等。但应注意区分接动名词和接不定式时使用方法差异,普通来说,不定式表详细或未完成动作;动名词则表示笼统、经常性或已成为过去动作。,66/192,例33 John,regretted,(上周没去,参加那个会议).(1990.1),答案:,not going to the meeting last,week/being absent for the meeting,last week,译文:约翰很后悔上周没去参加那个会,议。,解析:regret 后接动名词表示已成为过去,动作。,67/192,例34 We,(很遗憾通知你),that the materials you ordered are,out of stock.(1998.6),答案:,regret to inform you,译文:我们很遗憾地通知你,你所订购材,料已脱销。,解析:regret后接不定式表示详细动作。,68/192,三、从句(名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句),(一)名词性从句,例35 We agreed to accept,(任何一位,他们认为最好)tourist guide.,答案:,whoever they thought was,the best,译文:我们同意接收任何一位他们认为最好导,游。,解析:引导从句关系词在从句中作主语,而且,是“任何一位”,应该用whoever,而不是,whomever或who。,69/192,例36 In some countries,(所谓平等)does not really mean equal rights for all people.(1995.6),答案:,what is called“equality”/the so-,called equality,译文:在有些国家,所谓平等并不真正,意味着人人享受平等权利。,解析:“所谓”即“被称为”,,汉语中“”字结构往往用what 引,导主语从句表示。,70/192,(二)定语从句,引导定语从句相关系代词as,who,whom,whose,which,that 和关系副词when,where,why等。,1.as引导定语从句,as 作为关系代词来引导定语从句是常考考点,故单独详细讲解以下:,(1)as 可引导非限制性定语从句,相当于which引导非限制性定语从句,如:I am from Beijing,as you know.相当于I am,71/192,from Beijing,which you know.但as引导非限制订语从句能够放在句首。as you know,I am from Beijing,而which引导非限制性定语从句不能放在句首。,(2)as 可作为关系代词来引导定语从句,既能够单独引导定语从句,又能够与主句中the same 或such相呼应,从句中谓语动词常省略。,72/192,例37,(正如所料),the,response to the question was very,mixed.(1996.6),答案:,As(had been)expected,译文:正如所料,对该问题反应是各种,各样。,解析:as 引导非限制性定语从句能够放,在句首。As had been expected 可,简略为分词形式 As expected。,73/192,例38 The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things,(正如经常发生在其它国家情形一样).(1998.6),答案:,as is often the case in other,countries,译文:正如经常发生在其它国家情形一,样,英国人不熟悉外国文化和习,俗。,解析:as 引导非限制性定语从句,代替,前半句所说内容。as is often the,case 已约定俗成为固定表示“情况,也是如此”,。,74/192,2关系代词that与which 使用方法区分,which 能够引导一个非限制性定语从句,that 则不能,which 之前能够有介词,that之前则不能。,只能用that,而不能用which 主要情况:,(1)当先行词是all,anything,everything few,little,much,none,nothing,something等不定代词时,(2)当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时,(3)当先行词被the very,the only 等修饰时,75/192,例39 All,(合理)is not necessarily practicable,答案:,that is reasonable,译文:合理事情未必都可行。,解析:当先行词是all时,定语从句用 that,引导。,76/192,例40 There is hardly an environment on earth _(动物种群还未成功适应).(1990.6),答案:,to which some species of animal,or other has not adapted successfully,译文:地球上几乎没有什么环境动物种群还未成,功适应,解析:environment是先行词,adapt to是固定,搭配。介词选择取决于它与先行词搭,配或与从句中谓语动词搭配。“还未”用,现在完成时表示。,77/192,(三)状语从句,1.,hardly/barely/scarcelywhen 和no sooner than引导时间状语从句,这两个短语置于句首时,从句主谓需要,部分倒装,其中谓语动词用过去完成时,部分倒装指谓语中一部分,如助动词do,does,did,have,has,had 情态动词 can,could,may,might,should would,ought to,must,need 等,系动词be(am,is,are,was,were)等放在主语前面,其余部分包含,谓语动词仍在主语后面。而全部倒装顾名思义指整个谓语放在主语之前。,78/192,例41 No sooner,(我们一到山顶)than we all sat down to rest.(1991.6),答案:,had we reached the top of the hill,译文:我们一到山顶就全部坐下来休息。,解析:no sooner后面主谓需要部分倒,装,其中谓语动词用过去完成时。,79/192,2.as引导让步状语从句,例42,(家可能很简陋),theres no place like home,wherever he may go.,答案:,Humble as it may be/Although it may,be humble(simple),译文:家可能很简陋,不过不论一个人走,到哪里,没有任何地方像家一样(温,暖)。,解析:as也可替换为 though。as在引导让步状,语从句时不位于句首,在它前面能够是,形容词,名词,副词等,翻译时“家”能够,用it代替,因为后文使用是名词。,80/192,3.状语从句特殊引导词,now that既然,因为,例43 Now,(既然你熟悉了作者观点)try reading a
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