浅谈燕麦培植技术.doc

浅谈燕麦培植技术
Introduction to oat cultivation technology
摘要：燕麦营养价值丰富,是粮饲兼用型作物。本文总结了燕麦的栽培技术，包括播前准备、播种、田间管理、病虫害防治、收获与贮藏等内容，以期为燕麦种植者提供参考。
Abstract: oats nutrition is rich, is food feeding all-purpose crop. This article summarizes the oat cultivation techniques, including preparation before planting, sowing, field management, pest control, harvesting and storage etc, so as to provide reference for oat growers.
关键词：燕麦;播前准备;播种;病虫害防治;收获贮藏
Key words: oats; Prepare before planting; Sowing; Plant diseases and insect pests prevention and control; Harvest storage
燕麦营养在禾谷类粮食中最好,其蛋白质含量高，氨基酸含量均衡、组成全面，是全价优质蛋白质，又含有可溶性膳食纤维、不饱和脂肪酸及燕麦甙、多种维生素和人体必需的矿物质,具有降血脂、调节血糖、改善肠胃功能、防癌等食疗保健功能，对由高血脂症引起的心脑血管疾病、心绞痛、心肌梗塞、中风、脑血栓和糖尿病以及肥胖病有预防和治疗作用。燕麦籽实是饲养幼畜、老畜、病畜和重役畜以及鸡、猪等家畜家禽的优质饲料。叶、茎秆多汁柔嫩，适口性好,是最好的饲草。现将其栽培技术介绍如下。
Oats nutrition best in cereal grain, its high protein content, amino acid content of balanced, comprehensive, is full of high quality protein, soluble dietary fiber, and unsaturated fatty acid and oats glucoside, a variety of vitamins and essential minerals, have fall hematic fat, regulate blood sugar, improve gastrointestinal function, prevent cancer, such as diet health care function, disease of heart head blood-vessel of caused by hyperlipemia, angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, cerebral thrombosis and diabetes and obesity prevention and treatment effect. Oat seeds is feeding offspring, old stock, sick animals and draught animals as well as chickens, pigs and other livestock poultry feed with high quality. The leaf, stem succulent tender, good palatability, is the best forage grass. We will introduce the cultivation techniques are as follows.
1、播前准备the preparation before planting
燕麦不宜连作，在合理轮作的基础上，选用豆类、玉米、甜菜、马铃薯、瓜类等前茬。燕麦产地应选择在生态条件良好、远离污染源、较为凉爽湿润的地区。土壤宜选择土壤耕层深厚、地势平坦、土质疏松、肥沃的壤土或砂壤土。根据当地生态条件和生产需求，选择适应性强、经审定推广的优质、高产、抗逆性强、抗病虫能力强的优质品种。
Oatmeal is unfavorable and continuous cropping, on the basis of reasonable crop rotation, choose beans, corn, sugar beets, potatoes, melons, etc before. Oats origin should choose in good ecological conditions, away from pollution sources, cooler, wetter areas. Soil should select arable layer soil deep, flat, loose, fertile soil, loam, or sandy loam. According to the local ecological conditions and production requirements, select the adaptability is strong, the examination and popularization of high quality, high yield, strong resistance, strong ability to resist diseases and pests of high-quality varieties.
播前要进行种子清选，充分晾晒，杀死种子表面的病菌，以提高种子生活力和发芽率。可用甲拌磷原液100~150g加3~4kg水拌种50kg。用种子量的0.3%乐果乳剂拌种，可防治燕麦的黄矮病。用种子量0.2%的拌种霜或0.15%拌种灵进行拌种,可防治燕麦黑穗病。整地应做到早、深、多、细，充分熟土壤，形成松软细绵、上虚下实的土壤条件。做到深耕、细耙、镇压，可施农家肥30t/hm2或等效生物有机肥。提倡测土配方施肥,施肥量纯氮75kg/hm2，五氧化二磷90kg/hm2，氧化钾37.5 kg/hm2，底肥、种肥分施。
Pre-planting seeds for cleaning, drying, kill bacteria on the surface of the seed, in order to improve the seed vigor and germination rate. Available phorate concentrate 100 ~ 150 g with 3 ~ 4 kg water the seed 50 kg. With seed quantity 0.3% rogor emulsion and yellow dwarf disease prevention and control of oats. With seed quantity of 0.2% of seed dressing frost or 0.15% seed seed spirit, will cure oat smut. Site preparation should be done early, deep, more than, fine, full ripe soil, forming loose fine cotton, on soil condition under the virtual reality. Do deep tillage harrow and repression, to 30 t/hm2 farmyard manure or equivalent biological organic fertilizer. Advocates the soil testing and formula fertilizing rate of 75 kg/hm2, pure nitrogen phosphorus pentoxide 90 kg/hm2, potassium hydroxide 37.5 kg/hm2, fertilizers, kinds of maps.
2、播种Seeds
早春土壤解冻10cm左右时,即可播种。燕麦的适宜播期在3月25日至4月15日,最佳播期为清明前后,最迟不要超过谷雨。根据降水情况,抢墒播种尤为关键,抓苗是旱地燕麦高产的一项主要措施。最好采用机械播种或人工开沟条播,不宜撒播。条播行距15~20cm,深度以5~6cm为宜,防止重播、漏播,下种要深浅一致,播种均匀,播后耱地使土壤和种子密切结合,防止漏风闪芽。
Spring thaw soil is about 10 cm can be seeded. Oats suitable sowing date in March 25 to April 15, the best sowing date of before and after the tomb-sweeping day, at the latest not more than gu yu. QiangShang according to precipitation, seeding are particularly crucial, miao is dry oats a main measures of high yield. Had better use mechanical sowing or artificial furrowing seeding, unfavorable area. Drilling 15 ~ 20 cm spacing, depth to 5 ~ 6 cm, it is advisable to prevent replay, sowing, planting depth is consistent, uniform seeding, planting Mo closely combined with soil and seeds, after flash bud to prevent air leakage.
3、田间管理field management
出苗前若遇雨雪,要及时轻耱,破除板结。在整个生育期除草2~3次,三叶期中耕松土除草,要早除、浅除,提高地温,减少水分蒸发,促进早扎根,快扎根,保全苗。拔节前进行2次除草,中后期要及时拔除杂草。种子田面积不大,可选用人工除草。种植面积较大时可采用化学除草剂,在三叶期用72%的2,4-D丁酯乳油900mL/hm2,或用75%巨星干悬浮剂13.3~26.6g/hm2,选晴天、无风、无露水时均匀喷施。为了提高粒重和改善品质,抽穗期和扬花前用磷酸二氢钾2.25kg/hm2加尿素5kg/hm2加50%多福合剂2kg/hm2,对水喷施。有灌水条件的地方,如遇春旱,于燕麦三叶期至分蘖期灌水1次,灌浆期灌水1次。苗期灌水时,从总肥量中取出尿素7.5kg/hm2随水灌施[3]。
Light Mo emergence before if you encounter rain and snow, want to in a timely manner, to harden. Weeding in the whole growth period of 2 ~ 3 times, 3 leaf stage row weeding, dirt before deferrization, light, increase the ground temperature, reduce moisture to evaporate, promote early root, root quickly, save plants. Before jointing stage 2 time weeding weeds later period to promptly. Seminary area is not large, can choose manual weeding. When planting area is larger, can use chemical herbicides in 3 leaf stage with 72% of the 2, 4-d butyl ester was 900 ml/hm2, or with 75% superstar dry suspending agent 13.3 26.6 g/hm2, choose a sunny day, no wind, no dew evenly spraying. In order to improve the grain weight and improve the quality, before heading stage and those with potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 2.25 kg/hm2 plus urea 5 kg/hm2 and more than 50% of the mixture of 2 kg/hm2, spraying of water. There is water conditions, in case of spring drought, oat 3 leaf stage to tillering stage irrigation, irrigation water, filling stage 1 times. Seedling stage irrigation, from 7.5 kg/hm2 total fertilizer consumption of urea with water irrigation amount .
4、病虫害防治plant diseases and insect pests prevention and control
遵循预防为主、综合防治的方针,从整个生态系统出发,优先使用农业措施、生物措施,综合运用各种防治措施,创造不利于病虫害滋生、有利于各类天敌繁衍的环境条件,保持生态系统的平衡及生物多样性,将各类病虫害控制在允许的经济阈值以下,将农药残留降低到规定的范围内。引种时应进行植物检疫,不得将有害的种子带入或带出。
Follow the policy of prevention first, comprehensive control, starting from the whole ecosystem, priority use of agricultural measures, biological measures, the integrated use of various prevention measures, and create conducive to pest breed, is beneficial to all kinds of natural environmental conditions of reproduction, maintain the balance of the ecosystem and biodiversity, all kinds of plant diseases and insect pests control at below allow economic threshold, will be reduced to within the prescribed scope of pesticide residues. Introduction to plant quarantine should be, must not be harmful seeds into or out of.
选择优良品种的优质种子,实行轮作,合理间作,加强土、肥、水管理。清除前茬宿根和枝叶,实行冬季深翻,减轻病虫基数。农药防治安全要求按GB4285和GB/T8321执行。掌握适时用药,对症下药。燕麦坚黑穗病可用拌种双、多菌灵或甲基托布津以种子重量0.2%~0.3%的用药量进行拌种;燕麦红叶病可用40%的乐果、80%的敌敌畏乳油或50%的辛硫磷乳油2 000~3 000倍液等喷雾灭蚜。粘虫用80%的敌敌畏800~1 000倍液,或80%敌百虫500~800倍液,或20%速灭丁乳油400倍液等喷雾防治。对地下害虫可用75%甲拌磷颗粒剂15.0~22.5kg/hm2,或用50%辛硫磷乳油3.75kg/hm2配成毒土,均匀撒在地面,耕翻于土壤中防治。
Selection of good varieties of high quality seeds, rotating their crops, rational intercropping, strengthen soil, fertilizer and water management. Removal of preceding perennial root and leaves, winter commune, lighten the cardinality of diseases and pests. Prevention and control of pesticide GB4285 and GB/T8321 in accordance with the safety requirements. To master timely medication, suit the remedy to the case. Oats covered smut available beforehand sowing.results double, carbendazim or mildothane to seed the seed weight by 0.2% ~ 0.3% of the dose; Oats rougeot available 40% dimethoate, 80% dichlorvos ec and 50% phoxim emulsifiable solution 2 000 ~ 3 000 times liquid spray out the aphid, etc. Armyworm with 80% dichlorvos 800 ~ 1 000 times liquid, and 80% between 500 ~ 800 times liquid, 20% or eliminate butyl ec 400 times liquid spray control, etc. For underground pests used 75% phorate granules 15.0 ~ 22.5 kg/hm2, or with 50% phoxim match into poison soil was 3.75 kg/hm2, evenly on the ground, ploughing up the soil in the prevention and control.
5收获与贮藏harvesting and storage
人工收获和机械收获在蜡熟后期进行,选无露水、晴朗天气进行。收获后及时脱离、晾晒,含水量达到14%以下,可通过自然、人工先进方法进行干燥。用风筛清选取各机械清选,达到GB2930和GB6142的要求。登记造册:包括品种名称、种质来源、种植年限、种植地块、收获时间、纯净度、发芽率、含水量、种子等级、登证者签名等。用布包或麻袋或其他器具包装,种子袋上应有标签,包括品种、等级、产地、收获期、发芽率、纯净度等。种子贮藏库要求防水、防鼠、防虫、防火、干燥、通风,相对湿度不超过60%。专人管理,定期检查。
Manual and mechanical harvest to harvest in late ripening, choose no dew, sunny weather. After harvest in time out, drying, water content below 14%, can be advanced by natural and artificial method to dry. With the wind screen select the mechanical cleaning, achieve GB2930 and GB6142 requirements. Registries: including variety name, germplasm sources, plantation age, planting, harvest time, purity and seed germination rate, water content, grade, certificate signature, etc. Use cloth bag or other appliance packaging, ZhongZiDai shall have labels, including species, grade, origin, nature, germination rate, purity, etc. Seed storehouse of waterproof, rodents, insects, fire prevention, dry and ventilated, relative humidity less than 60%. Personnel management, check on a regular basis.

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