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专题11 名词性从句
《考点•题型 •技巧》
考向分析
名词性从句是高考的热点,对于名词性从句考纲要求掌握以下内容:掌握主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句的基本用法,了解同位语从句的基本用法。要求考生在复习备考中应该掌握名词性从句的基本用法;一些易混引导词的辨析;句子的语序、否定前移;名词性从句和定语从句、状语从句的辨析等。
复习建议
1. 掌握宾语从句的用法;
2. 了解同位语从句的用法;
3. 掌握表语从句的用法;
4. 掌握主语从句的用法;
5. 如何正确选择引导词。
考点导航
考点01 名词性从句连接词的用法
名词性从句的连接词有从属连词that/whether/if,
连接代词what/who/which/whose/whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever,
连接副词where/when/why/how/wherever/whenever。
1.that的用法。
(1)主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中用that但不能省略。
(2)一般情况下,宾语从句中的引导词that可省略,但在以下几种情况中that一般不省略:
①当that从句和主句谓语动词之间有插入语时;
②有多个that引导的从句时,第一个that可以省略,而其他的that常不可省略;
③介词except,but,besides,in等后跟that引导的宾语从句时;
④当when,who,what,where,why,how等引导的从句与that引导的从句作主句谓语动词的并列宾语时。
(3)that和what的区别。
that 引导名词性从句时,在主从句中不担当任何句子成分,也没有任何含义;而what引导名词性从句时,在主从句中都要充当一定的句子成分,what可以分解成定语从句中的"先行词+关系代词",即常说的"先行词+that"。
(4)同位语从句与定语从句中that的区别。
同位语从句中的连接词that只起连接作用,在从句中不担当任何句子成分;而定语从句中的关系代词that在句中作宾语或主语,与先行词有修饰关系。如果句子
是同位语从句,就应用连接词that而不能用which。同位语从句一般放在表具体含义的名词后解释说明名词的含义或内容,如以下名词:news,fact,suggestion,truth,plan,belief,doubt,possibility,idea等,而定语从句只是对先行词的限定和修饰。
2.whether和if的用法。
It all depends on whether they will come back.
(2)后面直接跟or not 时用whether。
(3)主语从句、表语从句中只能用whether。
(4)whether可以引导同位语从句,用以说明前面的名词的内容,if则不能。
(5)whether常与or连用表示一种选择,if不能这样用;whether也可与动词不定式连用但if不能。
(6)间接宾语位于句首时或者间接宾语提前时用whether不用if。
(7)whether可引导一个让步状语从句表示"不管"、"无论",而if不能。
3.疑问词+ever和no matter+疑问词的区别。
(1)疑问词+ever可引导名词性从句,在主从句中要充当一定的成分。
(2)疑问词+ever还可引导让步状语从句。
(3)no matter+疑问词只能引导让步状语从句。
4.when和where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别。
when 和where前面的名词若是表示时间、地点的名词,则when和where引导的是定语从句,否则则为同位语从句。
5.名词性从句中that不宜省略的几种情况
宾语从句或表语从句中that有时可以省略,但在以下情况时,that不宜省略。
(1)当动词后带有两个并列的宾语从句时,引入第二个从句的连词that不可省略。如:
(2)当that前面有插入语时,that不宜省略。如:
(3)省略答语中,that宾语从句单独出现时,that不可省略。如:
(4)当主句的状语部分位于that 宾语从句之前时,that不宜省略。如:
(如省略that,at once也可能修饰从句,是表示"立刻意识到……",还是表示"立刻去处理……",较为含糊)
(5) 当that 宾语从句中的状语部分位于从句的前部时,that不宜省略。如:
(6)当that 宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时,that一般不宜省略。如:
(7)当为了强调而把that引导的主语从句位于句首时,that不可省略。如:
(8)当主句中的谓语动词是固定词组时,其宾语that从句中的 that 不宜省略。如:
(9)当that 宾语从句前有 it作其形式宾语时,that不可省略。如:
(10)当引导同位语从句时,that一般不可省略,尤其当that与先行词处于分割情况时。如:
(11)当that 宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或是主语从句时,that不可省略。如:
考点02 主语从句
1.主语从句在复合句中充当主语,大多数主语从句都可以用it作形式主语而把主语从句置于句尾。
2.that引导主语从句时可用it作形式主语,that不可省;what引导的主语从句表示"……的东西"时,一般不用it作形式主语;whatever,whoever,whichever一般也不用it作形式主语。
注意:(1)在"It is necessary/important/strange/natural...+that从句"结构中,从句谓语常用"(should+)动词原形"形式。
【拓展延伸】主语从句的引导词
引导词
作用
引导词
作用
that
无词义,在从句中不充当成分,但不能省略
how
多么,怎样,作方式状语或程度状语
who
谁,作主语、宾语
when
何时,作时间状语
whom
谁,作宾语
where
在哪儿,作地点状语
what
什么,可作主语、宾语、表语、定语
why
为什么,作原因状语
which
哪一个,哪些,作主语、宾语、定语
whether
是否
【特别注意】当作主语的句子太长时,为保持句子平衡,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语置后。if"是否",不可直接引导主语从句(用it作形式主语时可以) 。
3. 主语从句的特殊用法
(1)主语从句与定语从句的转换
(2)几个特殊句型之间的转换
考点03宾语从句
【难点梳理】
引导宾语从句的连接词主要有:
连接词:that,whether,if等
连接代词:what,who,whose,whatever,whichever,whoever等
连接副词:when,where,why,how等
1. 连接词that,whether,if引导
注意:
whether/if都意为"是否"。一般情况下,它们可以互换,口语中常用if,但以下情况中,只能用whether。
(1)与or not紧接连用时。
(2)作介词的宾语从句时。
2. 连接代词what,who,whose,whatever,whichever,whoever等引导
3. 连接副词when,where,why,how等引导
4. 宾语从句的语序
在宾语从句中要用陈述句语序。
5. 宾语从句的时态
(1)当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时,其宾语从句的时态可以是任何适当的时态。
(2)当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时时,其宾语从句的时态一般要用适当的过去时态。
(3)当宾语从句是表达客观真理和规律的句子时,其时态仍旧用一般现在时。
注意:在使用宾语从句时需要注意下面几点:
①动词find,feel,think,consider,make,believe,guess,suppose,assume等后有宾语补足语时,则需要用it作形式宾语,而将that宾语从句后置。
②hate,like,take,owe,have,take for granted等表示"喜欢;痛恨;认为"的动词或动词短语和see to表示"注意,留意"后有宾语补足语时,需要用it作形式宾语而将宾语从句后置。
③介词后的宾语从句。
④宾语从句的否定转移。将think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
【巧学妙记】
宾语从句的用法速记口诀
宾语从句须注意,几点事项应牢记。
一是关键引导词,不同句子词相异。
陈述句子用that;一般疑问是否(if,whether)替;
特殊问句更好办,引导还用疑问词。
二是时态常变化,主句不同从句异。
主句若为现在时,从句时态应看意;
主句若为过去时,从句时态向前移。
三是语序要记清,从句永保陈述序。
考点04表语从句
引导表语从句的连接词主要有:
连接词:that,whether
连接代词:who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever whomever,whichever,whatever
连接副词:when,where,how,why
1. 连接词引导
2. 连接代词和连接副词引导
注意:
(1)as/as if/as though引导的表语从句常跟在特定动词后面,如seem,appear,look,taste,sound,feel等。
(2)当主句的主语是reason时,表语从句一般由that引导,这种用法常见于句型The reason why... is that...
考点05同位语从句
1. 同位语从句跟在名词后面,进一步解释、说明该名词的具体内容。同位语从句常跟在名词idea, fact, news, hope, thought, suggestion等抽象名词之后;
2. 连接词that不能省略,无意义无成分;
3. 用whether而不用if引导同位语从句;
4. 连接代词who(m), which, what,whose在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语;
5. 连接副词where, when, why, how在从句作状语。
6.分割式同位语从句:同位语从句有时被别的词或短语把它和名词隔开:(谓语较短,同位语从句较长)。
7.若被同位语从句说明的名词是:advice, suggestion, proposal(建议), demand, request, requirement, order(命令)等表示建议、命令、要求的词时,同位语从句的谓语用"(should)+do"。
8.区别由that 引导的定语从句和同位语从句:
①定语从句中的that是代词,可在从句中作主、宾、表;同位语从句中的that是连词,无成分无意义;
②定语从句——说明先行词的性质与特征,与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系;
同位语从句——对名词即先行词加以补充说明,是名词全部内容的体现。
③在名词和从句之间加be, 使之构成一个新句子,如果合乎逻辑,句子通顺,则是同位语从句,定语从句是不能用系表结构把先行词与从句连接起来的。
【题型分析】
1.The gold medal will be awarded ___________to wins the first place in the bicycle race.
A. whomever B. wherever
C. whoever D. whatever
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词性从句连接词。句意:无论谁获得自行车比赛第一名,金牌将授予他。分析句子可知,宾语从句中缺少主语,故用whoever,表示“任何人,无论谁”。故选C。
2. Every year, ________ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
A. whatever B. whoever
C. whomever D. whichever
【答案】B
【解析】考查主语从句。分析句子结构可知,________ makes the most beautiful kite作主语,且所填词指人,既作从句的主语又作主句的主语,所以选 whoever(whomever不能作主语)。句意:每年, 在风筝节上风筝做得最漂亮的人都会赢得奖品。
3.It is often the case ____________ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.
A. why B. what C. as D. that
【答案】D
【解析】考查主语从句。本句中it是形式主语,真正的主语是连接词that引导的主语从句,连接词that在本句中不充当任何成分,只是一个引导词而已,不能省略。连接副词why要在句中作状语,连接代词what通常在句中作主语、宾语或表语等;as通常不引导名词性从句。句意:对于那些心存希望的人一切皆可能是事实。故D正确。
4. She asked me ________ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn't.
A. when B. where
C. whether D. what
【答案】C
【解析】考查宾语从句。根据“…I admitted that I hadn't.”可知书还没还给图书馆,因此此处问的是是否(whether)已经还了。故选C项。句意:她问我是否已将那些书还给了图书馆,我承认没还。
5. Without his support, we wouldn’t be _________ we are now.
A. how B. when C. where D. why
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意:没有他的支持,我们是不会在现在这个位置的。how表方式,when表时间,where表地点,why表原因。“_________ we are now”是表语从句,结合句子的意思可知,该处指我们所处的位置,故该从句应用where引导。C选项正确。
6. The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is ________ one can be entirely free from dust.
A. what B. that C. whether D. why
【答案】 B
【试题解析】 考查表语从句。句意:雨季最令人愉悦的就是人们可以完全不再受到灰尘的困扰。is后跟从句作表语,即表语从句,表语从句不缺少主语、谓语和宾语,因此用that,that只起引导作用,故选B。
7. The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ________ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.
A. how B. that
B. C. which D. whether
【答案】B
【解析】 句意:最高水平成功的唯一途径是得有一个总的信念,那就是在运动场上你比任何人都强。分析句子结构可知" you are better than anyone else on the sports field"是同位语从句,对belief进行解释说明,从句不缺句子成分,故用连接词that引导,答案为B。
8.News came from the school office ______ Wang Lin had been admitted to Peking University.
A. which B. that
C. what D. where
【答案】B
【解析】考查同位语从句。本题属于分割式同位语从句,谓语came较短,同位语从句较长,名词和同位语从句被from the school office 分开,that 引导同位语从句Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University解释news的内容,在句中起引导作用,没有具体的意思。故选B。
阅读下面短文,根据所给情节进行续写,使之构成一个完整的故事。
Over the years, I've been guilty of hurriedly shutting the front door to many strangers when they came to my home knocking with the intention of selling things. I hated it when they tried their best to persuade me to buy the things they promoted. But earlier this year, around Easter time, a dear friend of mine, Linda, had an experience that changed my mind and attitude towards these "intruders".
Last winter, Linda went through a very messy divorce and was very depressed. So she quit her job and left Los Angeles, where she encountered her ex-husband in college. She flew to Boston on the east coast of the US. Later, she settled in a new neighborhood in East Boston. However, shortly afterwards, the company where she worked went bankrupt(破产). Suffering a series of bitter blows. she fell ill, a severe case of flu. She had to stay at home for the whole week, feeling extremely bad and hopeless.
Early one morning, Linda lay in bed, feeling painful all over. Then all of a sudden, there was an upsetting knock on her front door. Struggling out of the bed, she dragged herself to the window. There, outside, she saw a young lady carefully holding some leaflets(传单)and a TV set model. She knew of a large TV set establishment nearby and assumed a message was about to be gently delivered. "This is the last thing I need today." She muttered to herself and hesitantly opened the door.
Coughing bitterly, Linda stuck her head out. "Excuse me, madam…" the young lady said with a smile. "I'm sorry but I am not the slightest bit interested in any TV whatever." Linda interrupted her impatiently. "As a matter of fact, I am feeling terribly awful." "Is there anything I can do for you, madam?" the young lady asked with concern. "No thanks, just leave me alone." Linda then shut the door in her face. The young lady politely turned and left in silence.
注意:
1. 所续写短文的词数应为150左右;
2. 续写部分分为两段,每段的开头语已为你写好;
Paragraph 1:
A few hours later, another knock.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2:
Linda was surprised by this lovely action.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】One possible version:
A few hours later, another knock. Linda glanced out of the window and to her surprise, there at the door was the same lady, back again. Really annoyed this time, Linda opened the door but before she could speak, with a concerned look on her face, the young lady handed Linda a warm pot, saying, "I'm so sorry I disturbed you earlier. I thought you may like this homemade chicken soup. Hopefully it might make you feel a little better. "(74)
Linda was surprised by this lovely action. Being new to the area, she didn't know any neighbors, so the gesture was all the more appreciated. She could only smile embarrassedly and sincerely thanked her. With that, the lady left. After she related this story to me, I thought about how touching this deed really was. Especially in today's world where, sadly, kindness and thoughtfulness seen so rare. I also realized that thinking about others and showing kindness is the real meaning of love.(76)
【解析】
本文以人物为线索展开,讲述了作者讨厌那些上门推销产品的人,然而通过作者的朋友琳达在复活节的一次经历之后,改变了作者对这些“入侵者”的看法和态度。朋友琳达在经历过离婚之后,独自定居到东波士顿的一个新社区。一天早晨,在她生病时,一位手持传单和电视模型的女士敲她的门。琳达剧烈地咳嗽着,犹豫地打开门,告诉女士她不需要推销的东西。之后女士默默的离开了。
1.段落续写:
①由第一段首句内容“几小时后,又有人敲门。”可知,第一段可描写琳达发现敲门的人还是那位女士,她给琳达带了鸡汤。
②由第二段首句内容“琳达被这个可爱的动作吓了一跳。”可知,第二段可描写琳达对自己之前的行为感到尴尬的同时,对于女士的热情帮助表示感激。
2.续写线索:
敲门——生气——道歉——带着鸡汤——惊讶——愧疚——感谢——我的改变
1. Li is not without criticism. Some people have expressed skepticism because it is unbelievable ______ she looks so perfect after a long day of work in the fields.
【答案】that
【解析】考查主语从句。有些人表示怀疑,因为在野外工作了一天之后,她看起来如此完美,这令人难以置信。此处是一个主语从句,it为形式主语,真正的主语为空格处引导的从句,从句不缺成分,且意义完整,故应用that。故填that。
2. It has been proved ______ eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illness in later life.
【答案】that
【解析】考查连接词。句意:已经证实,儿童时期食用蔬菜有助于保护你免受后期生活中重大疾病的侵扰。分析句子可知, it是形式主语,而proved后面的从句才是该句的真正主语,即为主语从句,且从句语义和结构都完整,故用连接词that,故填that。
3.What students do at college seems to matter much more than ___8___ they go.
【答案】where
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意:学生在大学里做什么似乎比去哪里(哪所大学)更重要。这里表达去哪所大学,表示地点,作状语。故用where。
4.I'm not sure _____61_____ is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩)that suddenly appears out of nowhere. I'm walking on a path in the forest in the Central African Republic.
【答案】which/who
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意:我不确定哪一个更害怕,我,还是突然出现的雌性大猩猩。此处为宾语从句,空格处表示选择,所以用which或者who”
5.While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence ___61___ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
【答案】that
【解析】考查同位语从句。根据句子结构分析可知,主句为there be句型,且结构完整,空格后为同位语从句,解释说明中心词evidence的内容,故填that。
The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.
【答案】where改为when
【解析】考查宾语从句的连接词。句意:当我是个孩子的时候我父母教给我的纸牌游戏在我日后的生活中证明非常有用。宾语从句连接词并不是表示地点状语,而是时间状语。故把where改为when。
检测训练
Ⅰ、单项选择
1.The student completed this experiment to make come true __________ Professor Joseph had said.
A. that B. what C. when D. where
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意:为了使约瑟夫教授所说的成为现实,这个学生完成了这个实验。_________ Professor Joseph had said作make的宾语从句,该从句中,空处在从句中作said的宾语,表示”……所说的话”,因此应用what引导该从句。故选B。
2.Over thousands of years,they began to depend less on 57 could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
【答案】what
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意:在几千年的时间里,他们开始减少对我们从野外采集的猎物的依赖,而更多地依赖他们饲养的动物和播种的庄稼。分析句子,宾语从句部分缺主语,所以引导词应为“连接代词”。根据句意,此处缺“什么”之意。故填what。
3.It is by no means clear __________ the local government will do with the buildings of poor quality.
A. what B. how C. whether D. which
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意:目前还不清楚当地政府将如何处理这些质量差的建筑。分析句子,在形式主语中,真正的主语部分缺“will do”的宾语。名词性从句,若从句部分缺主语。则引导词用“连接代词”。又因句意缺“什么”之意。故选A项。
4.— The designers are over the moon. What’s up?
—They’ve reached an agreement on __________ the bonuses are to be divided later.
A. why B. how C. where D. when
【答案】B
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意:——这些设计者们兴高采烈的。怎么了?——他们刚刚就奖金怎么分配达成了一致。分析句子可知,空白处与其后句子一起作介词on的宾语,属于宾语从句,空白处需要引导词,其中句子成分完整,结合句意考虑用连接副词how作方式状语,表示“如何”。故选B项。
【点睛】
宾语从句连接词的判断是一个重要考点,一般分为三种类型:1.由that引导,that在句中无实意,只起连接作用,其后接一般的陈述句;2.由whether,if引导,在句中表示“是否”,其后句子可以还原成一般疑问句;3.由wh-系列的连接副词和连接代词引导,这些词在句中都要担任一定的成分,连接代词担任主、宾、表等成分,连接副词则担任状语。在具体题目中进行选择时,首先判断宾语从句中是否缺少成分,该小题中就可以看到不缺主、宾、表等成分,结合选项是缺少状语,这时就可以结合句意进行排除选择,从而得出正确答案。
5.______ makes our school famous is ______ more than 90% of the students have been admitted to universities.
A.What; that B.Which; because C.That; what D.What; because
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意:使我们学校出名的是,超过90%的学生都被大学录取了。分析可知,句子为“主系表”结构,分别用主语从句和表语从句做相应的句子成分,主语从句中缺主语且表示“什么”的含义,所以用what引导;表语从句中引导词在句中不做任何成分,没有实际意义,所以用that引导。故选A项。
6.once-great cities fell into ruins.
A.What B.Why C.Whether D.That
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意:玛雅文明为何崩溃至今仍是个谜。曾经伟大的城市变成了废墟。分析句子结构可知,本句为主语从句,从句缺少原因状语,所以用连接词why引导。故选B。
7.People may think that dinosaurs were big, green with hard skin covering their bodies. But in fact, it seems that dinosaurs appeared very different from________ we think.
A.which B.that C.who D.what
【答案】D
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意:人们可能认为恐龙体型巨大,呈绿色,身体覆盖着坚硬的皮肤。但事实上,恐龙似乎和我们想象的很不一样。在宾语从句“we think”中缺少think的宾语,且是指对恐龙的想象,所以应用what引导。故选D。
8.Air pollution is a big problem. I wonder ______ we can do about it.
A.whether B.what C.how D.that
【答案】B
【解析】考查宾语从句连接词。句意:空气污染是个大问题。我想知道我们能做些什么。分析句子成分可知,“______ we can do about it”为宾语从句,该从句中缺少动词do的宾语,意为“什么”,所给选项中,“whether(是否)”、“how(如何)”和“that(无意义)”均不能充当此成分,且意思不符,所以排除A、C和D项,故选B。
9.________ is known to all is that the outstanding academic atmosphere, as well as various festivals and sports, ________ many students to our school.
A.It: draw B.Which: draw C.What: draws D.As: draws
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词性从句和主谓一致。句意:众所周知,优秀的学术氛围,以及
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