常用逻辑关系词-(1)上课讲义.doc

学习资料

1．因果关系过渡词语：（因果）
…and so…; another important factor/reason…; as a consequence; as a result; as; because; because of; being that; consequently; due to; for the reason that; for the same reason; for;
hence; adv.因此，所以；今后，从此
for this reason; in consequence; in that…; in view of; owing to; since; so;…so that…; the reason seems obvious; there are about…; therefore; thus; obviously; evidently
2．并列关系过渡词语：（并列）
and; also; as well as; both…and…; either…or…; neither…nor…; not only…but also…; in the same way; too
3．序列关系过渡词语：
first…, second…, third…, and so forth; A…, B…, C…, and so forth; next; then; following this; at the same time; now; at this point; after; afterwards; subsequently; finally; previously; before this; simultaneously; concurrently; thus; therefore; hence; next; and then; soon
4．递进关系过渡词语：（递进）
accordingly; as a popular saying goes…; as far as…is concerned; at the same time; besides; even; further; furthermore; in addition; in order to…; in other words; in the first place…, in the second place…; in this way; meanwhile; moreover; not only…, but also…; not…but…; lastly; for one thing…, for another…
5．时间关系过渡词语：
afterwards; as soon as; at last; before; eventually; every; first; first of all; first and foremost; for a start; meanwhile; in the meantime; while; now; next; not…until; later; formerly; previously; prior to; since then; since; subsequently; till; to begin with; to start with; when; then
6．转折关系过渡词语：（对立）
yet; but; unless; despite that; in spite of; though; although; although this may be true; even so; even though; however; sometimes; once in a while; independent of; reckless of; regardless of
7．条件关系过渡词语：
as long as; even if; even though; if it necessary; if not all; if possible; if so; if; lest; once; provided that; unless
8．重复关系过渡词语：
in brief; as I have said; as I have noted; as has been noted; as is mentioned above
9．比较关系过渡词语：
apart from; by the same token; compared with; in comparison with; in the same vein; like; likewise; rather than; similarly; similarly important; equally; when compared with; when in fact…
10．举例关系过渡词语：
a good example would be; for example; for instance; in this case; in another case; on this occasion; in this situation; take the case of; to demonstrate; to illustrate; according to; as an illustration; as for; as regards; as to; in particular; including; namely; notably; such as; like; take…as an example; you may say…
11．对比关系过渡词语：
after all; as opposed to; balanced against; up against; vis a vis; where; conversely; on the one hand…on the other hand…; contrary to; conversely; unlike; different from this; however; in contrast; nevertheless; on the contrary; oppose to; whereas; while
12．强调关系过渡词语：
definitely; extremely; obviously; absolutely; positively; naturally; surprisingly; always; forever; perennially; eternally; emphatically; never; unquestionably; without a doubt; certainly; surely; undeniably; without reservation; believe it or not; especially; particularly; in particular; specifically; in fact; as a matter of fact; actually; in deed; moreover; not to mention…; what is more important; notably; that is
13．总结关系过渡词语：
accordingly; altogether; as a result; consequently; hence; in one word; in brief; in short; in other words; in summary; on the whole; in conclusion; overall; the conclusion can be safely drawn that…; therefore; to conclude; to sum up; summing up; as I have shown; as I have said; all in all

考研写作常见单词替代
公务书信尾段内容
１） 表示感谢：
A My thanks to you for your generous assistance are beyond words.
B Words fail me when I desire to express my sincere gratitude to you for your kind consideration my requirement/application/complaint.
C I take the opportunity to show my heartfelt appreciation for your generous assistance you rendered me
2) 期待回信：
A i am looking forward to your reply.
B I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.
C your prompt attention to my ……. Would be highly appreciated.
私人书信写法
第一段 客套话+写作目的
It is great to hear from you again.
Nothing could have given me greater pleasure than to get news of you.
You have no idea how happy I was to receive your letter.
As to/with reference to /with regard to/as regards … ,引出写作目的

第三段 问候语+期待回信
I look forward to hearing from you at your earlist concenience.
Please bring my best wished to your family.
I wish you good health and lots of happiness.
I wish every success for your career/study in the future.
私人书信写法
第一段 客套话+写作目的
It is great to hear from you again.
Nothing could have given me greater pleasure than to get news of you.
You have no idea how happy I was to receive your letter.
As to/with reference to /with regard to/as regards … ,引出写作目的
第三段 问候语+期待回信
I look forward to hearing from you at your earlist concenience.
Please bring my best wished to your family.
I wish you good health and lots of happiness.
I wish every success for your career/study in the future.
1. important=crucial,critical significant essential vital
2. common=universal, ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be everywhere)
4. difficult=formidable
5. understand=discern
6. all the time--continually, continuously, constantly, perpetually
7. as a result—consequently、
8. before--prior to
9. begin—commence
10. better—superior
11. big--major, significant, substantial
12. have--be equipped with, possess
13. if--in the event of, in case(of)
14. in the end--eventually, finally, ultimately
15. know--be aware of, be conversant with, familiar with
16. less and less--decreasing(ly)
17. more and more –increasingly
18. money--funding, funds, resources
19. more and more—increasingly
20. need--demand, require
21. now--at present, at this juncture, at this moment, currently
22. often--frequent(ly)
23. quick(ly)--rapid(ly),prompt(ly)
24. right--appropriate, correct, proper reasonable
25. sharp--abrupt, drastic dramatic
26. show--demonstrate, manifest reveal
27. small--minor/insignificant (problems, differences etc),marginal(不重要的，微小的)
28. too many--an excessive number of, a disproportionate number of
29. too much--excessive(ly)
30. about : regarding concerning involving relating to, with respect to, with reference to
31. Famous: well-known famed, noted, renowned, enjoy a nation-wide/worldwide reputation/fame be widely acknowledged/known
32. poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken
1.individuals,characters, folks替换(people ,persons)
2: positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good
3:dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换
eg.An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation ,as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive.
4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if not most)替换many.
注：用many, if not most 一定要小心，many后一定要有词。
Eg. Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that….同理 用most, if not all, 替换most.
5: a slice of, quiet a few , several替换some
6: harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that,
it is universally acknowledged that)替think(因为是书面语，所以要加that)
7:affair ,business ,matter 替换thing
8: shared 代 common
9.reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits )
10:for my part ,from my own perspective 替换 in my opinion
11:Increasing(ly),growing 替换more and more( 注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.
Eg.sth has gained growing popularity. Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.
12.little if anything, 或little or nothing替换hardly
13..beneficial, rewarding替换helpful,
14.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser, 替换customer
15.exceedingly,extremely, intensely 替换very
16.hardly necessary, hardly inevitable ... 替换 unnecessary, avoidable
17.sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in
18.capture one's attention替换attract one's attention.
19.facet,demension,sphere代aspect
20.be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of代 indicate, suggest ,fear
21.give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause.
22. There are several reasons behind sth 替换..reasons for sth
23.desire 替换want.
24.pour attention into 替换pay attention to
25.bear in mind that 替换remember
26. enjoy, possess 替换have(注意process是过程的意思)
27. interaction替换communication
28.frown on sth替换 be against , disagree with sth
29.to name only a few, as an example替换 for example, for instance

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