1、血管与腔内血管外科杂志2024 年 1 月 第 10 卷 第 1 期Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Vol.10,No.1,Jan 2024覆膜支架与裸支架在主髂动脉闭塞症中的疗效分析魏美娇1,杜果城21 川北医学院第二临床医学院,四川 南充 6370002 川北医学院第二临床医学院南充市中心医院甲状腺乳腺血管外科,四川 南充 637000摘要:主髂动脉闭塞症(AIOD)是以盆腔缺血和/或下肢缺血为主要表现的疾病,其发病率、就诊率呈逐年上升趋势,已成为血管外科的常见疾病。随着介入材料不断发展和手术医师介入技术的不断提高,腔内治疗凭借其创
2、伤小、操作方便、效果明确、周期短、病死率低、术后并发症少等优点,逐步成为临床医师治疗AIOD的首选治疗方式。目前关于裸支架和覆膜支架在AIOD患者中的疗效研究较少,本综述旨在探讨覆膜支架与裸支架在AIOD中的疗效,以期为AIOD患者的腔内治疗提供参考。关键词:主髂动脉闭塞症;腔内治疗;覆膜支架;裸支架中图分类号:R543 文献标识码:A doi:10.19418/ki.issn2096-0646.2024.01.16 Analysis of therapeutic effect of covered stent and bared stent in aortoiliac occlusive d
3、iseaseWei Meijiao1,Du Guocheng21 The Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical College,Nanchong 637000,Sichuan,China2 Department of Thyroid Breast Vascular Surgery,the Second Clinical Medical College of North Sichuan Medical CollegeNanchong Central Hospital,Nanchong 637000,Sichuan,Chi
4、naAbstract:Aortoiliac occlusive disease(AIOD)is a disease characterized by pelvic ischemia and/or lower extremity ischemia.Its incidence rate and visiting rate are increasing year by year,and it has become a common disease in vascular surgery.With the continuous development of interventional materia
5、ls and the continuous improvement of surgical intervention techniques by surgeons,endovascular treatment has gradually become the preferred treatment method for AIOD by clinical physicians due to its advantages of small trauma,easy operation,clear results,short cycle,low mortality rate,and fewer pos
6、toperative complications.At present,there is limited research on the efficacy of bared stens and covered stent in AIOD patients.This review aims to explore the efficacy of covered stent and bared stent in AIOD,in order to provide reference for intracavitary treatment of AIOD patients.Key words:aorto
7、iliac occlusive disease;endovascular treatment;covered stent;bared stent主髂动脉闭塞症(aortoiliac occlusive disease,AIOD)为肾下腹主动脉及髂动脉狭窄或闭塞引起的下肢或盆腔组织及脏器缺血性疾病,临床表现为臀肌或下肢的活动后疼痛,约30%的男性患者双侧髂动脉受累或髂内动脉闭塞导致血管原性的性功能障碍1。目前,关于AIOD发病率尚不明确,根据外周动脉疾病(peripheral arterial disease,PAD)患病率可大致推测AIOD的患病情况。一项关于全球不同地域PAD患病率的系统性回
8、顾分析显示,2015年,全球25岁作者简介作者简介魏美娇,主要从事血管外科临床研究,川北医学院第二临床医学院通信作者通信作者杜果城(Du Guocheng,corresponding author),科主任、主任医师,E-mail: 综述 77Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Vol.10,No.1,Jan 2024及以上人群中约2.4亿人患有PAD,患病率为5.56%(95%CI:3.79%8.55%),其中,中低收入国家占72.91%,且患病率随着年龄的增加而增加2。另有研究显示,在400例下肢动脉硬化闭塞症患者中主髂动脉病变约占52
9、.8%3。由此可见,AIOD的患病率并不低,其最常见的病因是动脉粥样硬化,随着人们生活水平的改善、饮食结构的改变以及人口老龄化趋势的上升,预计其全球患病率还会继续上升,因此,关于AIOD治疗的探索将会成为血管外科未来值得关注的一个方向,本文综述了AIOD的腔内介入治疗、覆膜支架与裸支架在AIOD疗效方面的对比,以期为临床治疗提供参考。1 AIOD 的腔内介入治疗1.1 腔内介入成为 AIOD 的首选治疗方式AIOD的治疗方法较多,中国专家共识推荐泛大西洋外周动脉疾病诊疗学会专家共识(Trans Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus,TASC)C、D型的AIOD患者(
10、如肾下腹主动脉和髂总、髂外动脉病变)首选腔内治疗1。随着介入材料不断发展和手术医师介入技术的不断提高,相关文献表明,与开放手术相比,AIOD通过腔内治疗同样能达到较为理想的一期通畅率,且近中期疗效无显著差异4-6。研究显示,临床治疗AIOD采用腔内治疗的成功率可以达到90%及以上,且TASCC、D型患者疗效也较为理想7。腔内治疗凭借其创伤小、操作方便、效果明确、周期短、病死率低、术后并发症少等优点,已成为临床治疗AIOD的首选治疗方式8。1.2 AIOD 腔内治疗推荐球囊结合支架血管成形术球囊扩张导管是AIOD腔内治疗常用的手术器械,可开通闭塞或狭窄段后扩张治疗9,但是由于受到弹性回缩的影响,
11、单纯球囊扩张治疗AIOD的通畅率并不理想,多辅以支架成形术。研究显示,球囊扩张结合支架血管成形术治疗髂动脉长段完全性闭塞安全、有效,随访(306)个月后支架通畅率为94.1%10。Goode等11研究显示,支架组患者术后并发症发生率为5%,而球囊血管成形术组患者术后并发症发生率为20%,同时两组患者术后一期和二期通畅率没有显著差异。目前采用单纯球囊血管成形术治疗主髂动脉闭塞性疾病的研究相对较少,临床上多联合使用球囊与支架治疗AIOD12。2 覆膜支架与裸支架在 AIOD 疗效方面的对比2.1 支架性能根据支架释放方式可将支架分为球扩式支架和自膨胀式支架,与自膨胀式支架相比,球扩式支架具有更大的
12、径向力支撑力和射线不透性以及更精确的输送13,但其灵活性和可追踪性较低,因此,球扩式支架适用于较短的钙化狭窄,而自膨胀式支架更适用于长段扭曲病变。另外,支架的材料和形状也会影响径向支撑力、抵抗伸长力、扭转力、断裂力14,球扩式支架和自膨胀式支架均可以使用聚四氟乙烯覆盖内壁,也就是常用的覆膜支架,以达到改善长期血管通畅的目的。2.2 远期通畅率多项研究表明,裸支架、覆膜支架对于AIOD患者均具有一定疗效,但远期随访效果仍需持续观察15-17。研究显示,在髂动脉闭塞患者中,覆膜支架与裸支架的一期通畅率相似18-21,但Piazza等22研究发现在TASC D型AIOD患者中,覆膜支架的术后通畅率显
13、著高于裸支架,Mwipatayi等23研究也发现在TASC C型和D型的AIOD患者中,覆膜支架的长期通畅率优于裸支架。还有研究发现,术后3、6个月时覆膜支架组与裸支架组患者踝肱指数(ankle brachial index,ABI)无显著差异,但术后12个月时裸支架组患者ABI降低速度较覆膜支架组患者,差异有统计学意义24。由此可见,对于较复杂的AIOD患者,覆膜支架在远期通畅率方面展现出一定的优越性。2.3 支架内再狭窄(in-stent restenosis,ISR)发生情况主髂动脉病变患者腔内治疗术后常见并发症包括远端栓塞、通路血肿、假性动脉瘤、动脉破裂、动脉夹层及ISR。一项系统综述
14、共纳入15篇文献,结果显示,主髂动脉病变腔内治疗术后并发症的发生率为3%45%25。ISR是支架植入术后的常见并发症之一,虽然支架植入能在一定程度上克服了单纯球囊扩张后的急性血管回缩,使闭塞血管获得足够的支撑力,但支架植入后的再狭窄问题也成了新的难题,指南推荐血管重建后予以小剂量新型口服抗凝药物联合抗血小板治疗,对于再狭窄发生风险高的患者可延长双联抗血小板治疗6个月以上1。支架植入术后发生支架内再狭窄的主要机制是支架放置过程中可能会造成患者部分血管内皮损伤,从而暴露粥样硬化组织,导致巨噬细胞聚集,可释放更多的生长因子和细胞因子,加剧机体的炎症反应程度,刺激内膜增殖26;血管内皮细胞损伤会使血小
15、板黏附和聚集,导致血小板血栓形成,使平滑肌细胞大量增殖并参与组织修复,进而导致管腔狭窄27-28。1例股浅动脉闭塞患者金属裸支架植入术后18年的病理结果显示,发生极长期ISR的主要机制是平滑肌细胞持续增殖29。Mwipatayi等23的一项前瞻、多中心、随机对照试验共纳入125例严重AIOD患者,共168条髂动脉,结果显示,覆78血管与腔内血管外科杂志2024 年 1 月 第 10 卷 第 1 期膜支架组患者术后18个月再狭窄率为9.9%,而裸支架组患者术后18个月再狭窄率为25.6%,且覆膜支架相比裸支架用于治疗AIOD更有可能免于ISR的发生(HR=0.35,95%CI:0.150.82,
16、P=0.02)。覆膜支架由镍钛合金支架系统联合涤纶材料或聚四氟乙烯构成,最早设计覆膜支架是用于动脉瘤、动脉破裂及动-静脉瘘的治疗,近年来逐渐用于动脉粥样硬化性疾病的治疗,这主要是由于覆膜支架相比裸支架对于预防患者术后ISR有一定的积极作用30-35:一是覆膜支架内衬聚四氟乙烯材质可对巨噬细胞的迁移和新生内膜的增殖产生一定抑制作用36-39;二是聚四氟乙烯材质可阻止平滑肌细胞与新生内膜向管腔内生长迁移,延缓ISR的发生;三是从血流动力学方面来看,覆膜支架可能影响患者血流状态,使管腔中血流趋向于层流40-44。因此,由于覆膜支架在预防患者术后ISR方面的积极作用,使覆膜支架相比裸支架在远期通畅率方
17、面展现出一定的优势。2.4 覆膜支架可补救介入治疗过程中的意外事件目前单一采用球囊血管成形术治疗主髂动脉疾病的研究相对比较少,多主张联合植入支架治疗AIOD。支架释放后若支架展开不满意,可采用适宜的球囊进行后扩张,然而AIOD患者的髂动脉已经发生了粥样硬化,造成血管壁的僵硬和退变,使动脉的顺应性和抗张强度降低,血管脆性增加,血管内皮细胞损伤,肌性中层破坏,弹力蛋白断裂,胶原合成中断,促使动脉瘤发生和破裂45,所以在血管腔内介入治疗AIOD的过程中可能会发生髂动脉的假性动脉瘤、动脉破裂和动脉夹层意外破裂。与裸支架相比,覆膜支架可以作为AIOD腔内治疗时发生动脉意外破裂的补救性措施46,当发生动脉
18、夹层时在覆膜支架内使用球囊扩张使内膜紧贴血管壁也相对更安全,故对于高度钙化、破裂危险大、预计球囊扩张后容易出现夹层、腔内有可疑血栓及局限在髂总动脉的病变宜选用覆膜支架47。2.5 覆膜支架的不足由于覆膜支架的使用可能会隔绝侧支循环,尤其是在双侧髂动脉均应用覆膜支架时可能会隔绝正常的骼内动脉,从而引起盆腔脏器及臀肌的缺血,造成严重的术后并发症,此时可考虑使用裸支架。覆膜支架的造价高于裸支架,而多数AIOD发生于中低收入国家,可能会给家庭及社会带来一定的经济负担。3 小结与展望覆膜支架与裸支架治疗AIOD的一期通畅率相似,而覆膜支架在远期通畅率方面展现出一定的优势,尤其是对于高度钙化、破裂危险大、
19、预计球囊扩张后容易出现夹层、腔内有可疑血栓等较复杂的AIOD患者更宜选用覆膜支架,在可能会引起盆腔脏器或臀肌缺血的情况下倾向考虑使用裸支架。因此,覆膜支架相比裸支架在AIOD的腔内治疗中展现出更好的发展前景,如果能进一步解决盆腔供血的局限性以及腔内治疗术后的ISR问题,覆膜支架可能会成为AIOD腔内治疗的首选支架。参考文献1 沈晨阳.主髂动脉闭塞症的诊断和治疗:中国专家共识J.中国循环杂志,2020,35(10):948-954.2 Song P,Rudan D,Zhu Y,et al.Global,regional,and national prevalence and risk facto
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