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磷酸铁锂电池简介.doc

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Learn General Secretary on "two to learn a" strengthening "four Consciousnesses" important speech caused a strong reaction in the country.   Time, watching "red treasure", the origin of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grass-roots party members and masses hot topic. Grass-roots party organizations "two" is to strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grass-roots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses.   Strengthen the party ahead of the "pedal" spirit; strengthen the party members and cadres "success does not have to be me" and "the first to bear hardships, the last to" service spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grass-roots party organizations "two" is to cleanse all people not happy not to see "stereotypes", establish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the "money," corrosion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style.   Cleansing "take, eat, card," undesirable and behaviour, "cross, hard and cold, push" attitude. Grass-roots party organizations "two" is to strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grass-roots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grass-roots party branches "loose, soft, loose" problem, advance the party members and cadres, "a gang working", "Hong Kong report."   Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous "unqualified" party members, pays special attention to party members and cadres "joining party of thought" problem. "Party building" is obtained in the long-term development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new "rectification movement." Grass-roots party organizations should always catch the hard work, results-oriented. Two educational outcomes are long-term oriented and become an important impetus for the work. "Two" should have three kinds of consciousness "two" study and education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the "learning" and "do" real unity, to form a "learn-learn-do-do" the virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization 磷酸铁锂电池简介 什么是磷酸铁锂电池 磷酸铁锂电池的全名应是磷酸铁锂锂离子电池,简称为磷酸铁锂电池,是用磷酸铁锂(LiFePO4)材料作电池正极的锂离子电池,是2002年后推出的产品,是锂离子电池家族的新成员。由于它的性能特别适于作动力方面的应用,则在名称中加入“动力”两字,即磷酸铁锂动力电池。也有人把它称为“锂铁(LiFe)动力电池”。 目前市场上的锂离子电池正极材料主要是氧化钴锂(LiCoO2),另外还有少数采用氧化锰锂(LiMn2O4)及氧化镍锂(LiNiO2)作正极材料的锂离子电池,一般将后两种正极材料的锂离子电池称为“锂锰电池”及“锂镍电池”。在组成电池正极材料的金属元素中,钴(Co)最贵,并且存储量不多,镍(Ni)、锰(Mn)较便宜,而铁(Fe)最便宜。正极材料的价格也与这些金属的价格行情一致。因此,采用LiFePO4正极材料做成的锂离子电池应是最便宜的。它的另一个特点是对环境无污染。 磷酸铁锂电池是一种可充电电池,在容量高、输出电压高、良好的充放电循环性能、输出电压稳定、能大电流充放电、电化学稳定性能、使用中安全(不会因过充电、过放电及短路等操作不当而引起燃烧或爆炸)、工作温度范围宽、无毒或少毒、对环境无污染这些性能要求上都不错,特别在大放电率放电(5~10C放电)、放电电压平稳上、安全上(不燃烧、不爆炸)、寿命上(循环次数)、对环境无污染上是最好的,是目前最好的大电流输出动力电池。比亚迪在第九届高交会前夕宣布“全球第一款可以用于汽车充电的铁电池已经在深圳诞生”,随后各种冠以“全球第一”、“领先日本20年”的比亚迪“铁动力”的报道频见报端,但据同济大学汽车学院副院长李理光透露“比亚迪的‘铁电池’就是磷酸铁锂电池”。 磷酸铁锂电池的结构与工作原理 磷酸铁锂电池电池的内部结构如图1所示。左边是橄榄石结构的LiFePO4作为电池的正极,由铝箔与电池正极连接,中间是聚合物的隔膜,它把正极与负极隔开,但锂离子Li+可以通过而电子e-不能通过,右边是由碳(石墨)组成的电池负极,由铜箔与电池的负极连接。电池的上下端之间是电池的电解质,电池由金属外壳密闭封装。 磷酸铁锂电池在充电时,正极中的锂离子Li+通过聚合物隔膜向负极迁移;在放电过程中,负极中的锂离子Li+通过隔膜向正极迁移。锂离子电池就是因锂离子在充放电时来回迁移而命名的。 磷酸铁锂电池主要性能 磷酸铁锂电池的标称电压是3.2 V、终止充电电压是3.6V、终止放电压是2.0V。由于各个生产厂家采用的正、负极材料、电解质材料的质量及工艺不同,其性能上会有些差异。例如同一种型号(同一种封装的标准电池),其电池的容量有较大差别(10%~20%)。 磷酸铁锂动力电池主要性能列于表1。为了与其他可充电电池的相比较,也在表中列出其他种类可充电电池性能。这里要说明的是,不同工厂生产的磷酸铁锂动力电池在各项性能参数上会有一些差别;另外,有一些电池性能未列入,如电池内阻、自放电率、充放电温度等。 磷酸铁锂动力电池的容量有较大差别,可以分成三类:小型的零点几到几毫安时、中型的几十毫安时、大型的几百毫安时。不同类型电池的同类参数也有一些差异。这里再介绍一种目前应用较广的小型标准圆柱形封装的磷酸铁锂动力电池的参数。其外廓尺寸:直径为18mm、高650mm(型号为18650),其参数性能如表2所示。 磷酸铁锂电池的特点 1高效率输出:标准放电为2~5C、连续高电流放电可达10C,瞬间脉冲放电(10S)可达20C; 2 高温时性能良好:外部温度65℃时内部温度则高达95℃,电池放电结束时温度可达160℃, 电池的结构安全、完好; 3 即使电池内部或外部受到伤害,电池不燃烧、不爆炸、安全性最好; 4 极好的循环寿命,经500次循环,其放电容量仍大于95%; 5 过放电到零伏也无损坏; 6 可快速充电; 7 低成本; 8 对环境无污染。 磷酸铁锂动力电池的应用 由于磷酸铁锂动力电池具有上述特点,并且生产出各种不同容量的电池,很快得到广泛地应用。它主要应用领域有: 1 大型电动车辆:公交车、电动汽车、景点游览车及混合动力车等; 2 轻型电动车:电动自行车、高尔夫球车、小型平板电瓶车、铲车、清洁车、电动轮椅等; 3 电动工具:电钻、电锯、割草机等; 4 遥控汽车、船、飞机等玩具; 5 太阳能及风力发电的储能设备; 6 UPS及应急灯、警示灯及矿灯(安全性最好); 7 替代照相机中3V的一次性锂电池及9V的镍镉或镍氢可充电电池(尺寸完全相同); 8 小型医疗仪器设备及便携式仪器等。 国内外情况 当前,国内的磷酸铁锂产业投资热正在兴起,其势头超过了其他任何国家。这一点通过企业数量对比就可见一斑,目前在这个领域(单指正极材料),美国的制造企业不过A123、Valence两家,加拿大仅有Phostech一家,台湾有长园科技、鸿运电子、立凯电能(ALEES)、大同科技4家,而内地企业数量却非常之多,截至 2008年10月统计,全国有40多家磷酸铁锂电池材料生产厂商,其中已进入工业化批量生产并向市场稳定供货的企业有天津斯特兰、北大先行、苏州恒正、新乡华鑫(原新乡八化)、深圳贝特瑞、比亚迪等8家,可批量生产并在试销阶段的企业也有8家(不一一例举),其余都在中试阶段,而有意向进军这个产业的企业则更多。其中有很多企业都是08年冒出来的新面孔,展望09年,肯定还会诞生一批新的企业,另外随着技术和市场不断趋于成熟,风险投资也必将介入进来。国内对磷酸铁锂产业的投资可谓一浪高过一浪。说得好听点,大家都是在积极做准备,说的不好听点,大家都是在冲锋陷阵,其中有很多企业会成为垫脚石。 产业优势: 第一、磷酸铁锂产业符合国家产业政策的导向,各国都把储能电池和动力电池的发展放在国家战略层面高度,配套资金和政策支持的力度很大,中国在这方面有过之而不及,过去关注镍氢电池,现在则把目光更多的集中到磷酸铁锂电池上。 第二、磷酸铁锂电池作为一种实用新型锂电池,代表了电池未来发展的方向。它是迄今为止发明的最理想的动力电池。尽管目前存在技术和价格上的一些缺陷,但毕竟已经走向商业化的道路。业内专家普遍认为,磷酸铁锂技术不会成为产业发展的障碍(已有A123、Valence、Phostech成熟技术的先例),而价格也会随着产能的扩张而大幅降低,未来甚至会成为最廉价的动力电池。 第三、磷酸铁锂产业的市场蛋糕大的超乎想象,其中正极材料全球有几百亿的市场容量,而电池更是有超过5000千亿的市场容量。现有几家企业捷足先登进入这个领域,但他们只是尝到了一口奶油,今后还会享受到更丰美的蛋糕。按照风险投资业内的一种说法,这是一个很肥很肥的产业。 第四、根据电池产业发展的规律,无论是材料,还是电池,基本呈现稳定增长的趋势,能够抗周期性和国家宏观调控的影响。而作为新型的材料和电池——磷酸铁锂,随着存量市场的开发和增量市场的渗透,其增长速度明显快于电池行业整体发展速度。 第五、磷酸铁锂电池应用领域广泛,终端产品如电动工具、UPS电源、矿灯、玩具、电动自行车、电动汽车等都是关系民生的消费量很大的产品,此外在军事和航天领域也是一种最佳的动力电池。 第六、磷酸铁锂产业利润率非常之高,正极材料的毛利在70%以上,而电芯的毛利也有50%以上。而且由于未来强大市场的支撑,行业将在很长一段时间内(初步推测是5年)维持较高的利润率。 第七、磷酸铁锂行业有一定的门槛,不是谁来做就会做成功的,尤其是材料领域,技术壁垒很高,可以避免太多的竞争。笔者认为,作为新进入这个产业的企业,选择做材料肯定要比做电池更为明智,因为现有的一些锂电池厂商很多,尤其是大厂的地位很难撼动,他们切入到磷酸铁锂电池更具优势。 第八、磷酸铁锂产业不会过分依赖国外市场,原料和设备也不会受制于国外企业,国内整个产业链相对是比较成熟的。这跟太阳能电池行业有很大差别,太阳能电池所需多晶硅原料(指过去)和终端应用市场两头在外,受国外政策和市场变化影响很大,这些问题在此次金融危机中已经显现。 结语 磷酸铁锂动力电池是一种新型动力电池,由于其性能优良,受到各方面的重视。我国现在已有一些工厂生产磷酸铁锂电池正极材料及生产各种不同容量的磷酸铁锂动力电池,但普遍生产时间不长,规模还不大。 国内磷酸铁锂电池没有普及很大原因是: 1、电池生产厂商没有稳定的货源供应,关键还是在于磷酸铁锂材料产量与产品质量稳定性。现在国内的厂家都在为获得稳定批次的材料而努力,目前生产技术较为成熟的企业只有3-4家。 2、受限产品售价过高,使得磷酸铁锂电池的商业价值没有凸显。磷酸锂铁电池目前因材料生产规模及良率问题,产品售价高过其他二次电池,但纯以材料成本而言,磷酸锂铁电池为所有锂离子电池中最低者,未来随技术提升良率提高,产品逐渐普及后,售价可望下降到10万元/吨以下。届时磷酸铁锂的商业价值便会凸显。 不过,这种情况可望在2~3年内得到改变,磷酸铁锂动力电池将更便宜,并且其应用将更普遍。 写作不但能培养学生的观察力、联想力、想象力、思考力和记忆力,它的重要性更表现在于学生对字词句的运用、对思想语言和口头语言的提炼、对现实生活知识经验的总结升华、对情感价值观的宣泄。learning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. "Learning" and "do" what car isTwo-wheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. "Learning" is the Foundation, the Foundation is not strong, shaking; " "Is the key to net to net thousands of accounts.    "Two" education, "" lay the basis, going to "do" the key grip, so that the "learning" and "doing" back to standard, so that the majority of party members "learn" learning theory of nutrients, in the "doing" practice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. "Learning" and "do" not Chu drawn, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. "Two" learning education, we need to explore integrating "learning" in "do", exhibit "do" in "Science". To avoid the "learning" into simple room instruction, "do" into a monotone for doing.    Should exploration "learn" in the has "do", "do" in the has "learn" of education and practice of carrier, makes general grass-roots members can in "learn" in the has "do" of achievements sense, in "do" in the has "learn" of get sense, real makes party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to long-term the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, "two" had to catch the long-term. "Two" study and education, by no means, assault-style wind-sport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and "three-three" special education in grass-roots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. "Two" greater need to focus on longer hold long-term, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of long-term education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awareness-raising, antennas and atmosphere – a discussion on how leading cadres of party members "two" current, "two" activity is in full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a "key minority" is both a barometer and impetus. The "two" meaning enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the "two" in the process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grass-roots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These "lazy, casual, and decadent" ideas learning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to "two" effect. John Stuart Mill once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members and
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