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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2013-8-13,#,介词,12,个区别,方位介词,介词与其他词的搭配,介词,是一种用来表示词与词,词与句之间的关系的词。,在句中不能单独作句字成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。,汉语中,介词,多由及物动词虚化而成,介词后一般接名词,语法功能是组成介宾结构,,把自己(指“介词”)的宾语引介给谓语的核心,,因而亦属于谓词性词类。,12,个区别,1,表示时间的,in,on,at,at,表示片刻的时间,in,表示一段的时间,on,总是与日子有关,since,指从过去到现在的一段时间和完成时连用,from,指从时间的某一点开始,2,表示时间的,since,from,3,表示时间的,in,after,in,指在一段时间之后,after,表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中,4,表示地理位置的,in,on,to,in,表示在某范围内,on,指与什么毗邻,to,指在某环境范围之外,9 besides,与,except,的区别,besides,指“除了,还有再加上”,except,指“除了减去什么”不放在句首,10,表示“用”的,in,with,with,表示具体的工具,in,表示材料方式方法度量单位语言声音,11 as,与,like,的区别,as,意为“作为以,地位或身份”,like,为“象。一样”指情形相似,12 in,与,into,区别,in,通常表示位置静态,into,表示动向不表示目的地或位置,方位介词,1)at,in,on,over,under,(a)at,在,“,at+N/(place)”,的基本意义在于表达,空间或位置的点的概念,。例:,There is a ball at the foot of the desk.(,在书桌的桌腿那里有一个球。),就我们日常生活的活动来看,如下面各短语所指的场所都属于点的概念。,at home,在家,at work,在工作场所,(外出工作)不在家,at the door/window,在门,/,窗口,at the office,在办公室,at school,在学校,at(the)university,在大学,at the bus stop,在公共汽车站,at the station,在车站,at the crossroads,在十字路口,at the bridge,在桥头处,at the next corner,在下一个街角,at the bakers,在面包店,注:请注意下面两句的区别:,I met her,in,the station.(,我在车站里遇见她。,station,指建筑物),I met her,at,the station.(,我在车站遇见她。,station,指交通线上的点,遇见她的地方有可能在车站里面,也可能在车站外面。),at No36,Park Street,公园街,36,号,at the party,在宴会中,at a meeting,在会场,at the club,在联谊会,at ones desk,在自己的书桌处,at(,美,the)table,在餐桌处;在吃饭,at the bottom of,在,的底部,at the foot of,在,的脚处,at the end of,在,的末端,/,尽处,at the center of,在,的中央,(b)in,在,里面,/,之中,“,in+N/(place)”,的基本意义是表示,在面或空间的范围里面,。例:,My watch is in the drawer of my desk.(,我的手表在我的书桌抽屉里面。),可用“,in”,来表达的场所、地点、位置、空间等可以如下:,in+,洲名、国名、地区名、州,/,省,区域名、城市、乡村名等。,in Asia,在亚洲,in China/the United States,在中国,/,美国,in Siberia/the West,在西伯利亚,/,西部,in California/Fu Jian,在加州,/,福建省,in the southern part of Taiwan,在台湾南部,in London/Beijing,在伦敦,/,北京,in town/the country,在镇上,/,乡下,in+,日常生活场所,in the street,在街道中,in the park,在公园里,in the woods/trees,在树林里,in the field,在田野里,in the garden,在花园里,in the campus,在校园里,in the library,在图书馆里,in the office,在办公室里,in the gym,在体育馆里,in+,三维空间,in the sky,在天空,in the sun,在太阳光下,in the rain/snow,在雨,/,雪中,in the dark,在黑暗中,in the ocean/sea,在海洋中,in the river/pool,在河,/,游泳池里,in the building/house,在建筑物,/,屋里,in+,容器,in the/a box/bag,在盒,/,袋里,in the bottle,在瓶子里,in the drawer,在抽屉里,in the basket,在篮子里,in the pocket,在衣袋里,in his book,在他的书中,in the newspaper,在报上,in,her poems,在她的诗中,in that story,在那故事中,in your report,在你的报告中,in the middle of,在,的中央;在,当中,in the center of,在,的中央,in the corner of,在,的角落里,注:,in the corner of(,内角),on the corner of(,外角),at the corner of(,交叉角),如下成语惯用,in,例如:,in all,总计,in advance,事前,in the meantime,与此同时,in place,适当地,in hopes of(,或,in the hope of),怀着,.,希望,in connection with,和,有关,in contact with,和,联系,in addition to,除,.,以外,in case of,倘若,万一,in conflict with,和,.,冲突,in force,有效的,大批,in depth,彻底地,in regard to,关于,in the neighborhood of,大约、邻近,in retrospect,回顾,一想起,in behalf of,代表,.,利益,in the least,一点,丝毫,in alarm,惊慌、担心,in the opinion of,据,见解,in the long run,从长远说来,in ones opinion,在,看来,in word,口头上,in a word,总之,in vain,无益地,白白地,in case,如果,万一,以防,in detail,详细地,in haste,急急忙忙地,in conclusion,总之,in spite of,尽管,in other words.,换句话说,in return,作为回报,in the name of,以,.,名义,be confident in,对,.,有信心,be interested in,对,.,感兴趣,in doubt,怀疑,in love,恋爱中,in debt,负债,in fun(jest、joke),玩笑地,in hesitation,犹豫不决,in wonder,在惊奇中,in public(secret),公开他,(,秘密地,),例:,There is a wastebasket in the left back corner of the classroom.(,教室后面的左角处有纸篓。)例:,There is a phone booth,on,the corner of next block.(,下一个街区的转角处有一电话亭。)例:,Lets meet,at,the corner of the 32nd Street and Fifth Avenue at 6:00 p.m.O.K.?(,我们就在下午六点,第五大道与第三十二街的交叉角处见面,可以吗?)(,2,)请比较下面例句的区别:例:,Keep quiet,in,the library.(,图书馆内请保持肃静。,表示图书馆的,范围内,。),I was,at,the library when it rained.(,下雨时我正在图书馆借书,/,或者资料。,图书馆在本句是日间活动的,一个点,。)例:,The visitors were still,in,the school then.(,当时来访者还在学校。,指场所),At that time my children were still,in,school.(,当时我的小孩都还在上学。,指事)例:,I visited her several times when,in,Pairs.(,我在巴黎居留期间去看过她几次。,人住在巴黎),We stayed,at,Paris for only four days when we went on a tour in Europe last summer.(,上次夏天我们到欧洲观光旅游时在巴黎只停留了四天。,巴黎是观光,旅行上的一点),(c)on,在,上面,“,on+N/(place)”,的基本意义是表示人、物等在,的,表面上面,,并指与该表面,相接触,的意思。例:,There is a telephone on the desk.(,书桌上有一部电话机。),“,on”,所表示的表面不一定是平面,,也可指立体,等。例:,She doesnt like to hang pictures on the wall.(,她不喜欢墙上挂图画。)例:,There is fly on the ceiling.(,天花板上有一只苍蝇。),其他常看到的有:,on the floor,在地板上,on the ground,在地面上,on earth,在地球上,on ones face,在,的脸上,on page 65,在第,65,页,on a farm,在农场上,“on”,也可以表示,在,线上的旁边,。例:,I have rented a house on 21st Street.(,我在第,21,街租到一栋房子。)例:,It s a small town on the Mississippi River.(,那是密西西比河边的一个小镇。),“,on”,也可表示,附着或装置在,的上面,的意思。例:,He broke the handle on the door.(,他把门的把手破坏了。)例:,The lens on your camera is broken.(,你的相机上的镜头破了。),(d)over,在,的上面,/,上方,“,over+N/(place)”,是表示,在,的上方或覆于,的上面,的意思,是“,under”,的相反词。例,A:There is a light on the desk.(,书桌的上方有一盏灯。,在,的直接上方,)例,B:She put her hands over her face.(,她用两手遮住了她的脸。)“,over”,的本义是“在,平面或物体的上方(例,A)”,,所以,只要是在一个水平的表面,或有面积的平面上方就可用“,over”,,,不必在,的直接上方。例:,We saw our national flag flying over the roof.(,我们看到了国旗在屋顶上飘扬。)例:,The setting sun over the horizon looks very,very beautiful.(,地平线上的夕阳看起来非常美。)例:,The plane flew low over the town.(,那架飞机低空飞过市镇。),注:“,on”,与“,over”,的区别,“,on”,是表示,support(,支撑)的意思,,over,则表示,cover(,覆盖)的意思。例,A,:,I put a cup on the desk.(,我把一个杯放在书桌上。,书桌,支撑,着杯子。)例,B,:,Then I put my handkerchief over the cup.(,然后我把我的手帕覆在杯子上。,杯子被手帕所,覆盖,。),(e)under,在,的下面,/,下方,“,under”,是表示,在,的下面或下方,,是,over,的相反词。例:,There is dog under the desk.(,有一只狗在书桌的下面。),“,under”,也是,指水平的平面或面积的下方,/,下面,,不一定只指直接的下面或下方。例:,We sailed passing under the bridge.(,我们从桥下航行通过。)例:,A group of children are playing under the big tree.(,有一群小孩正在那棵大树下游戏。)例:,Soon the ship sank under the water.(,很快地那艘船就沉到水底去了。),(2)above,below,beside,near,inside,outside,into,out of,(a)above,在,之上;高于,“,above”,的基本语义是表示位置高于,(,higher than),,是,below,的相反词。例:,There is a clock on the wall.It is above the blackboard (,墙上有一个钟。它的位置高于黑板。)“,above”,所指“位置高于,”,,如图所示通常,都不在与它相比物体的直接上方,,但是也可以,笼统地指“在,之上”,,这个时候“,above”,可和“,over”,通用。例:,Can you see the helicopter above/over the palace?(,皇宫上空有一架直升机你看到了吗?),PEU,Michael Swan,“above”,也可用于,指河流的上游。,例:,There is a dam five miles above the bridge.(,离桥五英里的上游有水坝。),(b)below,在,的下面;低于,“,below”,的基本语义是表示,位置低于,(,lower than),,是,above,的相反词。例:,There is a socket on the wall,too.It is below the clock.(,墙上也有插座,它在钟的下方。)如图所示“,below”,是指位置低于,,通常都指,不在和它相比的物体的直接下方,,但是有时也可以和“,under”,通用只是,笼统地指“在,的下面”。,例:,We met at the entrance,below/under the clock.(,我们在入口处的钟下面相遇了。),OGEG,John Eastwood,“below”,也可指,河流的下游,。例:,The water below the bridge runs very deep.(,桥下游处的水流很深。),(d)beside,在,的旁边,例:,There is a chair beside the desk.(,在桌旁边有一张椅子。),“,beside”,也常作,“并,”,解释。例:,She sat beside Tom.=She and Tom sat side by side.(,她和汤姆并排坐着。),(e)near,在,附近,/,旁边,例:,There is a dog near the door.(,靠近门的地方有一只狗。),注:“,near/near to/close to”,都用于表示,“在,的附近”,的意思。例:,I live near/near to/close to the station.(,我住在靠近车站的地方。),(,f,),inside,在,里面,/,内部(,outside,),例:,There is a dog inside the classroom.,(教室里有一只狗。),“,in”,与“,inside”,都可用于表示“在,里面,/,内部”,但是“,inside”,是强调在三维空间内或在密闭的容器里面的意思,有时也用于和其相反词“,outside”,作对比。,例:,Whats there inside that box?It weighs rather heavy.,(盒子里面是什么东西?它相当重。),例:,Smoking is not allowed inside the cars.,(车厢内不准吸烟,.,),(,i,),out of,向,外面(,into,),例:,The student by the window threw a ball out of the windw.,(靠窗的那个学生把一个球投出了窗外。),注意:“,out of the window”,说成“,out the window”,是错误的。,3,),among,between,behind,front of,before,to,by,-,This is a picture of my family.The woman who looks old is my grandmother.She is sitting,among,us.My mother is sitting to,the left of,my grandmother.The little girl sitting to,the right of,my grandmother is my younger sister.She is sitting,between,my grandmother,and,my father.I am standing,behind,my mother.My elder sister is standing,between,my elder brother,and,me.Our dog Rosa is lying on the floor,before,us.There is a ball,in front of,Rosa.,解说,among,:,表示位于三个以上的人、物、地之中,含被包围之意。例:,There is a cottage among the trees.(,林中有一间小木屋。),between,:,表示位于两个人、物、地之间的意思。例:,Betty likes to sit between her parents.(,贝蒂喜欢坐在父母之间。)例:,Taichung is a big city between Taipei and Tainan.(,台中是台北与台南之间的一个大城市。),behind,:,表示位于,的背后的意思。例:,There is a house behind the house.(,屋后有一处花园。)请比较下面两例句的区别:例:,Close the door behind you,Tom.(,汤姆,请把你背后的门关起来。),Close the door after you,Tom.(,汤姆,请你随后关门。),in front of,:,表示位于,人、物的直接前面。例:,Dont park your car in front of the gate.(,不要把你的车子停大门口。),before,:,表示位于,人、物的前面,也含“,in front of”,的意思。例:,There is a stream running before my house.(,我家门前有一条小河流。),to,:,表示位于,人、物的左边或右边,或东、西、南、北方位。例:,Who is the young lady sitting to the left of your father?(,坐在你父亲左边的那位年轻女士是谁?)例:,The island lies to the north of the Philippines.(,这个岛位于菲律宾群岛的背面。),请比较下面两例句:,例:,Keelung is a sea-port situated,in,the northern part of Taiwan.(,基隆是位于台湾北部的海港。,“,in”,表示在,的范围内)例:,There is a very small island lying,to,the north of Taiwan.(,台湾北面有一个很小的海岛。,“,to”,表示在,范围外),by:,表示在,人、物的旁边或靠近,的意思。例:,I like to sit by(=next to)the window.(,我喜欢坐在窗边。)例:,We bought a house by(=near)the lake.(,我们买了一栋建于湖边的房子。),(4)along,across,beyond,off,through,toward,up,down,fromto,(,a,),along,沿着,“along”,是表示沿着细长的线(如道路、河流、海岸),的意思。,(,across,),例:,We drove along the highway.,(我们沿着公路行驶。),-,(,b,),across,横过;在,的对面,“,across”,可表示由一边到对面的横越运动或对面的静止状态。,例:,In the picture we can see two people swimming across the river.,(在图中我们可以看到有两个正在游泳渡河。),例:,There is a farm across the river.,(河的对岸有一处农场。),(c)beyond,在,的那一边,“,beyond”,是表示在(中间要越过某一场地或物体),的那一边的意思。记得有一首歌的歌词是“我的家在山的那一边”,这就是“,beyond”,的意思。例:,There is a village beyond the river.(,在河的那一边有一处小村庄。),-,(,d)off,离,;离开,“,off”,表示离开主干线或场所一段距离的意思。例:,There is a farm house off the highway.(,离开公路一段距离处有一间农舍。),-,(,e)through,通过,;穿过,“,through”,是表示从一端贯穿到另一端去的意思。例:,The highway goes through a tunnel at(the foot of)the mountain.(,这条公路穿过一条隧道直通到山脚下。),(,f,),toward,(,s,),向,/,朝,的方向,“,toward,(,s,),”,表示运动的方向,英式英语以“,towards”,较普通,美式英语则以“,toward”,较普通。,例:,There is an airplane flying high in the sky.It is flying toward,(,s,),east.,(有一架飞机正在高空中飞行。它正向东飞去。),-,(,g,),up,向,高处,/,上面;向,上游(,down,),“,up”,表示运动方向往上面、高处或河流的上游。,例:,In the picture we see a boat sailing up the river.,(在图中我们看到有一艘小船正向上游航行。),-,(,h,),down,向,低处,/,下面;向,下游(,up,),“,down”,表示运动方向往下面、低处或河流的下游。,例:,In the picture we see two boats sailing down the river.,(在图中我们看到有两艘小船向下游航行。),(i)fromto,从,到,“,fromto”,表示,两地间的距离或两地间的运动,;“,from”,是起点,“,to”,是终点。,例:,What is the distance from the bridge to the tunnel?(,桥到隧道之间的距离是多少?)“,from”,也常单独用,指出发点或根源,“,to”,则指目的地。例:,I came from New York yesterday.(,我昨天从纽约来的。,出发点)例:,I come/am from New York.(,我是纽约人。,根源)例:,A ticket to New York,please.(,买车票,到纽约的车票一张。,目的地),(,5,)表示场所或位置的其他介词,about,around/round,against,opposite,past,onto,on top of,(a)about,在,附近或周围;向各处,例:,The thief must have hidden himself somewhere about here.(,那个贼一定藏身在这附近。)例:,That afternoon we took a walk about the town.(,那天下午我们就在镇上各处走了走。)例示的“,about”,是英式英语的用法,美式英语则常用“,around”。-,(b)around/round,在,四周;环绕,“,around”,和“,round”,作介词用时可通用,但是美式英语似乎用“,around”,较普通。例:,Mr.Chen has travelled around the world.(,陈先生曾到世界各地旅行过。)例:,There is a Chinese restaurant round the corner of the next block.(,下一个街区的转角处有一家中式餐厅。)例:,She was wearing a scarf round her neck.(,她围了一条围巾在脖子上。),(c)against,倚,;靠,He stood against the door.(,他倚门站着。),-,(,d)opposite,在,的对面,Mary lives in the house opposite ours.(,玛丽就住我们家对面的那栋房子。),-,(,e)past,经过,“,past”,表示行进运动经过,场所或建筑物。,I jog past her house every morning.(,每天早上我都会慢跑经过她的家门口。),(f)onto,到,之上,“,onto”,是表示物体或人落在,之上或把物体放置,之上的意思。英式英语也常用“,onto”,,在一般的表达上也常可和“,on”,通用。,I jumped down onto the platform.(,我跃下落在讲台上。),She stood up,put her book onto/on the bench,and shook hands with me.(,她站了起来,把她的书放在长椅上,和我握了手。),-,(,g)on top of,在,的上面,“,on top of”,表示相叠在,的上面的意思。,Dont put the vase on top of the TV set,please.(,请不要把花瓶放在电视机上面。)请比较:,Put the vase on the table.(,请把花瓶放在桌子上。,不含相叠之意),介词与其他词的固定搭配,(1).,形容词与介词的固定搭配,1,形容词,+about,anxious about,担心,calm about,对,很平静,care bout,小心,careless about,粗心,certain about,对,有把握,curious about,对,好奇,sure about,确信,doubtful about,对,怀疑,enthusiastic about,对,热情的;热心的,hopeful about,对,抱希望,frank about,对,坦白的;坦率的,incredulous about,对,不相信,2,形容词,+at,clever at,擅长于,expert at,对,熟练的,good at,擅长于,indignant at,对,愤慨的,quick at,做,敏捷,slow at,对,反应慢,surprised at,对,吃惊,3,形容词,+for,anxious for,渴望的,eligible for,有资格的,famous for,因,而著名,fit for,对某人适宜,hungry for,对,渴望,late for,迟到,possible for,可能,qualified for,有资格的,ready for,准备好,responsible for,对,负责,necessary for,为,所必需,4,形容词,+from,absent from,缺席,free from,使,摆脱,prohibited from,禁止某事物,safe from,安全,detached from,分开某物,different from,与,不同,5,形容词,+in,absorbed in,专心于,disappointed in,对,失望,experienced in,有经验,expert in,在,熟练,fortunate in,有幸,interested in,对,感兴趣,rich in,富于;盛产,successful in,在,成功,6,形容词,+of,afraid of,害怕,ashamed of,羞耻,aware of,知道,certain of,确信,fond of,喜爱,guilty of,有罪的,proud of,骄傲,short of,缺乏,sick of,厌烦,tired of,厌倦,worthy of,值得,7,形容词,+to,contrary to,与,相反,determined to,有决心的,equal to,等于,familiar to,为,所熟悉,favorable to,对,有利,harmful to,有害的,inclined to,准备做某事,indifferent to,对,不在乎,similar to,相似;相同,8,形容词,+with,angry with,对,感到恼火,annoyed at,对,烦恼,busy with,忙于,crowded with,拥挤,familiar with,精通;熟悉,friendly with,与,友好,nervous with,对,感到紧张,patient with,对,有耐心,popular with,受欢迎,satisfied with,对,满意,9,形容词,+on,dependent on,依靠,intend on,坚决;专心,keen on,热衷于某事物,severe on,严格的,(2).,名词与介词的固定搭配,1,介词,+,名词。,如:,at the cinema,在电影院,at university,上大学,frompoint of view,从某人的角度,for the sake of,为了,in poverty,在穷困中,in earnest,有决心的,on sale,在出售,on the average,平均的,on the contrary,相反地,on the radio,通过收音机,to some extent,某种程度,to ones surprise,让某人吃惊,to ones delight,让某人高兴,2,名词,+,介词。,如:,dependence on,依靠,independence on,不依靠,discussion about/on,关于,的讨论,hundreds on,数以百计的,thousands of,成千上万的,influence on,对,的影响,explanation of/for,对,的解释,half of,的一半,the idea of,的主意,lack of,缺乏,proof of,的证据,reason of,的原因,responsibility for,对,的责任,success in/at,在,成功,(3).,动词与介词的固定搭配,1,动词,+,介词,agree with,同意;赞同,arrive at,到达,arrive in,到达,fall behind,落后,come from,来自,consist of,由,组成,get to,到达,hear from,收到,来信,hear of,听说,laugh at,嘲笑,listen to,听,look after,照看;照料,look at,看,look for,寻找,look like,看起来,2,动词,+,副词,+,介词,catch up with,赶上;超过,do well in,在,方面做得好,get on with,与某人相处,go on with,继续,take care of,关心,take part in,参加,
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