汉英笔译基础教程第5章-意合与形合.ppt

,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,汉英笔译基础教程,Basics of Chinese to English Translation,第,5,章 意合与形合,5.1,汉语意合的表现,I,5.2,英语形合的表现,II,5.3,意合向形合的转化,III,5.1,汉语意合的表现,5.1.1,词和短语,汉字是孤立语，没有严格意义上的外形变化，也没有显性的词类分别。,词就像是能自由活动的基本粒子，可以随意地碰撞、组合。如：“美景”中的“美”是形容词，“美容”“美化”中的“美”是动词，“美中不足”中的“美”又是名词，在“美人蕉”中“美”干脆是一个语素。,5.1,汉语意合的表现,汉语词性往往要通过它在句子中的词序或位置加以判别：,如果孤零零来看，“学习”、“困难”、“危险”这些词，很难判断是名词，还是动词，或是形容词。但在下列短语中，我们不难看出其词性：,“政治学习”（,the study of politics,），“学习政治”（,to study politics,）；,“克服困难”（,to overcome difficulties,），“困难问题”（,a difficult problem,）；,“脱离危险”（,to get out of danger,），“非常危险”（,exceedingly dangerous,）。,5.1,汉语意合的表现,5.1.2,语序,1.,时序律：先发生的事先说，后发生的后说,例,1.,她谈了半小时，告诉了他一切，然后起身走出了办公室。,She talked for half an hour,telling him all she knew before she rose,，,and walked out of the office.,如果将语序调整，事理顺序变了，句意也随之改变。,试比较：她起身走出了办公室，然后谈了半小时，告诉了他一切。,5.1,汉语意合的表现,2,因果律：先原因后结果的规律，包括条件,结果，假设,可能，让步,转折，行为,目的，等等。汉语的许多主从复句，虽然不用关系词，形式类似并列复句，但分句却有主有次。,例,2.,人不犯我，我不犯人。,We will not attack unless we are attacked.,5.1,汉语意合的表现,3,时空大小律：通常是从外表的形态开始，再到局部的状态，再到具体的细节和本质特征。,例,3.,中午，我在没有导游陪伴的时候，独自漫步街头，在中央大道附近发现了一个很大的棚户区，很多茅棚里还住了人。,Strolling unescorted at midday past a major concentration of the huts just a block from the citys central avenue I nonetheless saw many sign of occupation,5.1,汉语意合的表现,5.1.4,紧缩句。,例,6.,上梁不正下梁歪。,If the upper beam is not straight,the lower ones will go aslant.,例,7.,无事不登三宝殿。,I wouldnt come to you if I hadnt something to ask of you.,5.1,汉语意合的表现,5.1.5,四字格。,例,8.,玩火自焚。,Whoever plays with fire will be perished by fire.,例,9.,欲盖弥彰。,The more one tries to hide,the more one is exposed.,5.1,汉语意合的表现,汉语的意合性还表现为语法是软的，允许“违反”语法结构的现象存在,例如：“吃东西”、“吃饭”可以理解正常的语义组合关系，但是，“吃食堂”、“吃得肥头大耳”则说明了汉语为达意所具有的灵活和能动的特性。,例,11.,a),他星期天吃食堂。,=b),他星期天在食堂吃饭。,a),天天好菜好饭吃得他肥头大耳。,=b),他天天吃好菜好饭，长得肥头大耳。,5.2,英语形合的表现,2,构形形态，即表达语法意义的词形变化，如动词时态的变化等：,例,13.,他每天骑自行车上班。,He cycle,s,to work everyday.,他昨天骑自行车上班。,He cycl,ed,to work yesterday,他下一周骑自行车上班。,Next week,he,will cycle,to work.,5.2,英语形合的表现,5.2.2,关系词、连接词的广泛使用,例,14.These two cultures,which,were created in different areas,developed in parallel,and,without inter-influence,这两种文明产生于不同的地区，它们的发展并行不悖，互不影响。,5.2,英语形合的表现,汉语在表达条件、转折、因果等逻辑关系时并不一定使用表达这种关系的词汇，读者也能一看便心领神会，而对应的英译文就有各种连接词、关系词来表达并列、转折、因果、递进、假设等关系：,1.,隐含“动作并列,/,连续”关系的汉语意合句与英语形合句：,例,16.,我们应该相互尊重，相互学习，取长补短，共同进步。,We should respect,and,learn from each other,and,draw upon others strong points to offset ones own deficiencies,for,achieving common progress.,5.2,英语形合的表现,2.,隐含“递进”关系的汉语意合句与英语形合句：,例,17.,他们战胜了自然灾害，获得了丰收。,They,not only,overcame the effects of the natural adversity,but,won a bumper harvest.,例,18.,汤姆干了这件事，干得非常成功。,Tom did it,and,did it very successfully.,5.2,英语形合的表现,3.,隐含“条件,/,假设”关系的汉语意合句与英语形合句：,例,19.,早知今日，何必当初？,If,I had known it would come to this,I would have acted differently.,例,20.,抓住了主要矛盾,一切问题就可以迎刃而解。,Once,the principal contradiction is grasped,all problems can be readily solved.,5.2,英语形合的表现,4.,隐含“时间”关系的汉语意合句与英语形合句：,例,21.,他离乡背井十载，从未回去过。,He has never been back to his birthplace,since,he left it ten years ago.,例,22.,话不投机半句多。,When,the conversation gets disagreeable,to say one word more is a waste of breath.,5.2,英语形合的表现,5.,隐含“因果”关系的汉语意合句与英语形合句：,例,23.,他不老实，我不相信他。,I cant trust him,because,he is not honest.,例,24.,我只见到他的背影，认不清是谁。,I could not make out who he was,as,I only saw his back.,5.2,英语形合的表现,5.2.3,介词,英语的一个显著特点是介词丰富。介词是连接词、短语、从句的重要手段，其数量和使用频率远远超过汉语：,例,27.A decade after 9/11,its clear,for,all the world to see-the terrorists who attacked us that September morning are no match,for,the character,of,our people,the resilience,of,our nation,or the endurance,of,our values.,就在,9.11,十周年之祭的今天，全世界都清清楚楚地看到，在那个早晨袭击了美国的恐怖分子们，已经被彻底打垮；是人民的坚毅性格、国家的乐观精神、价值观的恒久忍耐让美国赢得这场胜利（战无不胜）。,5.2,英语形合的表现,5.2.4,非谓语动词形式,例,28.,主人对他的冷淡使他更加不舒服。,His,being,neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.,例,29.,Compared with,other kinds of motors,electric motors are quiet,smooth running,small,clean and easily controlled.,和其他类的发动机相比，电动机噪音较小，运转平稳，体积小，洁净，并易于控制。,5.2,英语形合的表现,5.2.5,代词、省略的广泛使用,例,30.,林小姐这天从学校回来就撅起小嘴唇。她摘下书包，并不照例到镜台前梳头发搽粉，却倒在床上看着帐子出神。,That,day Miss Lin returned from,her,school with,her,lips pouting.She flung down,her,satchel and lay down on the bed staring up at the bed curtain.Usually,，,she would go and sit at the dressing table to comb,her,hair and powder,her,nose.,5.2,英语形合的表现,例,32.,我已经多年没溜冰了，现在溜得不如以前快了。,It,has been years since I skated last.Now I cant skate as fast as I did.,例,33.,我本来是一个谦虚谨慎、人见人爱的孩子，是牛津大学将我弄得这么人见人嫌。,I was a modest,good-humored boy;,it,is Oxford that has made me insufferable.,5.2,英语形合的表现,英语句子里的限制和修饰成分叠加，造成长句比比皆是的现象，但无论怎样长，我们还是可以借助关系词、连接词和其它外形手段来发掘其中的信息和语义逻辑关系。,例,34.,It,therefore becomes more and more important,that,if,students are not to waste their opportunities,there will have to be,much detailed information,about,courses and advice.,因此，如果要使学生充分利用（上大学）的机会，就得为他们提供关于课程的更为详尽的信息，作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。,5.3,汉译英中意合向形合的转化,5.3.2,增添主语或谓语实现意合向形合的转变,例,37.,上海行路难，乘车难曾是一个突出的社会问题。,In Shanghai,people,found great trouble in getting to their destinations on foot or by car and it became a top social problem.,5.3,汉译英中意合向形合的转化,5.3.2,增添人称代词实现意合向形合的转换,例,38.,我买了七本书，一共七元钱，拿回家一看，都半新半旧的。,I bought seven books which cost me seven yuan.When,I,took,them,back home,I,found,they,were just half new.,5.3,汉译英中意合向形合的转化,5.3.3,增添形式主语或形式宾语实现意合向形合转变,例,39.,酒不醉人人自醉。,It,is not the wine that intoxicates but the drinker who gets himself drunk.,例,40.,我们尊重知识分子是对的，没有革命知识分子，革命就不会胜利。,It,s entirely right to esteem intellectuals,for without revolutionary intellectuals,the revolution cant triumph.,5.3,汉译英中意合向形合的转化,5.3.4,增添连词实现意合向形合的转变,例,41.,把小孩冻坏了，我们该怎么向他的母亲交待？,If,the child catches a chill,what are we going to say to his mothers?,例,42.,英语易学难精。,It is easy to learn English,but,it is difficult to attain perfection in it.,5.3,汉译英中意合向形合的转化,5.3.5,增添关系代词或关系副词实现意合向形合的转变,例,43.,我们主要靠自己，同时不要闭关自守。,While,relying on our efforts,we should not close our doors.,例,44.,她们妯娌吵嘴，不巧被我撞见了。,I chanced to be present,when,the sisters-in-law were having a quarrel.,5.3,汉译英中意合向形合的转化,5.3.6,使用介词短语实现意合向形合的转换,例,45.,她一蹦一跳的跑开了。,越过,草坪，,走过,小径，,登上,台阶，,穿过,游廊，然后,进,了门。,She skimmed away,over,the lawn,up,the path,up,the stops,cross,the veranda and,into,the porch.,5.3,汉译英中意合向形合的转化,5.3.7,使用非谓语动词实现意合向形合的转换,例,46.,只见那个理发师俯下身，听小姑娘说，她要什么发式。,Leaning down,to the little girl,the barber listened to her about the style she wanted.,5.3,汉译英中意合向形合的转化,在汉英翻译实践中，我们不仅仅使用某种方法，而是应该灵活使用上述几种方式来实现意合向形合的转换：,例,47.,我常见许多青年的朋友，聪明用功，成绩优异，而语文程度不足以达意，甚至写一封信亦难得通顺，问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。,I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies,but are rather weak in Chinese.,They,cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese.When,I,asked them why,they,said they were not interested in the Chinese language.,（陈宏薇,2004,）,5.3,汉译英中意合向形合的转化,例,48.,我们应该显示诚意，采取灵活务实的态度，扩大共识，兑现承诺，弥合分歧，使即将在中国香港举行的第六届世界贸易组织部长级会议取得成果，第六届世界贸易组织部长级会议取得成果，并推动谈判早日成功结束。,We should,in all sincerity,take a down-to-earth and flexible attitude to explore our common ground,fulfill our commitments and bridge our differences so that we will make a success of the forthcoming 6th WTO Ministerial Meeting in Hong Kong,China,bringing the negotiations to a successful conclusion in the shortest possible time.,（中国翻译,2006,）,小结,本章通过大量的例证论述，对比分析了汉语重意合英语重形合的表现，介绍了汉英翻译中实现意合向形合的转化的几种方法。通过学习本章的内容，在汉译英时，可以从句子的整体结构，判断汉语句子的逻辑关系，使用各种形合手段，灵活翻译，译出最地道最合适的译文。,小结,本章通过大量的例证论述，对比分析了汉语重意合英语重形合的表现，介绍了汉英翻译中实现意合向形合的转化的几种方法。通过学习本章的内容，在汉译英时，可以从句子的整体结构，判断汉语句子的逻辑关系，使用各种形合手段，灵活翻译，译出最地道最合适的译文。,