托福-听力和作文的新东方笔记.docx

一、听力包含2个或3个section， 每个section包含1个conversation（5题）和2个lecture（6题）共14道题，每个section需要10min 完成。（一）读音问题1.连读l 辅音和元音的连读call it a day 到此为止l 元音和元音的连读前一个元音以i或i:结尾+后一个单词以元音开头eg：I am 前一个元音以u或u:结尾+后一个单词以元音开头eg：You arel 4组固定的音变（1）前一个音以d结尾+后一个音以j开头：would you， could you zh（2）前一个音以t结尾+后一个音以j 开头：last year ch（3）前一个音以s结尾后一个音以j 开头：this year sh（4）前一个音以z结尾+后一个音以j 开头l 另外注意h: 常不读出eg: isnt he I just hope just stick aroud here If I see her2. 弱读want to wannagoing to gonna3.失音以辅音结尾，后一个单词以同样的辅音开头：只读其中一个up-side down4.失爆只存在于爆破音中：b p d t k， 前一个单词以爆破音结尾，后一个单词的开头是不同的另一个爆破音本身不发这个音，但要将这个音发的时间保留（二）听力练习方法听原文； 看原文； 划原文（将读音规则划出）；跟读和模仿三）思路问题1. 在听力中，如果听到询问、请求或邀请，则重点听这些句子，因为它完全提供了下一个人说话的思路。I doubt you are right. 我认为你是错误的。I suspect you are right. 我认为你是正确的。具有否定意义的词：doubt， neither，hardly，skip听力重点题型总结：语气题：语气变化的地方，停顿之后是考点，转折题：“but”转折之后几乎是考点建议性的内容：lets 表示建议，建议的地方几乎都成为考点 if 表示条件概念 just 表示建议 maybe 表示建议，也表达了不确定性 remember 表示强调本身就强调的东西：what is important . 强调的句型：I do like it. It is/was .that .表示询问、邀请、请求的地方：不仅要听出问题，还要听出下一个人的回答表示最高级的内容表示个人的观点、意见、想法每段对话的开头：经常考到的第一道题就是主旨题，通常在两个人对话开头就提到了。关于看病：得病：be laid up with/come down with预约：make an appointment处方药：prescription medicine非处方药：OTC: over the counter取药：fill the prescription吃药：take medicine （to be take with meals only; to be taken with empty stomach）No kidding! 一点也不假。gas 汽油 gas station 加油站shop 修车厂ticket 交通罚单go over to 去那个地方，而且那个地方离这有一段距离cut out for 天生就适合做.pick up 买；拾起；接某人；自学stop/drop by 去water closet 厕所forget about 忘记了；别介意busy：have ones hands full/be over swamped with/ be tied up withget around to do sth 抽出时间做某事作业：assignment/paper（论文，考试试卷）/project/thesis/presentation/bookreport延期：extend，extensionpapers 报纸run into 遇到bump into 遇到；撞到.东西slip to 不小心的说出I bet I am sureyou bet of courseYou can say that again. 表示对让一个人的赞同Tell me about it. 我同意你的观点。contrast 比较截然相反的东西compare 比较相似相同的地方（四）段落练习每段对话45分钟，边听边记记笔记目的：防止精神上开小差；加深记忆只记观点性的内容，即主要内容，听力上的思维问题、思路问题如何写笔记： 不要从头到尾写下去，要强行自己不断换行，几乎是记一句换一行，保持笔记清晰的逻辑结构； 越简单的内容越简单的符号越好，最好写单词的缩写。campus life topics:基础课：introductory/basic course高级课：advanced course学分：credit（s）选.课：take . course/sign up for . course/ register for . course签名：sign/ signature/approve/approval退课：quit/withdraw/drop . course必修课：compulsory course/ required course选修课：optional course储蓄卡：debit card信用卡：credit card透支：overdraw如何分析听力的选项：如果能判断出B是正确的，则C和D就不用看了。若在听力选项中没有出现的名词，则几乎是错的。听力总结：听力和阅读加考的内容； 听力中经常采取记笔记的方式，在口语和写作中还要进一步应用，口语和写作的笔记要更加详细，听力中只是大约写重点内容。在口语和写作的第一个作文中，只靠纲要是不够的，笔记不仅要记观点性的内容，还要记细节性的内容。 二、写作考试流程Reading 60-100min 3-5 passage Listening 60-90minbreak 10min 香蕉Speaking 20min Writing 50min (55-57min)Content: integrate writing（综合写作，要求听力，阅读，不发表个人意见，对记笔记要求较高）and independent writing（300 words以上：400-500，30min）integrate writing: 20min, 150-225 words（最好200-250 words）Reading: 3min230-300 wordsListening: 2min230-300 words练习写作的步骤：需要写20篇左右的文章，结构完整，写完要检查：语法，单词，是否累赘，并做润饰。基本知识： 两篇作文都不需要写标题 文章分段的方法：缩行式（空4个字母）和空行式（空一行） 听、说、读、写综合 语法：张道真实用英语语法越长越好-黄金规则3种句子练习方法（1）用多种方法表达同一句意。eg. B cannot livedevelopgrowsurvive without A A is to B what the foundation is to a skyscraperwater is to fishthe heart is to a human. A is essential significantcrucialindispensable to B. The importance of A to B can never be exaggerateddeniedignoreddoubted. A means a lot to B. A is everythingthe whole world to B. Nothing is more important to B than A. A matterscounts to B.(2) 扩充句子经一个简单的句子进行扩充，尽量使用不同的语法结构，如同位语、插入语、非谓语结构、从句、并列结构。考试的时候要多使用长的句子。(3) 句式进行变化 开头的变化（名词、不定式、介词词组，分词，从句，动名词，代词） 结尾的变化长短句的变化主被动的变化：以主动句为主，被动句为辅。语法：（1）单数名词前面不要落掉冠词 a，an，the，或者用复数，注意区分可数名词和不可数名词 （2）A person with broad and profound knowledge can have a better life than the person who does not(省略错误，前面没有对应的动词). （3）The man bitten by the homeless dog has died. (has died 正确，但是die不能与一段时间连用)。 （4）obtain/gain/aquire knowledge英汉语区别（1）逻辑性：英语逻辑性比汉语逻辑性强（2）表达方式 汉语表达的特点：曲折，委婉评分标准：（1）有明确的opinion（2）结构完整，有合适的例子、推理和细节（3）作文完整、上下衔接连贯（4）句式富有变化，准确的单词选择，只有很少的小语言错误：小于5个。写作原则：正式文体 完整结构 明确观点 精彩纷呈 正式形式 通顺连贯 扬长避短：写能多写的东西，并不一定与真实想法相同题库分析：（1）题材分类：（2）题型分类：观点选择类 比较对比类：较多 自主定义类：频率最低，最难1.观点选择类：给出两个对立的观点或者一个观点的对立两方面，要求支持其中一个方面或一个观点。eg1：Some people to work for a large company. Others prefer to work for a small company. Which would you prefer? Use specific reasons and details to support your choice. 只能选择一个观点，支持。托福的观点都是不确定的，没有正确不正确，只要有例子支持就可以。eg2：Some people prefer to live in a small town. Others prefer to live in a big city. Which place would you prefer to live in? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. 最好是两种都介绍一下，为比较对比类，但是一开头就要给出观点，下文可以分别阐述各自的优点，但是所选择的必须阐述的更详细更多。eg3.Do you agree or disagree with the following staetment? Parents are the best teachers. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.带有绝对性的东西写成驳论文更容易写。2.比较对比类给出两个观点或者一个观点的两个方面，要求进行比较论述，并给出个人观点。eg1. It has been said,” Not everything that is learned is contained in books.” Compare and Contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?eg2. A company has announcd that it wishes to build a large factory near your community. Discuss the advantages and diasavantages of this new influence on your community. Do you support or oppose the factory? Explain your position.eg3. Students at universities often have a choice of place to live. They may choose to live in universtity domitories,or they may choose to live in appartments in the xommunity. Compare the advantages of living in vniversity housing with the advantages of living in apartmnet in the community. Where would you prefer to live? Give reasons for your preference. 3.自主定义类给出一个范围或论题，要求自己确定观点并进行论述。eg1. You have the opportunity to visit a foreign country for two weeks. Which country would you like to visit? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.eg2. Choose one from the following transportation wehicles and explain why you think it has changed peoples lives. Automobiles, bicycles, airpalnes. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.eg3. If you could change one important thing about your hometown, what would you change? Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer. eg4. People attend college or university for many different reasons (for example, new experiences, career preparation, increased knowledge). Why do you think people attend college or university? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 题型的转化（1）将“观点选择类”转化为“比较对比类”写对方理由的好处：增加论述客观性的和说服力 减轻论述己方理由的压力 衬托作者论点的优势 增加字数（开头、结尾、主体）（2）将“自主定义类”转化为“比较对比类” 自主定义类有两种写作方法：1. 制造矛盾法；（比较难）eg. 大部分人会有什么想法，理由是什么；但是，我的理由是：1，2，3 2. 直接回答问题审题l 确定题目的类别（题材/题型）确定切入点，寻找绝对词汇和其他带有限定性含义的词语eg1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important aspect of a job is the money a person earns. Use specific reasons and examples to suppport your answer. 驳论：先证明钱是重要的，在证明别的因素如兴趣/前途/比钱更重要； 先承认钱是工作中很重要的因素，但是会产生恶劣的后果，所以钱不是工作中最重要的因素。 驳论的前提：先承认钱是工作中很重要的因素。 立论：如果没有钱，就会有恶劣后果，而且这几个恶劣后果只能由钱来解决，所以钱是最重要的； 只有有了钱，才.，而且这些是工作中最重要的，所以钱是最重要的； 在工作中有几种重要的因素：A、B和钱，但是钱比A重要，而且钱比B重要，所以钱是工作中最重要的因素。eg2. Is the ability to read and write more important today than in the past? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.要证明现在比以前更重要。eg3. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? One should never judge a person by external appearance. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.eg4. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? There is nothing that young people can teach older people. Use specific reasons and examples to support your position. 立论：老年人更有经验，更成熟，更有远见 老年人同样有创新性，在高科技领域同样有杰出贡献 思想同样先进前卫驳论1：年轻人可以教老人 用高技术产品 健康保健知识 解放思想驳论2：让步：如果年听人不如老人或者和老人一样，社会就没有进步 年轻人没有动力 老人自觉过高会妨碍年轻人进步eg5. Some people prefer to live in a small town. Others prefer to live in a big city. Which place would you prefer to live in? Use specific reasons and details to support your answers. eg6. Which would you choose: a high-paying job with long hours that would give you little time with family and friends or a lower-paying job with shorter hours that would give you more time with family and friends? Explain your choice, using specific reasons and details. eg7. Do you agree or disagree that progerss is always good? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 驳论文比较容易。驳论1：承认进步可以带来很多好处，但是也不总是好的。 进步带来的不好后果 所以进步不总是好的驳论2：如果认为进步总是好的，就会有恶劣后果，大规模杀伤性武器；依赖机器使人懒惰，体能下降；导致失业； 所以进步不总是好的eg8. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing a game is fun only when you win. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. eg9. Some people say that physical exercise should be a required part of every school day. Other people believe that students should spend the whole school day on academic studies. Which oponion do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. 驳论：占用大量时间；使学生分心，影响学习效率；活动频繁学生容易受伤eg10. Business should hire emplyees for their entire lives. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 从公司和员工两方面来说立论：减少培训，员工效率高；忠诚度高，更有热情；归属感强，压力小；交流多，朋友多，能有和谐的人际关系，实现更高的人生价值驳论：没有压力，产生惰性；不引进人才，妨碍企业发展；不能更好的发掘自身潜力，展示才华；员工不能开阔视野eg11. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Businesses should do anything they can to make a profit. Use specific reaons and examples to support your position. 驳论：恶劣后果eg12. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television, newspapers, magazines, and other media pay too much attention to the personal lives of famous people such as celebrities. Use specific reasons and details to explain your opinion. eg13. What change would make your hometown more appealing to people in your age? Use specific reaons and examples to support your opionion. eg14. We all work or will work in our jobs with many different kinds of people. In your opinion, what are some important characteristics of a co-worker( someone you work closely with)? Use reasons and specific examples to explain why these characteristics are important. eg15. Nowadays, food has become easier to prefare. Has this change improved the way people live? Use specific reasons and examples to suport your answer. eg16. Some people believe that university students should be required to attend classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students. Which point of view do you agree with. Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer. eg17. People work because they need money to live. What are some other reasons that people work? Discuss one or more of these reasons. Use specific examples and details to support your answer. 实现人生价值；兴趣。eg18. Many teachers assign homework to students every day. Do you think that daily homework is necessary for students? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. eg19. If you could study a subject that you have never had the opportunity to study, what would you choose? Ezplain your choice, using specific reasons and details. eg20. Do you agree or diagree with the following statement? Children should begin learning a foreign language as soon as they start school. Use specific reasons and details to support your position. eg21. You need to travel from your home to a place 40 miles away. Compare the different kinds of transportation you would use. Tell which methods of travel you would choose. Give specific reasons for your choice. 驳论文的写法-一般用于“do you agree or disagree”先承认对方观点的某些合理性再列举实例或理由证明对方观点的逻辑漏洞或片面性再阐述按照对方的观点会有什么样的恶劣后果提出自己的论据证明自己观点的合理性。立论文的写法阐述自己的观点提供论据，阐述理由论点=总论点+分论点（1）什么样的论点好？符合基本社会规范+自己有把握比较擅长的+容易展开的（2）论点不能脱离实际生活道德不能过于低下，也不能过于高尚（3）论点不能触及政治敏感点（4）论点不能涉及宗教争端理由的寻找：健康（营养，放松心情，身体素质食品安全，生活习惯，烟酒，身体伤害）和安全（生命，财产）便利（节省时间，时间灵活，交通，休闲，健身，娱乐，吃喝，购物）交流（交流技巧，与家人，父母，朋友，同学，同时，领导，网友交流）习惯与心理（风俗，习惯，兴趣，亲情，友情，爱情，乐趣，好恶）写作文时兴趣不能忽略成就感 sense of achievement（成功，荣誉 sense of honor，财富，自信，动力 motive，压力pressure）环保（生态平衡，动植物的保护，环境污染：水/空气/光/噪音/辐射）经济（资金，投资，节约，旅游，就业，工资，收入，指出，效益，税收）品格（有经验experienced，能干competent聪明，合作cooperative，坚韧不拔persevere，上进 aggressive，独立independent，负责任responsible，宽容 tolerant，乐观optimistic，谦虚 modest，勇敢brave，善良kind ）科技，教育与培训（科学技术的发展：电脑，电视，卫星，机器人；知识的积累，职业的选择，效率）国家与文明（民族振兴，社会发展，公益，人与自然的和谐，世界和平，文明的传承和发扬）寻找理由的方法：有什么条件可以这样如果这样有何好处/坏处如果不这样有何好处/坏处如果要这样，人们必须怎么办，可行吗如果不这样，人们应该怎么办理由理由不能太具体，否则不易展开各理由的关系：并列，理由的排列顺序不需要特别斟酌思维训练：1. In many countries, the size of the average family has gotten smaller in recent years. Describe both the adavantages and disadvantages of having a small family. Parents have the time to give more attention and affection to each childOld parents are more likely to be abandoned to live in homes for senior citizensChildren may be overprotected by their parents, making them weaker individualsThere is more privacy and fewer interruptionsIt is necessary to control the rapid growth of the populationBoth parents may go out to work, leaving the child or children alone with baby-sittersParents can more easily afford a better education for their childrenFamily decisions are easier to makeIt is less fun to be with fewer peopleThere are fewer family members to help each other in times of troubleeg1. Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing ,and industry are more improtant than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this point of view? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support answer. gaint panda; kangaroo; tiger;驳论：可以等eg2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising can tell you a lot about a country. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.广告业eg3. Many people have a close relationship with their pets. These people treat their birds, cats, or other animals as members of their family. In your opinion, are such relationships good? why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 不要太情绪化文章的结构五段式：主体（3段）；开头（1段）；结尾（1段）1、1+1 四段模式：主体两段，开头、结尾各一段