定语从句good.doc

定语
1． 翻译下列短语，特别注意黑体字部分
a beautiful flower an interesting story women scientists a locked door
a visiting scientist
a girl in a red coat a boy on a bike the women with a baby in her arms
a machine that can fly
2． 总结：1.“定语”的概念：修饰名词或代词的句子成分
2.什么东西可以充当定语：名词，分词，形容词，介词短语，从句等
3．定语可以是前置的，也可以是后置的
3． 举出几个含有定语的短语
定语从句
（一）定义及相关术语
1.定语从句：
修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
3.关系词：
引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词
关系代词有: that, which, who, whom, whose,
关系副词有: when, where, why

关系词通常有下列三个作用：
A.引导定语从句； B.代替先行词；
C.在定语从句中担当一个成分
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.
The students who went to see the film were very excited.
He is the man that I saw this morning.
This is the dictionary that you want.
Anyone who has eyes can see that the elephone is like a fan.
（二）关系代词引导的定语从句
which, that, who,whom的用法
关系代词代替先行词，在从句中充当主语或宾语。具体见下面表格：

可代替
在从句中充当的句子成分
that
人或物
主语或宾语
which
物
主语或宾语
who
人
主语或宾语
whom
人
宾语
注意: 关系代词在从句中充当主语时,不可以省略。在从句中充当宾语时可以省略。
This is the dictionary (that) you want.
*说出上面例句中的关系代词在从句中充当什么句子成分。

1.who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。
The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning.
Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way.
That is the teacher who teaches us physics.
2. whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。
Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the
bus.
Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see.
The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come.
The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor
注意：关系代词 whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用 who 来代替，也可省略。
The man ( whom / who ) you met just now is my old
friend.
3. which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。
Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
The factory which makes computers is far away from here
He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers.
The house which is by the lake looks nice.
This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday.
The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all.
4．that 指人时，相当于 who 或 whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。
The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.

Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning?
The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind.
The season that / which comes after spring is summer.
Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from
Australia.
5. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the
He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired
The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?
（三）关系副词引导的定语从句
1.when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the day when I first came to this school.
October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.
Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents.
2. where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
Shanghai is the city where I was born.
The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised .
Is this the place where they fought the enemy?
3.why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
The reason why he was punished is unknown to us.
I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。

（四）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
A.限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。
B.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上译成先行词的定语“．．．的” 通常译成主句的并列句。
限制性定语从句举例：
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.
China is a country which has a long history.
In the street I saw a man who was from Africa.
非限制性定语从句举例 ：
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.
Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many meetings are held every year.
注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义：
1. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.
她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学.（意含：她还有其他哥哥
Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.
她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她只有一个哥哥。）

• 修饰物体时关系代词that和 which的区分
• 使用that的情况：
• 1、当先行词是nothing, something, anything, all, each等不定代词时。
• eg. Do you have anything that is important to tell me?
• 2、当先行词被all, any, some, no, not, every, each等修饰时。
• eg. I have some books that are very good.
• 3、当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词所修饰时。
• eg. This is the first book that I bought myself.
• The biggest bird that I caught is this bird.
• 4、当先行词被the very, the last, the next, the only 等词修饰时。
• eg. This is the very book that I lost yesterday.
• 5、当先行词又有人又有物时。
• eg. I won’t forget the things and the persons that I saw.
•
• 只能使用which的情况。
• 1、非限制性定语从句中。
• eg. Mary has a book, which is very precious.
• 2、在介词之后。
• eg. This is a house in which lives an old man.
• 3、当主句中的主语被that修饰时。
• eg. That dog which I found in the street belongs to Mary.
• Consolidation exercises.

• Fill in the blanks with suitable relative pronouns.
• 1. This is the only book ____ I got last year.
• 2. Is this the book in ____ you are interested?
• 3. This is the largest animal ____ Tom saw in the zoo.
• 4. Rose still remembers the trees and teachers____ exist (存在)in the mother school.
• 5. All the desks ____ are bought look really wonderful.
• 6. Do you have any money ____is used to build the factory?
• 7. Tom has a toy, ____ was given by his father.
• 8. This is the second watch ____ my father bought for me.
•
• 修饰人时关系代词that 和who, whom的区分。
• 当主句中的主语是who时，只能用that。
• eg. Who is the girl that is standing over there?
• 在非限制性定语从句中以及介词后面时只能用who 或者whom。
• eg. I have a son, who is really lovely and interesting.
• There are 40 students in the class, most of whom are boys.
• 关系代词whose既能修饰人，也能修饰物，在定语从句中充当定语，修饰先行词。
• eg. She is the girl whose English sounds very beautiful.
• Mary has a very good dog, whose hair turns out white and black.

• Correct mistakes for the following sentences.
• 1. Under the big tree are 34 students, many of them come from class two.
• 2. My mother has a good book, which cover looks terrible.
• 3. Who are the young girls who are having dinner in the restaurant?
• 4. She is one of the girls who is very interested in maths.
• 5. Tom is the only one of the boys who like playing football.
• 6. Who is the girl that you talked to her just now?
• 7. This is the very pen that you gave it to me before.
• 8. There is an old woman, that is holding a stick.
•
• 关系副词when, where, why的用法以及与关系代词的区分。
• 关系副词在定语从句当中只能充当状语，当一个句子能够完整地表达一个意思时，我们就可以给这个句子加上特定的关系副词。
• eg. I won’t forget the time when I got married.
• Have you still remember the days when we stayed together?
• This is the place where we had a good time.
• Is this the house where Mr Smith lives?
• I don’t know the reason why he won’t join us.
• Do you know the reason why he didn’t come to sweep the classroom?
•
• 关系副词when, where和关系代词that, which的区分。同样是修饰一个地点，有时使用where，有时使用that/which；同样是修饰一个时间，有时使用when， 有时使用that/which。这主要看两点：一是定语从句是否完整；二是定语从句中的谓语动词是否是一个及物动词。请比较以下句子：
• This is the park that we visited last year.
• This is the park where we held a birthday party.
• She won’t forget the days that she spent on the island.
• She won’t forget the days when they stayed together.
• That’s the date when we went to the college.
• That’s the date that she won’t forget for ever.
• I like the time when we lived together.
• I like the time that we had together.
• １）I’ll never forget the day _________ we first met in the park.
• ２）I’ll never forget the time _______________ I spent with you
• ４）This is the museum _______________I visited last year
This is the reason ___________ 　　　　　( = for which ) I didn’t come here.
The reason __________ she gave was not true.
指时间，地点或原因的先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，用which或that引导定语从句。
• Exercises :
• Fill in the blanks with appropriate relative pronouns and adverbs.
• 1. Is this the room ____ you cleaned last time?
• 2. Is this the room ____ we lived before?
• 3. This is the garden ____ they stayed for a night.
• 4. This is the garden ____ they visited last time.
• 5. Tom has forgotten the day ____ he left his home.
• 6. Tom has forgotten the day ____ I told him last day.
• 7. She still remembers the year ____ she found her first job.
• 8. She still remembers the year ____ she spent in Jining.

1. This is the town _____ I was born.
This is the town _____ I visited last week.
2. I will never forget the day ____ I came to school.
I will never forget the day ____ I spent with you.
3. This is the reason ____ he was late.
This is the reason ____ he told me.
• 关系副词when, where, why 和介词+which之间的关系。关系副词when, where, why可以用适当的介词+which来替代。如：when=in/on/at…+which, where=in/on/at…+which, why=for+which介词的位置非常灵活，有时放在关系代词之前，有时放在动词之后。
• eg. 1. I won’t forget the date when( on which) I was born.
• 2. This is the room where (in which) I lived. = This is the room which I lived in.
• 3. I don’t know the reason why (for which) he haven’t come today.
• 4. Tom still remembers the days when (in which) they lived in Tianjin.
•
• Comprehensive exercises.
• Fill in the blanks with the suitable relative pronouns or the relative adverbs.
• 1. Is this the room _____ we spent our childhood?
• 2. This dictionary is the second one _____ I bought in the shop.
• 3. I still remember the date _____ I went to Nanjing for the first time.
• 4. Tom is thinking about the grass and the persons ____ he saw in the yard.
• 5. There are 100 old men in the street, some of ____ are drinking tea.
• 6. Do you know the days _____ you spent on English?
• 7. All the books ____are on the shelf belong to Mary.
• 8. Are you satisfied with the park ____ you visited last time?
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。
注意：１． 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介 词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。
２．若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。
３．“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。
This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for.
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. 
He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 
Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life.       迄今为止，他写了１０部小说，其中３部是关于农村生活的。
1 My brother's purse, _______ he put ￥1,000, was missing on the bus.
A. there B. which C. in which D. that
2 The reason _______ he was late again was that he was caught in a traffic jam in the rush hour.
A. which B. in which C. for which D. of which
3 His glasses, _______ he could see nothing, was taken away by a naughty boy.
A. which B. without which C. with which D. without those
4 The computer, _______ he paid ￥3,000, was once owned by his uncle.
A. which B. for which C. that D. to that
5The pen, _______ I had been writing for ten years, was broken.
A. with which B. with that C. as D. with it
6 Mary has two brothers, ________ are doctors.
A. both of they B. both of whom C. both of them D. whom of both
7 I hate the way _______ you talk to your mother.
A. by which B. on which C. in which D. which
8 Last night we saw two movies, _______ was interesting.
A. both of which B. neither of which
C. both of them D. neither of them
9 I used to live in a house, ____ grew a tall tree.
A. in front of it B. in front of which
C. in the front of which D. in front of that
10 The Second World War _____ millions of people were killed ended in 1945.
A. when B. during that C. in which D. which
Correct the sentences:
1. I’m using the pen which he bought it yesterday.
2. The man whom I spoke is from Canada.
3. July 1,1999 is the day when we’ll never forget.
I. when / where / why = Prep +which ---sth
II. Prep+which ---sth
Prep+whom ---sb
Fill in the blanks with proper preps.
1. This is the book _____ which I spent 5 yuan.
2. This is the book _____ which I paid 5 yuan.
3. This is the book _____ which we can learn a lot.
4. This is the book _____ which we often talk.
5. This is the book _____ which I wrote down many notes.
8.He is a young but experienced teacher, ___________________from whom we can learn a lot从他那儿我 们可以学到很多东西).
从句练习
A. 把简单句改为复合句
1.This is the girl. She teaches us English.
2.He is the boy. I met him yesterday.
3.The clock is an instrument. It can tell time.
4.I lost a book yesterday. This is the book.
5.Have you found the book? You lost it yesterday.
6.The road was destroyed in the earthquake. It has now been built stronger.
7.The people were in danger. The soldiers have saved them.
8.The waiter was very friendly and polite. He served us tea.
9.What was the name of the farmer? He discovered the tomb of Qin Shi Huang.
10.The bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour.

Key: 1。This is the girl who teaches us English.
2．He is the boy who I met yesterday.
3．The clock is an instrument which can tell time.
4．This is the clock which I lost yesterday.
5． Have you found the book which you lost yesterday?
6．The road which was destroyed in the earthquake has now been built stronger.
7．The soldiers have saved the people who were in danger.
8．The waiter who served us tea was very friendly and polite.
9．What was the name of the farmer who discovered the tomb of Qin Shi Huang?
10．The bus which goes to the airport runs every half hour.
定语从句练习
1、The knife we used to cut the bread is very sharp.
A．which B．with C．with it D．with which
2、The brave man, the tiger was shot, is a good hunter.
A．of whom B．by that C．by whom D．by which
3、The clever boy made a hole in the wall, he could see what it was going on inside the house.
A．on which B．at which C．through which D．in which
4、The beautiful dress Miss Jones went to the ball was borrowed from a friend of hers.
A．in which B．worn by C．through which D．on which
5、During the days , he worked as a servant at the Browns’.
A．that followed B．to follow
C．following D．followed
6、You may take anything useful .
A．which you want B．you want them
C．what you want D．you want
8、The old woman has two sons, one is a teacher.
A．of who B．of whom C．of which D．of them
9、You can take any seat is free.
A．in which B．that C．where D．which
10、Is there anything to you?
A．that belong B．which belongs
C．that belongs D．that is belon