专升本英语语法.doc

(word完整版)专升本英语语法动词主要时态一般现在时 (am， is, are， do, does）1、表示现在经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常和often， always， usually, sometimes， everyday 等时间状语连用;2、表示主语的特征、性格、能力等;3、表示客观事实或普遍真理；4、表示安排或计划好的将来要发生的动作；The plane takes off at 10 am。5、在时间或条件状语中，表示将来的动作；When you see her just tell her that I am all right。6、在某些文学作品的情节描写中，代替过去时，表示或用于引述书刊材料;The author says that the soldiers fight for freedom not for money。一般过去时 （was, were， did）用于表示过去某时发生的动作或状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday，last week,three years ago， in 1987， at the time , in July。一般将来时主要用于表示将来发生的动作或情况在时间或条件状语中,一般不用将来时，而是用现在时代替将来时。Ill let you know the result when I finish everything。1、shall， will + 动词原型构成一般将来时；2、am (is ， are) going to + 动词原型，表示近期打算去做的事情或可能要发生的事情；3、am （is , are） about to + 动词原型，表示即将发生的动作;4、am （is , are） to + 动词原型，表示必须或计划要进行的动作 You are to be here by 4 pm for collecting the shipment you ordered.过去将来时用于表示过去某一时间内,将要发生的动作或存在的状态was （were) going to +动词原型was (were） about to +动词原型was (were) to + 动词原型 表示过去某时间内计划、打算或一定要进行的动作现在进行时go, come ， stay , leave， start 的现在进行时形式可以表示将来即将发生的动作He is coming to see you tomorrow。hate， like， love， believe, think， look, mind， have, seem， sound， smell， taste 通常不使用进行时态过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作 He was making a long distance phone call to his friend in Australia from 10 to 11 last night。go， come ， stay ， leave, start 的过去进行时形式可以表示过去将要发生的动作将来进行时将来进行时用于在将来的某一段时间正在发生的动作,或按计划在未来将要进行的动作This time next week she will be working in the company。现在完成时表示从过去，但持续到现在的动作,或表示过去发生的动作,但对现在仍留有某种后果和造成影响。 He has paid his income tax.过去完成时用来表示过去某个时间或某个动作之前已经完成的动作，或者表示过去某个时间开始一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作。He said that the group had written him a letter and asked him to go there for an intervier.将来完成时用来表示在将来某时间以前已经完成的动作I am sure he will have left Tokyo by this time tomorrow。现在完成进行时表示从过去某一个时间开始一直延续要现在的动作，这个动作可能刚刚结束,或者可能要继续进行下去. She has been working in Guangzhou since 1985。过去完成进行时表示过去某个时间以前已经开始而又延续到过去这个时间的动作.可能刚刚停止，也可能还在继续。 He told me that he had been a teacher of physics for more than twenty years.在表示时间或条件关系的主从复合句中，遵照“主将从现”原则，主句用将来时态，从句用现在时态.被动语态助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词含有情态动词：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词例:They will widen (扩展） the road。The road will be widened.一般时态进行时态完成时态现在am/is/are askedam/is/are being askedhas/have been asked过去was/were askedwas/were being askedhad been asked将来shall/will be asked-shall/will have been asked过去将来should/would be asked-should/would have been asked情态动词的被动语态:一般式：情态动词(can, could， may, might， must， should， need等）+ be + 过去分词完成式：情态动词（can, could, may， might， must, should, need等)+ have been + 过去分词例：This can be done by hand。 这可以手工做。The project might have been completes earlier。 这项工程本可以早些完工的.虚拟语气用来表示非真实的假设,表示命令、建议或说话人的主观愿望if 引导的虚拟条件句的主从句谓语形式。（请记住下面这个表格，非常重要）具体情况条件从句中的谓动形式主句中的谓动形式与过去事实相反的假设had done（过去完成时态）would （should， could, might) have done与现在事实相反的假设或发生的可能性不大did(过去式)/ be一般用were would (should， could， might) do与将来事实可能相反的假设（通常句中有一个表将来的时间状语）did（过去式）should do（“万一之意)were to dowould (should， could， might) do违背现在事实 过去式 should / would / could / might + 动词原形If the manager were here， he might make a decision immediately违背过去事实 had + 过去分词 should / would / could / might + have + 过去分词I could have done it better if I had been more careful违背将来事实 should + 动词原形 should / would / could / might + 动词原形were + 动词不定式（ were to + 动词原形)If it should rain tomorrow, what could we do? 混合虚拟句 条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，在时间上不一致，动词形式需要调整If you had taken the medicine yesterday , you would be well now。在下列结构的主语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气It is necessary / imperative / important / essential / advisable thatIt is proposed / desired / requested / suggested / recommended / demanded / decided / arranged thatsuggest , order , ask ， demand ， command ， request ， require etc。这些动词的宾语从句用虚拟句， 在这些动词后面的宾语从句中，助动词一律是should。It is （ It was ） important ，其后的主语从句用虚拟语气，助动词用should。It is important that we （should) learn computer.Wish + ( that ) 从句，通常表示不可能实现的愿望。表示现在的动作或状态时，从句中的动词用过去时；表示过去的动作或状态时，从句中的动词用had + 过去分词。但是，从句中动词用would （might ) + 动词原形时，表示现在或将来有可能实现的愿望。I wish I knew a little contract law。 但愿我知道一点合同法(我不知道)I wish you would come tomorrow. 我希望你明天能来 （有可能来）As if / as thought 引导的状语从句(或表语从句)中，常用虚拟语气.如果从句表示的意思与现在事实相反，谓语动词则应使用过去式;如果从句表示的意思与过去事实相反，谓语动词则使用 had + 过去分词的形式.It is （high) time (that) 句型中,应使用虚拟语气，定语从句中的谓语动词用过去式（be用were）或should+动词原形，should不能省略，也不能用would替代，该结构表示“（现在）该做某事了”。It is time that we planted trees here。It is time that we should plant trees here。助动词(1)助动词be主要用法 a、be+现在分词构成进行时态.如： Heislisteningtotheradio。他在听无线电广播。 Whatwereyoudoingthistimeyesterdayafternoon？昨天下午这个时候你在干什么？ b、be+过去分词构成被动时态. Heisinvitedtotheparty。他得到邀请参加这个聚会. Theletterwasreceivedthismorning。这信是今天上午收到的. c、be+动词不定式表示计划好了的将来动作。如： ThemeetingistotakeplaceonMonday.会议将在星期一举行。 （2）助动词have的主要用法have+过去分词构成完成时态.如： Ihavefinishedmywork。我已干完了活儿。 Ihadwrittentheletterbeforyoucame。在你来之前我已写好了信。 （3）助动词do的主要用法a、帮助主要动词构成疑问句和否定句。如： Doyoudomorningexerciseseveryday?你每天做早操吗? Shedidntcomeyesterday。她昨天没有来。 b、构成否定祈使句。如： Dontbetorude. 不要这么无礼。 Dontworryaboutthat. 不要为这事操心. c、加强陈述句和祈使句的语气。如： Idoworkhard. 我的确是努力工作的。 Dobecareful！ 一定要细心！ d、用于避免主要动词的重复出现。如： Doyoudosomke?Yes， Ido。 你抽烟吗？是的，我抽。 Iwenttoconcentyesterday. Sodidhe. 我昨天去听音乐会了。他也去了。 e、构成倒装句。如：Neverdidhegohereagain。 他再也没去过那里。 OnlythendidIunderstandwhatshemeant. 只是到那时，我才懂得她是什么意思。 （4)助动词shall和will的主要用法shall/will+动词原形构成将来时态.shall用于第一人称（I,we），will用于第二、三人称，也可用于第一人称。如:Ishall/willarrivetomorrow。 我将于明天到达. Weshall/willbegladtoseeyou.我们将很高兴见到你。 Hewillbetwenty-twonextweek。 他到下星期有22岁了。Theywillleaveforshanghaitonight.他们今晚动身去上海. (5)助动词should和would的用法 should/would+动词原形构成过去将来时。 Hetolduswhereweshoulid/wouldhavethebasketballmatch。 他告诉我们将在什么地方举行篮球比赛 名 词一、可数名词的复数形式名词复数的构成如下:1.一般情况下在名词后加-s。如:girls， books.2.以s, x ， ch, sh结尾的词在名词后加es。如：glasses, boxes， matches， bushes。3。“辅音字母+y结尾的词，变y为i再加-es.如：city-cities, countrycountries.4。以o结尾的词多数加es。如：heroes， tomatoes， potatoes。radios, zoos， photos， pianos， kilos 例外。5。f， fe 结尾的词，多数变f，fe为v再加es。如：thief-thieves， leafleaves， halfhalves， lifelives, wife-wives， knife-knives.少数名词有不规则的复数形式。如：man-men， womanwomen， foot-feet， toothteeth， childchildren， mousemice。个别名词的单数和复数的形式是一样的.如Chineses， Japanese, sheep, deer.二、名词的所有格名词的所有格表示所属关系， 起形容词的作用.当名词表示有生命的东西时，所有格一般是在词尾加 s .如：Jeans room， my daughter-in-laws friends， my daughters-in-laws friends， childrens books.如果名词已经有了复数词尾s， 则只需加。如:the teachers books， my parents car.时间名词的所有格在后面加s ，复数加 .如:todays newspaper， five minutes walk.当名词表示无生命的东西时,所有格常由“of短语构成.如：the top of the world， the cover of the book, Chinas capital.加 s 或 的名词所有格可以表示店铺或某人的家。如：the grocers, the tailors， the Smiths .名词所有格考试常见部分是名词表示没有生命的东西时，不能直接在其后加s。时间名词所有格在其后加s，或复数名词后直接加。三、主谓一致1。主语是可数名词单数时，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数时，谓语动词用复数形式.All roads lead to Rome。（条条大路通罗马。）His brother is an industrial engineer.The number of the students attending the party is increasing。the number of 表示数量，无论后面名词是复数还是单数,谓语动词是单数形式。Two-thirds of the shop belongs to me.twothirds 三分之二几分之几作主语,谓语是单数形式。Both of us are studying English。总结：在名词作主语时，the number of 谓语动词单数形式；几分之几，谓语单数形式；both 谓语使用复数形式。2、主语是不可数名词、不定式或动名词词组、从句时，谓语动词用单数形式.All the money he received was given to his mother.Forgetting the past means betrayal。What we are talking now is useless。3.主语部分若有as well as， with， together with， like, but， except等短语，谓语动词的单、复数与短语前面的名词一致。Mary， as well as her two sisters， is a student of this school.（as well as her two sisters 作主语Mary的主语补足语，主语 Mary 是单数,所以谓语动词用单数形式）No one except my friends knows anything about it。4.表示时间、距离、重量、价值等的复数名词作主语时，如果当作整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式。“+(）=”算式中的谓语动词也用单数形式。Three times two is six。Three kilometers is 3,ooo metres。 （three kilometers作为整体来看）5。Either, neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式.Neither of us has been to Italy.Has either of them been to Shanghai？none代表可数的人或东西时，谓语动词可以用单数也可以用复数,代表不可数的东西时，谓语动词用单数形式.None of the students have/has seen the film.None of the money belongs to me.6。主语由eitheror， neithernor， not onlybut also连接时,谓语形式由最邻近的主语决定。Not only you but also I am wrong.Neither my aunt nor I am going out this afternoon.Either you or she is to do the work.7。主语中有and，如果表示单一概念，谓语动词用单数。The bread and butter is nice。8。主语前有many a， more than one修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。Many a book has been read by the students。many a book=many booksMore than one person has been to the Great Wall.9。集合名词作主语,当作整体看待时,谓语动词用单数形式，当作每个独立的个体看待时，谓语动词用复数.The committee meets once a year. （作为整体)The committee are having a meeting now。 （作为独立个体）People, police作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。The police have come to arrest him。冠 词冠词分为定冠词（the）和不冠词(a或an）两类，定冠词表示特指，不定冠词表示泛指。a用于读音以辅音开头的词前面，an用于读音以元音开头的词前面.如：a university， a useful book， an umbrella， a horse， an honest man。一、不定冠词的基本用法1.表示“一”的含义。Give me a pen please.We go shopping twice a week.2.泛指某个人或东西.Yesterday we visited an English secondary school.She picked up a magazine and began to read。3。表示一类人或东西。He works as a language teacher in that university.As a writer, he is successful.Even a child can answer this question.可数名词单数出现，泛指用不定冠词，特指用定冠词。一个可数名词的单数不能自己单独出现二、定冠词的基本用法1。表示特定的人或东西。Give me the magazine.Have you decided on the prices yet？The book on the table is an English dictionary.Beijing is the capital of China.2。复述前文提到的人或东西.Last week, I saw a flim. The film is about a love story between two middle-aged people。The old man saw a house in the field。 He went into the house and found a beautiful girl sitting there and singing.3。用于序数词、方位名词、形容词与副词的最高级前面，副词最高级前面的the 可以省略。January is the first month of the year。The sun rises in the east.Japan lies to the east of China。Beijing lies in the north of China.Ireland lies on the Great Britain。At the Childrens Palace, some children learn to play the piano, others learn to play the violin.Last week we went to the theatre.Among the three girls she speaks English the best.“东、南、西、北”作副词时,前面不加冠词。We are walking south.形容词最高级前若有物主代词，就不加定冠词.Monday is my busiest day。4。不可数名词前面通常不加定冠词，但若有限制性定语修饰，或表示特定部分、特定内容时，前面需加定冠词.Drink some water.Is the water in the well fit for drink？He cant take the advice his mother gives him。三、不加冠词的基本规则1。季节、月份、日期前一般不加冠词。If winter comes can spring be far behind?We have few classes on Sunday.10.1 is National Day.2。表示球类、棋类、三顿饭的名词前通常不加冠词,但乐器前需加定冠词。What did you have for lunch？Dinner is ready.Lets go and watch them play chess.My elder brother likes to play football.The boys are learnig to play the guitar.play the pianoplay the violin3。有些固定词组中的名词前不加冠词。at noon at night at dawn at midnight in the morningin the afternoon in the evening in the daytime in townin front of （at the back of) at distance (in the distance）as a whole on the whole to catch cold to have a cold代 词 一、人称代词人称代词有第一、第二、第三人称和单数、复数之分，在句子中可以作主语和宾语。英语中有下列人称代词：在并列的主语或宾语中,I或me 通常放在后面。如：Liping and I are in charge of the work。My farther asks my sister and me to have dinner with him tomorrow。二、物主代词物主代词有形容词型与名词型之分。形容词型物主代词在句子中作定语，名词型物主代词在句子中主要作主语、宾语、表语、定语（接在of 后面）。英语中有下列物主代词：名词型的物主代词相当于形容词型的物主代词加上上文出现的名词。如:My bag is yellow， his（his bag） is black and theirs（their bags) are brown.三、反身代词反身代词在句子中可以作宾语、表语、同位语等。如：Please help yourself to some tea。(宾语）The boy is too young to look after himself.（宾语）Ill be myself again in no time。（表语）The desk itself is not so heavy。 （同位语）四、指示代词指示代词包括this， that， these, those 和such， 在句子中可以作主语、定语、表语、宾语等（such不作宾语)。that和those有时分别用来代表前面提到的不可数名词和名词复数，以避免重复.而可数名词单数往往用the one 或that one 来代替。用the one 的时候更多一些。如：These machines are better than those we turned out last year。 生产The oil output of this year is much higher than that of last year. 产量The best wine is that from France.My room is lighter than the one next door。Ill take the seat next to the one by the window.The film is more funny than that one。that 可以指上面提到的事情，this指下面要谈的事情。如：They have no time to read the books. Thats their trouble。She was ill yesterday。 Thats why she was absent.What I want to say is this: Pronunciation is very important in learning English.this 和that 有时还可以用来表示程度。如：I dont want that much。The book is about this thick。五、疑问代词疑问代词包括what， which， who， whom， whose, 可以用来构成特殊疑问句，也可以引导名词从句。What，which，who在句子中作主语或宾语,whom作宾语，whose作定语。如:Which do you prefer， the yellow one or the white one？ （宾语）Whats your sister？（表语)The man who is talking with my mother is an engineer.（引导定从句)The old man whose son is studying abroad is our formal dean of the department. （引导定从句)I dont remember whom I have lent my dictionary to。 （引导宾语从句）疑问代词what， which， who， whom后面可以加ever来加重语气.如：Whoever can be calling at this time of the night ？谁这么深更半夜来找人？Ill say whatever comes into my head。Take whichever book you like。六、不定代词不定代词包括both， either， neither， all， none， no, one， each, every， few， a few, little, a little, many, much, some， any， other, another， 以及some， any, no， every构成的合成代词。（一）both， either， neitherboth 表示“两者（都)”，either表示“(两者之中)任何一个，neither表示“（两者之中）没有一个”。三个词在句子中都可以作主语、宾语、定语，both还可以作同位语。My sister is good at planning her time so that she always has enough time for both work and play.（be good at 擅长做某事）Neither of the answers is right。Either of the books belongs to you。You and I are both to blame.You both agreed to stay.Both 放在实意动词前,系动词be 的后面。(二）all, none, no， oneall和none用于三者以上的场合，分别表示“全部都”和“一个都没有”，none往往与of连用。All of us are fond of sports。 (be fond of 爱好)We are all for him. （be for sb 支持某人）Grasp all， lose all。 什么都抓，什么都抓不住。（谚）None of them know how to read and write。None of them has had that kind of experience.no表示“没有”，在句子中只能作定语，相当于not a 或not any,not否定动词,no否定名词.Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不等人.(谚）Im no dancer。 （Im not a dancer。）one 指代上文提到的人或物，前面可以加定冠词,可以有自己的定语，还可以有复数形式。Your answer is a good one.I dont like coloured envelopes. I like white ones。（三）each, everyeach 和every表示“每一个”，every 在句子中只能作定语，each 可以作主语、宾语、定语、同位语。The headmaster shook hands with each of the teacher。（shake hands with 握手)The students try to set aside a little money each month.(set aside 节约）From each according to his ability， to each according to his needs（work）.各尽所能，按需分配.I have every reason to believe that she can finish the job well.There is every possibility of our winning the game.every 还常用在every little while （每隔一会）,every other day， every three days(每隔两天），every ten miles（每隔十英里）， every now and then (不时），ev