Tag-Questions.doc

Disjunctive Question/Tag Question
反意疑问句
1. 分类
反意疑问句从结构上可以分成两大类：
a) 异向反意疑问句：陈述部分为肯定时，疑问部分用否定，形式为：“＋，－？”相反，陈述部分为否定时，疑问部分用肯定，形式为：“－，＋？”这种反意问句占大部分。
b) 同向反意疑问句(常以so开头)：陈述部分与疑问部分同时都是肯定形式或否定形式，即“＋，＋？”或“－，－？”这种反意问句仅占少部分，一般不需回答，常用以表达某种感情色彩，如惊讶(surprise)、愤怒(anger)、嘲讽(ridicule)、喜悦(joy)等。E.g.:
So you’re getting married, are you? How nice!
So you don’t like my cooking, don’t you?
2. 特殊的反意疑问句
1) 陈述部分为I wish…时，反意问句用may I?(前后均为肯定)。E.g.:
I wish to go home, may I?
I wish I were you, may I?
2) 陈述部分含有must时，应根据must的含义决定反意问句：
a) must表示“一定要、必须”时，反意问句用mustn’t/needn’t。E.g.:
We must clean our classroom every day, mustn’t we?
You must renew your software, needn’t you?
b) must表示推测作“一定是、必定是”解时，反意问句用be的现在时态。E.g.:
He must be very tired, isn’t he?
c) “must + have done”表示对过去的推测：
i) 单纯表示对过去的推测，与现在无关，反意问句用过去式。E.g.:
He must have come yesterday, didn’t he?
ii) 表示对过去的推测且过去动作或状态影响到现在或持续到现在时，反意问句用现在完成式。E.g.:
He must have lived here at least 10 years, hasn’t he?
3) 陈述部分含有can’t表示推测作“不可能“解时，反意问句应根据can’t后面的动词选用相应形式。E.g.:
He can’t be a doctor, is he?
The workers can’t have finished their work, have they?
4) 陈述部分含有 need, dare 的反意疑问句
    A). 当 need , dare 为普通动词时,  反意疑问句附加部分用助动词 do 的某种形式。
     e.g. He needs help, doesn't he?
    B).当 need , dare 为情态动词时, 反意疑问句附加部分用其本身。
     e.g. We needn’t  do it again, need we?
          He dare not say so, dare he?
  当陈述部分有 needn't 时, 反意疑问句附加部分一般用 need有时可用 must.
     e.g. He needn't do that, need he?
          He needn't do that, must he?
 5) 当陈述部分有 used to...时, 反意疑问句附加部分用 didn't/ usedn't/ used + 主语 + not?
e.g. She used to visit her uncle on holidays, didn't she?
      She used to visit her uncle on holidays, usedn't she?
      He used to play football when he was young, used he not?
1) 当陈述部分有 I am ...时, 反意疑问句附加部分用aren't I / ain't I。e.g.
I am interested in English, aren't I/ain’t I?
2) 当陈述部分有 have to 时, 反意疑问句附加部分用助动词  do  的某种形式。
     e.g. Jack has to go there on foot, doesn't he?
                  We have to get up early, don't we?
            但:  have got to...,  have ...?
        We have got to work hard, haven't we?
8) 当陈述部分谓语有 had better 时,   反意疑问句附加部分用 shouldn't /  hadn't
    e.g. You'd better put on your coat, shouldn't you?
      You'd better put on your coat, hadn't you?
      We had better go right now, shouldn't we?
      We had better go right now, hadn't we?
9) 当陈述部分含有主从复合句时
a). 注意观察主句的主语。 主句的主语是第一人称(we, I) 时，反意疑问句附加部分的主语与从句主语一致，否则与主句主语一致。
b).  注意否定转移!  当主句谓语动词是   suppose,   think, guess, expect, believe, imagine等动词时, 只要出现否定词 not，反意疑问句附加部分就用肯定形式。E.g.:
    I think he will be back in an hour, won't he?
    We don't suppose he cares, does he?
    You don't suppose he cares, do you?
c).含有主从复合句的反意疑问句附加部分与句子的重心一致。E.g.:
     It is said that he is a teacher, isn't he?
10) 当陈述部分是并列句时, 反意疑问句附加部分用与最接近( 最后一个)分句的主语、谓语一致。E.g.:
We must study English hard or we can't be good at it, can we?
He is a doctor but his wife is a teacher, isn't she?
11) 当陈述部分有下列否定词时, 反意疑问句附加部分用肯定结构。
 ( few; little ; seldom; hardly; never; not; no; no one; nobody ; nothing; none; neither 等)
  e.g. There is little ink in your pen, is there?
       He can hardly write his name, can he?
然而：
      1)如果陈述部分的否定词是通过加前缀或后缀而构成的, 附加部分依然用否定式。
 e.g. It's unfair, isn't it?
      You are hopeless, aren't you?
      She dislikes doing housework, doesn't she?
      She had a dislike for housework, didn't she?
   2). no one, nobody, none, nothing, neither 在陈述部分作动词的宾语时,反意疑问句附加部分一般用肯定结构间或也可用否定结构。
  e.g. You got nothing from him, did(n't) you?
        He has nothing to say, does(n't) he?
12) 以引导词 there 开始的句子(不包括作地点状语的 there ), 反意疑问句附加部分主语也用 there. E.g.:
    There'll be enough for everybody, won't there?
    There seems to be no question about it, does there?
13) A). 陈述部分的主语是 everything, nothing,  anything  或 something 时,  反意疑问句附加部分主语用 it.
  e.g. Something is wrong with my radio, isn't it?
       Nothing is serious, is it?
      B). 陈述部分的主语是everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, none, neither ( 注意这些代词一般指人)时,  反意疑问句附加部分主语一般用 they。
  e.g. Everyone is here, aren't they?
       Neither side could win, could they?
       No one knows about it, do they?
       None of the students are absent, are they?
       Everyone knows this, don't they?
C). 陈述部分的主语是指示代词 this 或 that 时,反意疑问句附加部分主语用 it; 陈述部分的主语是 these 或 those 时,  反意疑问句附加部分主语用 they。
   e.g. This is a beautiful picture, isn't it?
        Those are Japanese, aren't they?
    D). 陈述部分的主语是不定代词 one 时,  反意疑问句附加部分主语可以用 one, 也可以用 you. (美国英语中还可以用 he)
     e.g. One should be ready to help others, shouldn't one?
          One can't be too careful, can you?
    E). 当 neither ... nor; both ... and 连接两个主语时, 附加部分的主语常用复数。E.g.:
 Neither you nor I am wrong, are we?
 Both you and he are students, aren’t you?
 Both Xiao Li and Xiao Wang are students, aren’t they?
14) 陈述部分的主语是主语从句、不定式短语或动名词短语时,反意疑问句附加部分主语用 it。
     e.g. What you need is more practice, isn't it?
          To learn English well isn't easy, is it?
          Swimming is great fun, isn't it?
15) 陈述部分为祈使句，表示提议时反意问句用shall we；表示征求意见时反意问句用will you。
e.g.: Let’s go out for a walk, shall we?
Let me go home now, will you?
Don’t smoke here, will you?

回答
　　反意疑问句的回答用yes， no， 但是，回答意思相反,当陈述部分是否定形式时，回答要按事实。如： 　　They don’t work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作，是吗？ 　　Yes, they do. 不，他们工作努力。/No, they don’t. 对， 他们工作不努力
肯定反意疑问句的回答
　　当陈述部分为否定式，反意疑问句为肯定式时，其回答往往与汉语不一致，需特别引起注意： 　　"It isn’t cheap, is it?" "Yes, it is." “它不便宜吧？”“不，很便宜。” 　　"He doesn’t love her, does he?" "No, he doesn’t."“他不爱她，是吗？”“是的，他不爱她。” 　　此时，"Yes"即不，对前面"It isn't cheap."的否定。
否定反意疑问句的回答
　　当陈述部分为肯定式，反意疑问句为否定式时，其回答一般不会造成困难，一般只需照情况回答即可： 　　"It’s new, isn’t it?" "Yes, it is." “是新的，对吗？”“对，是新的。” 　　"He wants to go, doesn’t he?" "No, he doesn’t." “他想去，对吗？”“不，他不想去。” 　　此时，"No"即是，对前面"It's new."的肯定。
回答反意疑问句的原则
　　回答反意疑问句通常应根据实际情况来确定，如有人问你You are asleep, aren’t you? 你应回答No, I’m not. 因为既然你能回答，肯定你还没有asleep。但如果别人问你 You aren’t asleep, are you?(你还没有睡着，对吗)，你也只能回答No, I’m not.(是的，还没有睡着)，而不能回答为Yes, I’m not. 也不能回答成 Yes, I am. 　　“It is a beautiful flower，isn't it？” “It isn't a beautiful flower，is it？” 　　上述两句句子的回答肯定均为“Yes，it is."否定为“No，it isn't." 　　由上述例子可知，反义疑问句回答与句子本身所包含的中文肯定与否的含义并无太大关联，只需注意事实，肯定即用yes，否定用no，无需考虑句子原本是前否后肯或是前肯后否。