5商务合同的翻译.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2014-8-28,#,第五章,商务合同的翻译,目 录,1,商务合同的语言及文体特征,1.1,商务合同英语的词汇特征,1.2,商务合同的文体特点,2,商务合同的翻译,2.1,酌情使用公文语惯用副词,2.2,谨慎选用极易混淆的词语,2.3,慎重处理合同的关键细目,2.4,涉外商务合同翻译中句子成分的转换,2.5.,涉外商务合同中被动语态的翻译,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,1.1,商务合同英语的词汇特征,合同英语的用词极其考究，具有特定性。要求选词专业化（,professional,）、正式（,formal,）、准确（,accurate,）。,具体体现在下列方面：,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,A.May,shall,must,may not(,或,shall not),的使用,may,旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么），,Shall,约定当事人的义务（应当做什么时候），,must,用于强制性义务（必须做什么），,may not(,或,shall not),用于禁止性义务（不得做什么）。,May do,不能说成,can do shall do,，不能说成,should do,或,ought to do,，,may not do,在美国一些法律文件可以用,shall not,，但绝不能用,can not do,或,must not,。,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,例如，在约定解决争议的途径时的，可以说：,The parties hereto,shall,first of all,settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.Should such negotiations fail,such dispute,may,be referred to the Peoples Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,本句中的,shall,和,may,表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商，所以采用了义务性“约定”，如果协商解决不了，作为当事人的权利，用选择性约定,may,也很妥当。如果,may,和,shall,调换位置会怎么样？前半句的,shall,换用,may,后，意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决，意思上说得过去，但后半句的,may,换用,shall,后，变成了应当诉讼解决，好像一出事，就要先见官，这就有些不友好了。,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,本句可译：双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协议的，可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,B.,正式用语（,formal term,）,合同英语有着严肃的风格，与其它英语作品有很大不同,例如：,“因为”的短语多用“,by virtue of”,，远远多于“,due to”,一般不用“,because of”,；,“财务年度末”一般用“,at the close of the fiscal year”,，而不用“,in the end of the fiscal year”,；,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,“在,之前”一般用“,prior to”,，而不用“,before”,；,“关于”常用“,as regards”,，“,concerning”,或“,relating to”,，而不会用“,about”,；,“事实上”用“,in effect”,，而不用“,in fact”,；,“开始”用“,commencement”,而不用“,start”,或“,begin”,；,“停止做”用“,cease to do”,，而不用“,stop to do”,；,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,“何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为：,The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.,其中“召开”不用“,hold,或,call”,，而用“,convene”,；“主持”不用“,chair”,或“,be in charge of”,，而用“,preside”,；,“其他事项”用“,miscellaneous”,而不用“,other matters/events”,；,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,“理解合同”用“,construe a contract”,或“,comprehend a contract”,，而不用“,understand a contract”;,“,认为”用“,deem”,，用“,consider”,少，不用“,think”,或“,believe”,；,“愿意做”用“,intend to do”,或“,desire to do”,，而不用“,want to do”,“wish to do”,。,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,C.,用词专业（,Technical Terms,）,合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移，它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、“救济”、“不可抗力”、“管辖”、“损毁”、“灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解，在英语以上表达分别为,defect,、,remedy,、,force majuere/Act of God,、,jurisdiction,、,damage and/or loss),。另外几乎每个合同都少不了,hereinafter referred to as,whereas,in witness whereof,for and on behalf of,hereby,thereof,等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,其它例子还有：,“赔偿”用“,indemnities”,，而不用“,compensation”,“,不动产转让”用“,conveyance”,，而不用“,transfer of real estate”,“,房屋出租”用“,tenancy”,，而“财产出租”用“,lease of property”,“,停业”用“,wind up a business”,或“,cease(,名词是,cessation)a business”,而不用“,end/stop a business”,专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用“,royalities”,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文“,grace”,“,当事人在破产中的和解”用“,composition”,以实物出资为“,investment in kind”,“,依照合同相关规定”一般说“,pursuant to provisions contained herein”,或“,as provided herein”,等，不说“,according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”,“,合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“,Neither party hereto may assign this contract”,，其中“,hereto”,表示“,to the contract”,，选用“,Neither party to the contract”,较少。,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,D.,同义词、近义词、相关词的序列,FOR value RECEIVED,，,the undersigned does hereby sell,transfer,assign and set over to _ all his right,tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated _,20_ by and between the undersigned and _,，,a copy of which is annexed hereto.,在这里的同义词和近义词并列（如,sell,transfer,assign and set over,，,right,和,tile and interest,），在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑，有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,如：,This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.,句中“,made and entered into”,和“,by and between”,两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein,the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:,句中“,for and in consideration of”,，“,covenants and agreements”,三组同义司和近义词并列。,The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein.,这里的“,on the terms”,和“,subject to the conditions”,是一个意思都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“,terms and conditions”,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,再例如：,“,Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”,，一句中的“,release”,和“,discharge”,意思几乎相同。,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,并列的词还有：,ships and vessels support and maintenance licenses and permits charges,fees,costs and expenses any and all any duties,obligations or liabilities the partners,their heirs,successors and assigns control and management of the partnership applicable laws,regulations,decrees,directives,and rules,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,E.,外来词,在国外合同中，拉丁词仍然是很常见：,比例税率：用,pro rate tax rate,要比,proportional tax rate,多,从事慈善性服务的律师：,pro bono lawyer,，不怎么用,lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance,委托代理人：多用,agent ad litem,法语词：,不可抗力：,force majuere.,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,1.2,商务合同的文体特点,商务合同具有篇章结构程式化和话语表述结构条目化的特点。从篇章结构上讲，每一份合同都像一部法律，是一个完整的体系而不是对条款简单的罗列。每份合同都分为前言、正文和结尾三个部分。这几个部分所包含的要件一般都比较固定，使之程式化。同时，合同的各个要件可以条款的方式按照从一般到特殊的逻辑顺序排列，每个特定项目都处在一个结构严密完整的框架之中，显示出它们之间的内部关系和相对重要性。,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,如下例合同：,Contract,CONTRACT NO.THIC 244400,Dated:Feb.20,2005,Hong Kong,This contract is made by and between the authorized representatives of HASTINGS LTD(hereinafter called the Buyer)and the TAI HUA Industries Corporation(hereinafter called the Seller)through friendly discussion,according to the terms and conditions stipulated hereunder.,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,ARTICLE 1 OBJECT OF THE CONTRACT,At the request of the Buyer,the Seller agrees to supply the Buyer on F.O.B.basis with the contracted items.Details of the items and specifications are listed in annex A to this contract.,ARTICLE 2 TOTAL AMOUNT OF THE CONTRACT,The total amount of the present contract is US$250,000(Say:US DOLLAR TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY THOUSAND ONLY).,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,ARTICLE 3 TERMS OF PAYMENT,The Buyer shall open a confirmed,irrevocable,payable at sight letter of credit through a Bank to the Bank of Hong Kong in favor of the Seller within 20 days after signing the contract.The Bank of Hong Kong shall claim the reimbursement by T/T on behalf of the Seller within 3 working days when the following shipping documents have been submitted by the Seller and found in order.,1.Clean bill of lading:,Negotiable duplicate,Non-negotiable duplicate.,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,2.Commercial invoice:Triplicate.,3.Packing list:Triplicate.,4.Quality guarantee:Duplicate.,ARTICLE 4 PACKING AND DELIVERY TIME,All packing of the goods shall be in wooden cases which are sea worthy and safe for land sea transportation.,The shipment from the manufacture to the shipping port shall only be effected by the Seller within 45 days after the Sellers receipt of the Letter of Credit.,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,ARTICLE 5 SHIPPING AND INSURANCE,The shipment and insurance of the goods under the present contract shall be effected by the Buyer.The Seller shall inform the Buyer of the quantity of the goods,shipping port and other details relating to the contracted goods within 20(twenty)days after the goods being ready for loading.The Buyer shall immediately arrange the carrying vessel to pick up the goods within 20(twenty)days after receipt of the above information.,第一节 商务合同的语言及文体特征,ARTICLE 6 TAXES AND DUTIES,All taxes and duties due inside the Sellers country in connection with this contract shall be borne by the Seller.,All taxes and duties due after the goods are on board of the carrying vessel and in connection with this contract shall be borne by the Buyer.,All banking charges shall be borne by the applicant respectively.,Representative of the Buyer,(Authorized signature):_,Representative of the Buyer,(Authorized signature):_,第二节 商务合同的翻译,2.1,酌情使用公文语惯用副词,商务合同属于法律性公文，所以英译时，有些词语要用公文语词语、特别是酌情使用英语惯用的一套公文语副词，就会起到使译文结构严谨、逻辑严密、言简意赅的作用。但是从一些合同的英文译本中发现，这种公文语副词常被普通词语所代替，从而影响到译文的质量。,实际上，这种公文语惯用副词为数并不多，而且构词简单易记。常用的这类副词是由,here,、,there,、,where,等副词分别加上,after,、,by,、,in,、,of,、,on,、,to,、,under,、,upon,、,with,等副词，构成一体化形式的公文语副词。,第二节 商务合同的翻译,例如：从此以后、今后：,hereafter,；,此后、以后：,thereafter,；,在其上：,thereonthereupon,；,在其下：,thereunder,；,对于这个：,hereto,；,对于那个：,whereto,；,在上文：,hereinabovehereinbefore,；,在下文：,hereinafterhereinbelow,；,在上文中、在上一部分中：,thereinbefore,；,在下文中、在下一部分中：,thereinafter,第二节 商务合同的翻译,现用两个实例，说明在英译合同中如何酌情使用上述副词。,例,1,：本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。,This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution,hereof,by the Buyer and the Builder.,例,2,：下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品，其品牌以此为合适。,The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products,whereto,this trade name is more appropriate are made in China.,第二节 商务合同的翻译,2.2,谨慎选用极易混淆的词语,英译商务合同时，常常由于选同不当而导致词不达意或者意思模棱两可，有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。因此了解与掌握极易混淆的词语的区别是极为重要的，是提高英译质量的关键因素之一，现把常用且易混淆的七对词语，用典型实例论述如下。,第二节 商务合同的翻译,A,shipping advice,与,shipping instructions,shipping advice,是“装运通知”，是由出口商（卖主）发给进口商（买主）的。然而,shipping instructions,则是“装运须知”，是进口商（买主）发给出口商（卖主）的。另外要注意区分,vendor,（卖主）与,vendee,（买主），,consignor,（发货人）与,consignee,（收货人）。上述这三对词语在英译时、极易发生笔误。,第二节 商务合同的翻译,B,abide by,与,comply with,abide by,与,comply with,都有“遵守”的意思但是当主语是“人”时，英译“遵守”须用,abide by,。当主语是非人称时，则用,comply with,英译“遵守”。,例,3,：双方都应遵守,/,双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。,Both parties Shall abide by/All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations.,第二节 商务合同的翻译,C.change A to B,与,change A into B,英译“把,A,改为,B”,用“,change A to B”,，英译“把,A,折合成,/,兑换成,B”,用“,change A into B”,，两者不可混淆。例,4,：交货期改为,8,月并将美元折合成人民币。,Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to August and change US dollar into Renminbi.,第二节 商务合同的翻译,D.ex,与,per,源自拉丁语的介词,ex,与,per,有各自不同的含义。英译由某轮船“运来”的货物时用,ex,，由某轮船“运走”的货物用,per,，而由某轮船“承运”用,by,。,例,5,：由“维多利亚”轮运走,/,运来,/,承运的最后一批货将于,10,月,1,日抵达伦敦。,The last batch per/ex/by S.S.“Victoria”will arrive at London on October(S.S.=Steamship),第二节 商务合同的翻译,E.in,与,after,当英译“多少天之后”的时间时，往往是指“多少天之后”的确切的一天，所以必须用介词,in,，而不能用,after,，因为介词,after,指的是“多少天之后”的不确切的任何一天。,例,6,：该货于,11,月,10,日由“东风”轮运出，,41,天后抵达鹿特丹港。,The good shall be shipped per M.V.“Dong Feng”on November 10 and are due to arrive at Rotterdam in 140 days.(M.V.=motor vessel),第二节 商务合同的翻译,F.on/upon,与,after,当英译“,到后，就,”,时，用介词,on/upon,，而不用,after,，因为,after,表示“之后”的时间不明确。例,7,：发票货值须货到付给。,The invoice value is to be paid on/upon arrival of the goods.,第二节 商务合同的翻译,G.by,与,before,当英译终止时间时，比如“在某月某日之前”，如果包括所写日期时，就用介词,by,；如果不包括所写日期，即指到所写日期的前一天为止，就要用介词,before,。,例,8,：卖方须在,6,月,15,日前将货交给买方。,The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee,by June 15,.(or:,before June 16,，,说明含,6,月,15,日在内,。如果不含,6,月,15,日,就译为,by June 14,或者,before June 15,。,),第二节 商务合同的翻译,2.3,慎重处理合同的关键细目,实践证明，英译合同中容易出现差错的地方，一般来说，不是大的陈述性条款。而恰恰是一些关键的细目比如：金钱、时间、数量等。为了避免出差错，在英译合同时，常常使用一些有限定作用的结构来界定细目所指定的确切范围。,第二节 商务合同的翻译,A.,限定责任,众所周知，合同中要明确规定双方的责任。为英译出双方责任的权限与范围，常常使用连词和介词的固定结构。现把最常用的此类结构举例说明如下。,(1)and/or,常用,and/or,英译合同中“甲和乙,+,甲或乙”的内容，这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。,例,9,：如果上述货物对船舶和（或）船上其它货物造成任何损害，托运人应负全责。,The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship,and/or,cargo on board.,第二节 商务合同的翻译,(2)by and between,常用,by and between,强调合同是由“双方”签订的，因此双方必须严格履行合同所赋予的责任。,例,10,：买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。,This Contract is made,by and between,the Buyer and the Seller,whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under mentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.,第二节 商务合同的翻译,B.,限定时间,英译与时间有关的文字，都应非常严格慎重地处理，因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时，常用以下结构来限定准确的时间。,(1),双介词 用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。,例,11,；自,9,月,2O,日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。,Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account,on and after,September 20.,第二节 商务合同的翻译,例,12,：我公司的条件是，,3,个月内，即不得晚于,5,月,1,日，支付现金。,Our terms are cash within three months,i.e.on or before May 1.,(2)not(no)later than,用“,not(no)later than+,日期”英译“不迟于某月某日”。,例,13,：本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于,12,月,15,日，你方须将货物装船。,Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract,i.e.,not later than,December 15.,第二节 商务合同的翻译,(3)include,的相应形式,常用,include,的相应形式：,inclusive,、,including,和,included,，来限定含当日在内的时间。例,14,：本证在北京议付，有效期至,1,月,1,日。,This credit expires till January 1(inclusive)for negotiation in Beijing.(or:This credit expires till and including January 1 for negotiation in Beijing.),如果不包括,1,月,1,日在内，英译为,till and not including January 1,。,第二节 商务合同的翻译,C.,限定金额,为避免金额数量的差漏、伪造或涂改，英译时常用以下措施严格把关。,(1),大写文字重复金额 英译金额须在小写之后，在括号内用大写文字重复该金额，即使原文合同中没有大写，英译时也有必要加上大写。在大写文字前加上“,SAY”,，意为“大写”；在最后加上“,ONLY”,意思为“整”。必须注意：小写与大写的金额数量要一致。,例,16,：聘方须每月付给受聘方美元,500,元整。,Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of,US$500(SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY),.,第二节 商务合同的翻译,(2),正确使用货币符号,英译金额必须注意区分和正确使用各种不同的货币名称符号。“,$”,既可代表“美元”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币；而“”不仅代表“英镑”，又可代表其他某些地方的货币。,必须注意：当金额用数字书写时，金额数字必须紧靠货币符号，例如：,Can$891,568,，不能写成：,Can$891,568,。另外，翻译的还要特别注意金额中是小数点,(.),还是分节号,(,),，因为这两个符号极易引起笔误，稍有疏忽，其后果是不堪设想的。,第二节 商务合同的翻译,2.4,涉外商务合同翻译中句子成分的转换,A.,主语的转换：,(1),主语转换为谓语,原文的主语为动作性的名词，且采用被动语态。译成汉语时，须将英语的被动语态调整为汉语的主动语态，进行转换翻译。,第二节 商务合同的翻译,1,）,Partial shipments,shall be permitted upon presentation of a clean set of shipping document.,可以允许,分批发货,，但须提供一套明确的装运单据。,Delivery,must be effected within the time stated on the purchase order,otherwise the Buyer may at its option cancel the order without cost to him,and charge the Seller for any loss incurred as a result of the latters failure to make such delivery.,卖方必须在购货订单规定的时间内,交货,，否则，买方可取消合同，而不承担任何损失，并要求卖方赔偿由不交货所造成的一切损失。,第二节 商务合同的翻译,(2),主语转换为宾语,原文的主语往往为普通名词，且常常采用被动语态。译成汉语时，将英语的被动语态改译成汉语的主动语态，主语转换为宾语。如：,Should,all or part of the Contract and its appendices,be unable to be fulfilled owing to the fault of one party,the breaching party shall bear the responsibilities thus caused.,由于一方过失，致使,不能履行或不能完全履行本合同及其附件,时，由过失方承担违约责任。,第二节 商务合同的翻译,If,any terms and conditions of this Contract,are breached and the breach is not corrected by the breaching party within 30 days after a written notice thereof is given by the other party,then the nonbreaching party shall have the option to terminate this Contract by giving written notice thereof to the breaching party.,如果一方违反,本合同的任何条款,，并且在接到另一方的书面通知后,30,天内不予以补救，未违约方有权选择向违约方书面通知终止合同。,第二节 商务合同的翻译,(3),主语转换为定语,如果主语和宾语之间的关系密切，或宾语本身就是主语的一部分，译成汉语时，为使译文符合汉语的表达习惯，往往把原文的主语转换为定语。如：,Each Party,is liable to the Joint Venture Company only up to the limit of the capital subscribed by it.,各方,对合资公司的责任以各自认缴的出资额为限。,The Guarantee Period,shall start from the exact date on which the Purchaser receives notification in writing from the Vendor that Plant is ready for dispatch from the Works.,担保期限,的具体日期自买方收到卖方发出的，告知随时可从工厂发运的书面通知起开始计算。,第二节 商务合同的翻译,B.,宾语的转换,(1),宾语转换为主语,合同英语中的某些动词宾语，在逻辑上是应说明的主体，为使其突出和醒目，翻译时一般将其转换为汉语的主语。如,:,Party A shall send twice,its technical personnel,to Party Bs factory for training,and the total number of the participants shall not exceed 320(excluding the interpreter).,甲方的技术人员,将分两批赴乙方接受培训，参加培训人员不超过,320,人（翻译人员除外）。,第二节 商务合同的翻译,The Seller shall deliver,the Equipment and Materials,in accordance with the Contract from the 19(nineteenth)month to the 27(twenty-seventh)month from the date of the signing the Contract in 5(five)lots.,根据合同，卖方的,设备和材料,应当自合同签订之日起第,19,个至,27,个月内分五批交付。,第二节 商务合同的翻译,(2),宾语转换为谓语,如果原文的谓语动词不易处理成汉语的谓语，而原文中的宾语又是含有动作意