写作教程(一)unit1答案.doc

Unit 1
PART Ⅱ FOCUS
Denotation and Connotation
Suggested answer to the question
If it is your teacher, most probably you will choose b, as the word portly has an implication of a more or less dignified and imposing appearance (e.g. an elderly gentleman, large and portly). However, if it is a doorkeeper, an amiable middle-aged woman, you may choose the word plump as it implies a pleasing fullness of figure (e.g. the plump goddesses of Renaissance paintings). From this exercise we can conclude that words that share the same denotative meanings can be diverse in their connotative meanings.
Reference for the Classroom Activities
1. father: the male parent. It connotes support and sternness; it also connotes protection but in a serious fashion.
wildflower: uncultivated plant; it connotes vitality and pleasantness.

2.
Word
Denotation
Connotation
Sentence
gold
a precious yellow metal
wealth, value, preciousness, etc
Silence is gold.
moon
the natural body that moves around the earth once every 28 days
tranquility, purity, something out of reach, etc.
There’s no point hoping for peace in the country. It’s like asking for the moon.
ice
water frozen so that it has become solid
coldness, indifference, cruelty, death, etc.
The ice in his voice was only to hide the pain.
blood
red liquid flowing through the bodies of humans and animals
family background, descent, race, temperament, etc.
Blood is thicker than water.

2. a. In the West, every male person has the good qualities of males, such as bravery, spirit, and toughness.
b. Anyway, she has the characteristics of a woman, such as frailty and delicacy.

Attitude
Reference for the Classroom Activities
1.
Favorable
Neutral
Unfavorable
unique, quaint
strange
bizarre, abnormal
resolute, steadfast
stubborn, dogged
pigheaded
compliment (v.)
praise, commend, flatter
lick one’s boots
senior citizen
old person
fossil
bachelor girl
single woman
spinster

2. a. unique b. pigheaded c. flattered d. fossil e. spinster

Collocation
Suggested answers to the exercise
a. do somebody a favor
b. do somebody good
c. make a gesture
d. do evil
e. do harm
f. make an effort

Reference for the Classroom Activities
1. 1) D 2) D 3) A 4) B 5) C 6) C 7) B

False Friends
Suggested answers to the question
The misunderstanding occurs due to the use of homonyms or false friends—flour or flower, ground (as the past participle of the verb grind) and ground (meaning the solid surface of the earth). In this excerpt, the use of false friends adds a humorous effect to the text.

Reference for the Classroom Activities
1. The false friends are lie meaning to keep one’s body in a flat position, and lie meaning to say something dishonest.
2. a. Your fever rose yesterday.
b. That racket is bad enough to make Aunt Ella’s eyebrows raised.
c. Jack has been lying around all day.
d. The soldiers laid aside their weapons.
e. A heavy fog lay over the land.
f. White stationery is always appropriate.
g. Is that table stationary, or can it be moved to another corner of the room?
h. It is easier to talk about a principle than to live by it.
i. Our principal played on the faculty football team against the school all-stars.
3. Some other false friends:
fair vs. fare
It’s not fair to put all the blame on him.
Bus fares are going up again.

passed vs. past
I passed the landlady on the stairs this morning.
Several boys went past us on mountain bikes.

intense vs. intensive
She suddenly felt an intense pain in her stomach.
He took an intensive course on English.

farther vs. further
The fog’s so thick; I can’t see farther than about five meters.
Every day she thinks further and further into depression.

PART III GARMMAR
Subject-Verb Agreement
When the subject is compound
Reference for the Classroom Activities
Summary
1. A compound subject with and takes a plural verb in most cases, but when it expresses a singular meaning or when each of the singular subjects is considered individually, it takes a singular verb.
2. After a compound subject with or, nor, either…or, neither…nor, not…but, the verb agrees in number and person with the nearer part of the subject.
3. Intervening phrases or clauses not introduced by coordinating conjunctions do not affect the number of a verb. Such phrases are normally introduced by prepositions or prepositions or prepositional phrases such as as well as, as much as, rather than, along with, in addition to, together with, with, plus, and including.

When the subject expresses quantity
Reference for the Classroom Activities
Summary
1. Nominal phrases of time, money, weight and measurement normally take a singular verb.
2. Some words or phrases, such as all, most, half, the last, the rest, take a singular or plural verb, depending on the meaning of the noun or pronoun that follows.
3. Phrases like lots of, heaps of, loads of take singular or plural verbs depending on the form of the nouns that follow.
4. In sentences with more than one or many a modifying the subject noun, the verb should take a singular form though it is plural in meaning.
When the subject is a relative pronoun, a what-clause, or in the there-be structure
Reference for the Classroom Activities
a. He was one of the candidates who were able to carry out their campaign pledges.
He was the only one of the candidates who was able to carry out his campaign pledges.
b. What he wants is just a little love from his foster parents.
What one thinks and says are not always the same.
c. There is a cherry tree and several orchid flowers in the garden.
There are hundreds of applicants on the waiting list for the job.
Summary
1. After a relative pronoun (who, which, that), the verb has the same person and number as the antecedent. (In the second sentence in Pair a, the antecedent is the only one, not the candidates.)
2. After a what-clause, the verb is usually singular. But if the what-clause is in a compound structure plural in meaning, the verb is in plural form.
3. In the there-be structure, the verb is singular or plural depending on the number of the subject. The singular there is may be used to introduce a compound subject when the first noun or nominal phrase is singular.
Others
Reference for the Classroom Activities
a. Nobody in town admits seeing him.
b. Does anyone want to go with me?
c. Are any of you going to the exhibition?
d. None works/work so hard as he does.
e. Books are her chief source of enjoyment.
f. The one thing you must be ready for is their attempts to break up the meeting.
g. The jury is finally complete.
h. The jury were divided in their opinions.
i. New York Times is his bible.
j. Semantics is the study of meanings.
Summary
1. Indefinite pronouns such as anybody, anyone, each, everybody, nobody, no one, and somebody generally require a singular verb.
2. The pronouns any and none take either singular or plural verbs.
3. The complement of the verb be does not affect its number.
4. A collective noun takes a singular verb when the class it names is thought of as a unit, but a plural verb when the members of the class are thought of as individuals.
5. Titles of books, magazines, movies, newspapers, plays, and the like take a singular verb.
6. Certain nouns which are plural in form but singular in meaning generally take a singular verb. Some of these are physics, mechanics, news statistics, and whereabouts.

PART Ⅳ WRITING
Notes (I)
Sample 1
Suggested answers to the questions
1. Notes are the simplest and shortest form of written communication and they are quick, easy and convenient.
2. A note has three essential components:
--the addressee—the person(s) to whom the note is written;
--the message;
--the sender.
3. Notes are characterized by their brevity, informality in style, and dedication to a single topic.

Sample 2
Suggested answers to the questions
1. The date is put at the upper right-hand corner. Besides the date or weekday, you may, at times, need to state the hour or even the minute.
2. You can add the word Dear before the addressee’s name and a complimentary close.
3. A complimentary close is put before your signature as the sample show.

PART V FOLLOW-UP EXERCISES
1.
a. The little boy was chicken-hearted.
b. The statesman is a respectable figure in the political arena.
c. We sat down by the oak tree, enjoying the breeze coming from the lake.
d. We need to drink the milk before it sours.
e. The child had difficulty finding his way to school.
f. The young woman received a lot of flowers and gifts.
g. My father drew back the curtain a little lest I see him.
h. Our university can accommodate 4000 students.
i. Social customs vary greatly from country to country.

2. The writer’s attitude changes from negative to positive in each pair of sentences.
3. (1) experienced (2) elapsed (3) attempting (4) with
(5) take up (6) made (7) endeavor (8) true

4. a. The state attorney said that the man would be prosecuted.
b. We suppose that a referee should be disinterested but not uninterested.
c. Tony can hit a ball farther than I can.
d. We must pursue this matter further.
e. The principles behind our constitution are a principal reason for its astounding success.
f. All the band instruments except the tuba will be carried to the auditorium for the music contest.
g. The federal government comprises the legislative, judicial, and executive branches.
h. The whole region was struck by an economic disaster.
i. (correct)
j. He was awaked to the risk.

5. My sister Lulu accepted a scholarship to study in the UK. She had done very well in school and the principal thought that living with a British family would teach her a lot. Mother said she would let her go if she bought a box of stationery and promised to write home every week. She said that she would live up to her promise and she always does pretty well in living up to her principles. Soon after she arrived in the UK., she adapted to her new environment. Her new life did not affect her a great deal. She knew that as a student she had to be economical and she was not self-conscious of her poor clothing and strange accent. These were the things she was uninterested in; what fascinated her instead was the cultural differences between the two countries. She found people there liked to pay compliments and were more credulous to what she said. Of course, she never lied to them about her motherland. Though she experienced cultural shocks continually, she developed a fair attitude towards the other culture. In the proceeding years, she settled down in the UK. and became a person with an alternative cultural identity.

6. a. Sixty hours is the amount of work time I contracted for.
b. The jury is expected to reach its decision very quickly.
c. Each of the candidates for the position has exceptionally high qualifications.
d. Every boy and girl in the sixth grade was/is eager to win the contest.
e. Corn bread and milk is a popular breakfast in the rural South.
f. The instructor as well as the students was at fault.
g. He is one of the students who plan to attend the speech contest.
h. The jury are to be isolated in individual hotel rooms each night during the trial.
i. Sam sprawled in the chair and knocked over one of the lamps which were on display.
j. The symptoms of mercury poisoning vary with each individual case.
k. He believes that athletics improves school morale.
l. Up goes the starter’s gun, and each of the runners becomes tense.
m. Either The Times or The Tribune is a reliable source of news.
n. The first thing that catches your eye is the headlines.
o. She is one of the women who have made this country what it is.

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