句子成分和句子结构省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。一、相关概念一、相关概念词类又叫又叫词性，英性，英语单词依据其在句子中功用，能依据其在句子中功用，能够分成十个大分成十个大类。1 名名词 noun n.student 学生学生 2 代代词 pronoun pron.you 你你3 形容形容词 adjective adj.happy 高高兴4 副副词 adverb adv.quickly 快速地快速地5 动词 verb v.cut 砍、割砍、割6 数数词 numeral num.three 三三7 冠冠词 article art.a/an/the8 介介词 preposition prep.at 在在.9 连词 conjunction conj.and 和和10 感感叹词 interjection interj.oh 哦哦前六前六类叫叫实词，后四，后四类叫叫虚虚词。第1页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。尤其注意动词分分为及物及物动词(vt)和不及物和不及物动词(vi)Vt:后面能后面能够跟跟宾语Vi:后面不能跟后面不能跟宾语有些有些词既能既能够作及物作及物动词也能也能够做不及物做不及物动词，词意一意一致。致。有些有些词既能既能够作及物作及物动词也能也能够做不及物做不及物动词，词意不意不一致。一致。The meeting began(vi).（开始）（开始）We began(vt)the meeting at 6.（开始）（开始）The man walked(vi)away.（走）（走）He walked(vt)the dog every day.（遛）（遛）第2页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。二、句子成份英语句子组成部分包含主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、表语、和同位语八种。注意：表语和系动词一起作谓语。第3页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。1.主语1.普通是普通是动作作发出者，位于句首。主出者，位于句首。主语经常由名常由名词 代代词 数次数次 动名名词 动词不定式等充当。不定式等充当。The boy is twelve.Those apples are delicious.She looks attractive.2.形容形容词,副副词或介或介词短短语不能做主不能做主语，若在句首，可能，若在句首，可能是倒装。是倒装。倒装倒装语序：序：On the desk are some books.正常正常语序：序：some books are on the desk.第4页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。练习划出下面句子主语，并说出由什么充当。During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.We often speak English in class.One-third of the students in this class are girls.Smoking does harm to the healthThe rich should help the poor.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.It is necessary to master a foreign language.That he isnt at home is not true._ _名词做主语名词做主语_动名词做主语动名词做主语_人称代词做主语人称代词做主语_名词做主语名词做主语_名词做主语名词做主语_不定式做主语不定式做主语_ _不定时做主语不定时做主语_ _从句做主语从句做主语第5页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。2.谓语说明主语所做动作或者含有特征和状态。简单谓语：He reads newspapers every day.They made a cake for me.复合复合谓语：He has caught a bad cold.You may keep the book for two weeks.I have been reading the book all the time.My sister is crying over there.系系动词+表表语作作谓语：His father is a musician.The man is handsome.My grandpa is seventy.第6页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。练习划出下面句子谓语，并说出是什么谓语。Miss Mary teaches us English.Many a person has read the novel.Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.Her favorite sport is playing football._ _ _ _简单谓语简单谓语复合谓语复合谓语复合谓语复合谓语复合谓语复合谓语第7页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。3.宾语1.普通由名词，代词，不定式，动名词，或名词性词充当，表示动作对象或者承受者。普通位于及物动词和介词之后。2.宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。We have breakfast at seven.He bought a new car last week.第8页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。练习划出下面句子宾语，并说出由什么充当。They planted many trees yesterday.-How many dictionaries do you have?-I have five.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.I wanted to buy a car.I enjoy watching tv.I think(that)he is fit for his office._ _ _ _名词作宾语名词作宾语名词作宾语名词作宾语动名词作宾语动名词作宾语从句作宾语从句作宾语数词作宾语数词作宾语不定式作宾语不定式作宾语第9页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。4.补语有些有些动词即使是及物即使是及物动词，不，不过只能跟一个只能跟一个宾语还不能表示完整句子不能表示完整句子意思，意思，宾语后必后必须加上一个加上一个补语成份才能使句意完整，所加上部分成份才能使句意完整，所加上部分就是就是宾语补足足语。宾语补语：宾语和和宾语补足足语组成成逻辑上上主主谓关系关系，它，它们一一起起组成复合成复合宾语。He asked me to lend him some money.I heard someone calling for help.主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语宾补宾补主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语宾补宾补第10页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。主主语补语：对主主语补充。（含有充。（含有宾语补足足语句子在句子在编程程被被动语态宾语作主作主语时，原来，原来宾语就成了主就成了主语补足足语。）。）She was found singing in the next room.主语主语谓语谓语主补主补第11页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。练习划出下面句子补语，并说出由什么充当。His father named him Dongming.They pained their boat white.Let the fresh air in.I asked him to come on time.We saw her entering the room.He kept his hand behind his back.I want your homework done on time._不定式短语不定式短语_ _名词名词_形容词形容词_副词副词_现在分词现在分词_ _介词短语介词短语_过去分词短语过去分词短语第12页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。5.定语n 定定语是是对名名词或者代或者代词起修起修饰限定作用限定作用词，短，短语，或，或句子，句子，汉语中用（中用（）表示）表示.形容形容词作定作定语普通放在所修普通放在所修饰词之前。之前。The next man is a scientist.It is an interesting story.第13页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。n在英在英语中，也有雨多情况是定中，也有雨多情况是定语放在所修放在所修饰词之后，之后，这点与点与汉语表示表示习惯不一不一样。1.副副词作定作定语，普通要后置。，普通要后置。People there are very friendly.（那儿人（那儿人们）He didnt like the man downstairs.（楼下那个人）（楼下那个人）2.形容形容词短短语作定作定语普通放在所修普通放在所修饰词之后。之后。The man next to me is a scientist.第14页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。3.介介词短短语作定作定语要后置。要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom.4.现在分在分词短短语，过去分去分词短短语，动词不定式作定不定式作定语常后置。常后置。I have something to say.我有我有要要说话。The boy crying over there is my brother.在那在那边哭哭那个男孩是我弟弟。那个男孩是我弟弟。第15页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。练习划出下面句子定语，并说出由什么充当。The letter on the desk is for Mr.Wu.The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.We need a place twice larger than this one.She carried a basket full of eggs.Its a book worth no more than one dollar.Its a city far away from the coast._ _ 介词短语做后置定语介词短语做后置定语_形容词短语作后置定语形容词短语作后置定语_ _形容词短语作后置定语形容词短语作后置定语_ _形容词短语作后置定语形容词短语作后置定语_ _with复合结构作后置定语复合结构作后置定语_形容词短语作后置定语形容词短语作后置定语第16页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。6.状语状状语修修饰动词，形容，形容词，副，副词或者是整个句子，或者是整个句子，说明明动作作或者状或者状态特征句子成份，叫做状特征句子成份，叫做状语。He writes carefully.（认真地写）真地写）He walks slowly.（慢慢地走）（慢慢地走）This material is environmentally friendly.（修（修饰形容形容词用副用副词，作状，作状语。）。）The trees grew extremely slowly.（slowly修修饰动词grew,是副是副词，而，而extremely是副是副词，修，修饰slowly。）。）第17页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。1.几个并列状几个并列状语先后次序：方式先后次序：方式-地点地点-时间He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment.2.英英语中，中，时间状状语、地点状、地点状语排列普通都是按从小到大得排列普通都是按从小到大得次序。次序。I invited him to watch a movie at 5 p.m.on Thursday,August 28th,.第18页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。3.频度副度副词often,always,usually,sometimes,never等在句子中位置是：等在句子中位置是：动前助后（前助后（动：谓语动词，助：，助：Be动词、情、情态动词、助、助动词（do/does）。）。You can never tell what he will do.He is often late.He is always helping others.4.状状语 假如按照句意分假如按照句意分类，有，有时间状状语，地点状，地点状语，目，目标状状语，结果状果状语，程度状，程度状语，条件状，条件状语，方式状，方式状语和和让步步状状语等。等。第19页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。练习划出下面句子主语，并说出由什么充当。1.Mr.Smith lives on the third floor.2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.She put the eggs into the basket with a great care.4.She came in with a dictionary in her hand.5.To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business.6.The boy needs a pen very much._ _目状语_ _伴随状语伴随状语_ _方式状语方式状语_ _原因状语原因状语_ _地点状语地点状语_程度状语程度状语第20页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。7.同位同位语同位同位语是在名是在名词或者代或者代词之后并列名之后并列名词或代或代词，对前前者加以者加以说明。明。We students should study hard.It is good for us students.第21页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。8.表表语表表语普通位于系普通位于系动词之后。之后。My father is a musician.第22页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。简单句句5种基本句子种基本句子结构和构和there be 句句型型主主 谓 宾主主 谓主主 谓 间接接宾语 直接直接宾语主主 谓 宾 宾补主主 系系 表表There be 句型句型 第23页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。1.主主 谓 宾结构：主构：主语+及物及物动词/及物及物动词词组+宾语宾语能能够是名是名词、代、代词、数、数词、to do 不定式、不定式、动名名词或者或者宾语从句。从句。She likes English.They play football.We like swimming.We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday.第24页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。2.主主 谓结构：主构：主语+不及物不及物动词（不能（不能带宾语，但能，但能够带状状语。）。）The bus stopped.Tom left yesterday.It is raining.We have worked for five hours.The meeting lasted half an hour.第25页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。3.主主语 谓语 间接接宾语 直接直接宾语 主主语+动词+间接接宾语+直接直接宾语He passed me a cup of tea.He bought me some books.He sent her some flowers.主主语+直接直接宾语+介介词（to/for）+间接接宾语He passed a cup of tea to me.She bought some books for me.Show this house to Mr.Smith.第26页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。4.主主 谓 宾 宾补宾语补足足语和和宾语组成成逻辑上主上主谓关系。（关系。（宾语相当于相当于宾补主主语）结构：主构：主语+及物及物动词+宾语+宾补My sister helped me do my homework.Our teacher doesnt allow us to speak in class.第27页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。5.主主 系系 表表含有含有be（am is are/was were）动词句子是句子是“主系表主系表”结构。构。不不过除了除了Be 动词之外，之外，还有一些有一些词也是系也是系动词。系系动词分分类1.状状态系系动词：表示主表示主语状状态。状。状态系系动词只有只有be动词。2.连续系系动词：表示主表示主语继续或保持一个状或保持一个状态或或态度，度，主要有主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand.如：如：He kept silent at the meeting.This matter remains a mystery.The food stays fresh in the fridge.第28页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。3.表表“像像”系动词系动词：表示表示“看起来像看起来像”这一概念，主要有这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look.如：如：Something seems wrong.He appears young.4.感官系动词感官系动词：主要有主要有look“看起来看起来”feel“摸起来摸起来”smell“闻起来闻起来”sound“听起来听起来”taste“尝起来尝起来”如：如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布摸起来很软。这种布摸起来很软。This flower smells very sweet.第29页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。5.改改变系系动词：表示主表示主语变成什么成什么样。主要有：。主要有：become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.如：如：She grew rich within a short time.She fell ill yesterday.His face went red.What he had dreamt of came true.第30页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。6.终止系止系动词：表示主表示主语已已经终止止动作，主要有作，主要有prove(证实)turn out(变成成)。如：如：The rumor proved false.这谣言言证实有假。有假。His plan turned out a success.What he predicted turned out(to be)wrong.第31页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。6.There be 句型结构：构：there+be+主主语+状状语表示表示（某地（某地/某某时）存在有存在有There be 后名后名词或代或代词是句子是句子实际主主语，there 是引是引导词，也叫作形式主，也叫作形式主语。第32页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。注意：注意：1.be 动词要和其后要和其后实际主主语在人称和数形式上保持一在人称和数形式上保持一致。假如致。假如 there be后后实际主主语是多个并列是多个并列项时，要遵，要遵照照就近就近标准准。如：如：There is a bird in the tree.There are many apples on the tree.There is a pencil and two rulers on the desk.There are two rulers and a pencil on the desk.第33页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。2.能能够用用Live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive等等词代替代替be动词。There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.(不但不但“有有”而且而且“住住”在那里在那里)There exists no air on the moon.(存在存在)There lies a book on the desk.第34页文档仅供参考，如有不当之处，请联系改正。3.there be 和和 have 区分。区分。“there be”表示：某地有某物，某表示：某地有某物，某时有某物。有某物。“have”表示：某人有某物。表示：某人有某物。There is a ball under the bed.He has a lovely dog.第35页