句子成分种类结构课件省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

中考复习专题句子成份、种类和结构句子成份、种类和结构第1页一、句子含义句子是一个语言单位，由词按照一定语法规则组成，表示一个完整独立意思。从形式上看：一个点就是一个句子。第2页二、句子成份二、句子成份定义定义：组成句子各个部分叫做句子成份。：组成句子各个部分叫做句子成份。句子成份有句子成份有主要成份主要成份和和次要成份次要成份；主要成份主要成份：主语和谓语：主语和谓语次要成份次要成份：表语、宾语、定语、状语、：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语补足语、同位语第3页1.ImetmybestfriendTomatthestationyesterday.主主语语谓谓语语定定语语宾宾语语同同位位语语状状语语第4页主语（主语（subject）句子说明句子说明人或事物人或事物 Janeisgoodatplayingthepiano.Shewentoutinahurry.Fourplusfouriseight.To seeistobelieve.Smokingisbadforhealth.The youngshouldrespecttheold.What he has saidistrue.（名词）（名词）（代词）（代词）（数词）（数词）（不定式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（名词化形容词）（名词化形容词）（句子）（句子）第5页找出句中主语找出句中主语Thesunrisesintheeast.Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.Thepoorarenowlivingintheshelter.Seeingisbelieving.Toseeistobelieve.Helikesdancing.Whatheneedsisabook.Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.（名（名词词）（代（代词词）（数（数词词）（动动名名词词）（不定式）（不定式）（句子）（句子）(名名词词化形容化形容词词）（It形式主形式主语语，主，主语语从句是真正主从句是真正主语语）第6页谓语谓语说明主语说明主语动作、状态和特征动作、状态和特征简单谓语简单谓语:由由动词动词或或动词词组动词词组组组成成Isawtheflagonthetopofthehill?Helooked aftertwoorphans.复合复合谓语谓语:由由情情态动词态动词或助或助动词动词+动词动词;Hecan speakEnglishwell.Shedoesnt seemtolikedancing第7页Showyourpassport,please.Shedidntsayanything.Howmanydoyouwant?-Iwanttwo.Theysenttheinjuredtohospital.Theyaskedtoseemypassport.Ienjoyworkingwithyou.Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?（名（名词词）(代代词词）(数数词词)(名名词词化形容化形容词词)(三三)宾语宾语动作动作对象或承受者对象或承受者及物动词或介词宾语及物动词或介词宾语（不定式）（不定式）（动名词）（动名词）（句子）（句子）第8页宾语分为宾语分为直接宾语直接宾语和和间接宾语间接宾语.直接宾语指直接宾语指物或事物或事,间接宾语指人或动物间接宾语指人或动物.Hegavemesome books.间接间接宾语宾语直接直接宾语宾语pleasepassmethe book.Heboughthis girlfriendsome flowers.第9页（四）表语（四）表语在在系动词系动词后部分就是后部分就是表语表语1.Thewarwasover.2.Theyseemto know the truth.3.Timeis precious.4.Imnotquite myselftoday.Thatremainsa puzzle.Idontfeelat ease.宝贵宝贵悠闲，舒适悠闲，舒适第10页（五）定语（五）定语修饰或限制修饰或限制名词或代词名词或代词词、词组或从句词、词组或从句Heisacleverboy.Hisfatherworksinasteelwork.Thereare54studentsinourclass.Doyouknownbettyssister?Heboughtsomesleeping pills.Thereisasleepingbabyinbed.Hisspokenlanguageisgood.(形容词形容词)(名词名词)(数词数词)(名词全部格名词全部格)(动名词动名词)(现在分词现在分词)(过去分词过去分词)钢铁钢铁药丸药丸第11页定语后置：定语后置：假如定语是由假如定语是由一个单词一个单词表示时，通常要表示时，通常要前置前置。而由而由一个词组或一个句子一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常则表示时，通常则后置后置Thegirlin red ishissister.Wehavealotofworkto do.Thegirlstanding under the treeishisdaughter.Doyouknowthemanwho spoke just now?第12页（六）状语（六）状语状语功用：状语说明状语功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目标、结地点、时间、原因、目标、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随情况果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随情况等。等。Iwillbebackin a while.Theyareplayingon the playground.Hewaslatebecause he got up late.Hegotupsolatethat I missed the train.Iwaitedto see you.Heoftenwenttoschoolby bus.Hisparentsdied,leaving him an orphan孤儿孤儿.Pleasecallmeif it is necessary.Thisbookisveryinteresting.Hewenttoschoolin spite怨恨怨恨 of his illness.时间状语时间状语地点状语地点状语原因状语原因状语结果状语结果状语目状语方式状语方式状语条件状语条件状语程度状语程度状语伴随状语伴随状语伴随状语伴随状语第13页Ifoundthebookinteresting.Doyousmellsomethingburning?Hemadehimselfknown to them.（六）（六）宾语补宾语补足足语语有些有些及物及物动词动词除了有一个直接除了有一个直接宾语宾语以外，以外，还还要有一个要有一个宾宾语补语补足足语语，说说明明宾语宾语身份和状身份和状态态，以以补补充充宾语宾语意意义义不足不足，使句子意使句子意义义完整。完整。这类惯这类惯用及物用及物动词动词有有：make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let.Sheaskedmeto lend her a hand.第14页同位语同位语位于位于名词或代词后面名词或代词后面，说明它们性质和情况，说明它们性质和情况 Weyoungpeopleshouldrespecttheold.Hehimselfwilldotheexperiment.Heistheoldestamongthemfour.Hetoldmethenewsthatourteamwonthegame.名词名词代词代词数词数词从句从句第15页句子类型句子类型陈说句疑问句普通疑问句三、句子分类和结构三、句子分类和结构按按功效功效分分：祈使句感叹句特殊疑问句选择疑问句反意疑问句第16页句子类型句子类型简单句并列句复合句三、句子分类和结构三、句子分类和结构按结构分：第17页（一）（一）简单句简单句 1.Things changed.2.Trees are green.3.We dont beat children.4.He gave his sister the piano.5.I found the book easy.主 +谓主 +谓 +表主 +谓 +宾主+谓 +间接宾语 +直接宾语 主 +谓 +宾 +宾补(S+V)(S+V系+P)(S+V+O)(S+V+O1+O2)(S+V+O+C补)结论:简单句最大特点是只有一个S+V.第18页Nobody went.She became a doctor.The car caught fire.I will write you a long letter.I will let him go.PracticePractice 主 +谓主 +谓 +表主 +谓 +宾主+谓 +间接宾语 +直接宾语主 +谓 +宾 +宾补(S+V)(S+V系+P)(S+V+O)(S+V+O1+O2)(S+V+O+C补)第19页.并列句并列句This is me and these are my friends.They must stay in water,or they will die.Its not cheap,but it is very good.It was late,so I went to bed.andorbut soHe knocked at the door;there was no answer.Youre alive!And shes dead.观察句子，做总结第20页1.并列句特点是什么并列句特点是什么？把把两个或几个两个或几个简单句简单句用用并列连词或分号并列连词或分号连连接起来，则成为一个并列句。接起来，则成为一个并列句。2.惯用并列连词惯用并列连词平行平行:转折：转折：因果因果:选择选择:and,both.and.,notonly.butalso.,neither.nor.but,while,yetfor,soor第21页请请用适当用适当并列并列连词连词把每把每组组句子合并句子合并为为一个并列句。一个并列句。1.Hewastired.Hewenttobed.2.Thedressisreallybeautiful.Icantaffordit.Hewastired,sohewenttobed.Thedressisreallybeautiful,butIcantaffordit.第22页3.Maryiscooking.Johnisgreetingguests.Maryiscooking,andJohnisgreetingguests.4.Heworkshard.Healsolikeshelpingothers.1.He notonlyworkshardbuthealsolikeshelpingothers.2.Notonlydoesheworkhardbuthealsolikeshelpingothers.第23页名词性从句名词性从句状语从句状语从句定语从句定语从句主语从句主语从句表语从句表语从句宾语从句宾语从句同位语从句同位语从句.复合句复合句分类【记】【记】复合句复合句:主句主句+从句从句主句主句是一个是一个完整句子完整句子,它能够独立它能够独立存在。存在。从句从句是一个是一个不完整句子不完整句子,它必须和它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在一个主句连用，不能独立存在.第24页Bythetimehearrived,1wehadalreadyleft.2请指出该复合句主句和从句请指出该复合句主句和从句:从句从句主句主句第25页名词性从句名词性从句1)主语从句（提醒：主语从句（提醒：认识认识+了解了解）*What he said is not known.*That we shall be late is certain确实确实.*It is certain that we shall be late.*How strange it is that the children are so quiet!第26页2）表语从句（提醒：）表语从句（提醒：认识认识+了解了解）*That is what he wants to buy.*The problem is that who we can get to replace取代取代 her?*The reason is that he has lied to me several times.第27页3)同位语从句同位语从句*Where did you get the idea that I couldnt come?*The question who should do the work requires consideration.*Mother made a promise that she would buy me a new coat.the ideaThe questiona promise（提醒：（提醒：认识认识+了解）了解）第28页4)宾语从句（要求：宾语从句（要求：重点复习重点复习）*I understand that he is well qualified.*He said that he didnt like her.*I dont know if you can help me.第29页结论全部名词性从句，都必须有一个引导词引导词常见：that 和 疑问词注意！注意！引导词引导词that&what*that与与what都能够引导名词性从句。都能够引导名词性从句。*what在从句中充当句子成份（主在从句中充当句子成份（主,宾宾,表）。表）。*That在句中只起连接作用，不充当成份。在句中只起连接作用，不充当成份。*that在引导名词性从句时不可省略（宾语从句在引导名词性从句时不可省略（宾语从句除外）除外）.That is what he wants to buy.That we shall be late is certain.He said(that)he didnt like her.第30页重点复习之一：宾语从句第31页一、宾语从句概念一、宾语从句概念宾语从句即句子作宾语，而不再是一个词或短宾语从句即句子作宾语，而不再是一个词或短语作宾语。语作宾语。Ilikemyteacher.（名词作宾语（名词作宾语)Ienjoyplayingbasketball.(动名词作宾语）动名词作宾语）Idecidetostudyhard.（不定式作宾语）（不定式作宾语）Iknowhim.（代词作宾语）（代词作宾语）IknowMrLiteachesEnglish.(句子作宾语）句子作宾语）Sheaskediftheanswerwasright.(句子作宾语）句子作宾语）第32页二、宾语从句三要素二、宾语从句三要素连连接接词词时时态态语语序序第33页（一）连接词1.that引导引导2.whether/if引导引导3.连接代词连接代词whowhomwhosewhatwhich4.连接副词连接副词whenwhywherehow。第34页（二）语序：陈说句语序（二）语序：陈说句语序即：陈说句结构（主即：陈说句结构（主+谓谓+其它成份）其它成份）将以下句子换成陈说句语序将以下句子换成陈说句语序1.Isthereabanknearhere?2.IsitonFifthAvenue?3.Aretheydoinghomework?第35页（三）时态（三）时态(时态一致性）时态一致性）主句用现在时态，从句可用任何时态。主句用现在时态，从句可用任何时态。主句用过去时态，从句可用对应过去时态主句用过去时态，从句可用对应过去时态。nI know he is a teacher.nI know he was a teacher three years ago.nI know he has been a teacher for 3 yearsnI know he will be a teacher after graduation.nI knew he was a teachernI knew he had been a teacher for 3 years.nI knew he would be a teacher after graduation.第36页宾语从句专题练习n1时态一致性时态一致性n()1 The girls asked if they _ some food and drink with them.A.took B.take C.takes D.will take()2 Catherine said that she _ to Guangzhou.A.has never gone B.had never gone C.has never been D.had never been()3 The students want to know whether they_ dictation today.A.had B.has.C.will have D.are()4 She asked Linda if_ go and get some.A.could she B.she could C.she can D.she may()5 Linda said the moon_ round the earth.A.travelled B.has travelled C.travells D.had travelled第37页宾语从句专题练习n2连接词角度n()1 Can you tell me_ you were born,Betty?A.who B.what C.when D.that()2 I dont know _ they have passed the exam.A.what B.if C.when D.where()3 I hardly understand._ he has told me.A.that B.what C.which D.who()4 She didnt know_ back soon.A.whether he would be B.if would he be C.he will be()5 I dont know _ he still lives here after so many years.A.whether B where C.what D.when()6 Do you know _ they listened to yesterday evening?A.what B when C why D how()7 He asked me _told me the accident.A whom B which C who D whose第38页宾语从句专题练习n3陈说句语序角度陈说句语序角度n()1.They dont know _their parents are.A that B what C why D which()2.Please tell me _ last year.A.where does your sister work B where did your sister work C where your sister works D where your sister worked()3.She asked me if I knew _.A.whose pen is it B.whose pen it was C.whose pen it is D.whose pen was it第39页宾语从句专题练习n3.陈说句语序角度陈说句语序角度n()4.You must remember _.A.what your mother said B.what did your mother say C.your mother said what D.what has your mother said()5 Did you know _?A.who he was looking after B.who was he looking for C.who he is looking for D.who he is looking after()6 Could you tell me _?A.when will they leave Beijing B.when would they leave Beijing C.when they will leave Beijing D.when did they leave Beijing第40页复习重点之二：定语从句第41页什么是定语从句呢？什么是定语从句呢？结构：结构：先行词先行词+关系词关系词+句子句子用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用句子叫作定语从句。起定语作用句子叫作定语从句。第42页先行词先行词关系词关系词定语从句定语从句Maryisagirlwhohaslonghair.关系代词关系代词关系副词关系副词which,who,whom,whose,thatWhere,when第43页关系词关系词关系代词关系代词：that,which,who,whom,whose关系副词关系副词:when,where,why关系代词：关系代词：指物：指物：thatwhich指人：指人：who(主主/宾格宾格)thatwhom（宾格）（宾格）第44页 定语从句使用方法定语从句使用方法:当先行词是物时当先行词是物时,用用which或或that引导引导.Thesearethetreeswhichwereplantedlastyear.当先行词是人时当先行词是人时,用用who,whom,whose,that引导引导.第45页who,whom,whose,that使用方法使用方法区分区分.who作定语从句作定语从句主语或宾语主语或宾语.Themanwhoisspeakingatthemeetingisaworker.Themanisaworker.Themanisspeakingatthemeeting.分解分解作主语作主语第46页Whom作定语从句作定语从句宾语宾语Thewomanwhomtheywantedtovisitisateacher.Thewomanisateacher.Theywantedtovisitthewoman.分解分解作宾语作宾语第47页whose作定语从句作定语从句定语定语.Iknowthegirlwhosemotherisateacher.分解分解Iknowthegirl.Thegirlsmotherisateacher.作定语作定语第48页Thisisadream.Thedreamwillnevercometrue.Thisisadreamwhich/thatwillnevercometrue.Thedoghasbeenfound.Thedogwaslost.Thedogwhichwaslosthasbeenfound.Practise:1.Thisisthehousewhichisforsale.2.Thebookwhichislyingonthefloorismine.which/that作主语作主语.(不能省不能省)（作主语）（作主语）第49页which/that作宾语作宾语：（可省略）可省略）Thisisthecard.Ivejustreceivedthecard.Thisisthecardwhich/thatIvejustreceived.Practise:1.Thisisthemistakewhich/thatIalwaysmake.2.Istillkeeptheletterswhichshewrotetome.3.Ilostthepenwhichmyfatherboughtme.()（作宾语）（作宾语）第50页who/that作主语作主语.(不能省不能省)Thisisthefilmstar.ThefilmstarisverypopularinChina.ThisisthefilmstarwhoisverypopularinChina.(作主语作主语)1.TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledRoy.2.Doyouknowthemanwhospokeatthemeetingyesterday?3.Thegirlwhoiswateringtheflowersismycousin./that第51页who/whom/that作宾语：作宾语：(可省略可省略)Themanisafamouswriter.Hedescribedthemanjustnow.Theman(who/whom/that)hedescribedjustnowisafamouswriter.(作宾语）作宾语）1.Theboywho(m)Imlookingforismyfriend.2.Thethiefhasbeensenttoprison.Thepolicecaughtthethieflastnight.Thethiefwhomthepolicecaughtlastnighthasbeensenttoprison.第52页小结：小结：that既可指人，也可指物，作主语，既可指人，也可指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，能够省略。不能省略；作宾语，能够省略。which指物，作主语，不能省略；作指物，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，能够省略宾语，能够省略.who指人，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，指人，作主语，不能省略；作宾语，能够省略能够省略,（惯用（惯用whom）注注:当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定定语从句谓语动词形式由先行词定。语从句谓语动词形式由先行词定。第53页只能用只能用that,不用不用which,常见情况有六种：常见情况有六种：1.当先行当先行词词是是all,any,few,little,none,anything,everything,nothing,everybody,nobody,everyone,noone或被它或被它们们修修饰时饰时。Eg:ThatsallthatIknow.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?Heansweredfewquestionsthattheteacherasked.2.当先行当先行词词被被形容形容词词最高最高级级或序数或序数词词修修饰时饰时Eg:Thatisthemostinterestingbookthat1.Ihaveeverread.2.ThefirstthingthatIshoulddoistoreviewmylessons.第54页3.当先行当先行词词有有thevery,theonly,thesame等修等修饰时饰时。Eg:ThatstheonlythingthatIcandonow.Thesearetheverywordsthatheused.4.当主句以当主句以who或或which开开头时头时，定，定语语从句关系从句关系词词用用that,而不用而不用which或或who.Eg:Whoisthegirlthatspoketoyoujustnow?Whichisthepenthatyoulost?5.先行先行词词同同时时包含人或物包含人或物时时，关系，关系词词用用that.Eg:ThemanandhisdogthatIalwaysmeetarestandingbythegate.第55页 只能用只能用which,不用不用that情况情况(1)“介词关系代词介词关系代词”能够引导限制性定语从句，能够引导限制性定语从句，也能够引导非限制性定语从句。也能够引导非限制性定语从句。介词关系代词介词关系代词结构中介词是结构中介词是in,on,about,from,for,with,toat,of,without等等,关关系代词只可用系代词只可用whom或或which,不可用不可用that。Eg:Isthatthehouseinwhichyoulive?(2)像像listento,lookat,takecareof等固定短语动词，等固定短语动词，在定语从句中普通不宜将介词与动词分开。在定语从句中普通不宜将介词与动词分开。Eg:Thisistheboywhomshehastakencareof.第56页状语从句（提醒：了解）状语从句（提醒：了解）分为九类：时间、地点、原因、结果、目、条件、让步、方式、程度1)时间状语从句时间状语从句Wait until you are called.When spring came,leaves turn green.第57页2)地点状语从句地点状语从句Put it where you found it.Sit down wherever you like.3)原因状语从句原因状语从句As I didnt know the way,I asked a policeman第58页4)结果状语从句结果状语从句I was in the bath so that I didnt hear the telephone.5)目状语从句Ill show you so you will see how its done.第59页6)条件状语从句条件状语从句If it snows tomorrow,we will build a snowman.7)让步状语从句让步状语从句Though Im fond of music,I cant play any instrument.第60页8)方式状语从句方式状语从句He did just as you told him.9)程度状语从句程度状语从句So long as you need me,Ill stay.第61页指出以下各从句类型：指出以下各从句类型：Ihopethat everything is all right.Shewasreadingthenewspaperwhen I came in.Sheisthegirlwho sings best of all.宾语从句宾语从句状语从句状语从句定语从定语从句句Practice:第62页Itiswell-knownthattheOlympicGameswillbeheldonAugust8th.Asisknowntoall,theOlympicGameswillbeheldinaboutfourmonths.主语从句主语从句定语从定语从句句第63页Iwanttoliveina placewheretheairisfresh.Iwanttolivewheretheairisfresh.定语从句定语从句状语从句状语从句第64页Exercises:分析句子分析句子结结构构1）Youareastudent.2）Hefelthappytoday.3）Whatyousaidmademehappy.4）CouldyougivemesomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglishwell?5）Afterhefinishedhishomework,hewentaway.第65页6）Helikespopmusic.7）Thesoundsoundsstrange.8）Thefoodtastesgood.9）Hegavemeabookyesterday.10）Weallthinkitapitythatshedidntcomehere.第66页Seeyounexttime第67页