英语语言学大全市公开课一等奖百校联赛获奖课件.pptx

语言学知识点语言学知识点Mr.Potato第1页I语言学导论II语言学主要分支学科III语言学流派和理论第2页I 语语言言学学导导论论 1.designfeatureoflanguage（语言定义特征）2.LanguageFamilies(世界语言分类)3.importantdistinctionsinlinguistics(语言学研究中几对主要概念)4.scopeoflinguistics(语言学研究范围)第3页LOREM IPSUM DOLOR1.designfeatureoflanguage（语言定义特征)definingpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication第4页1.design feature of language 语语言言定定义义特特征征 1)Arbitrariness（任意性）2)Duality(二层性)3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)4)Displacement（移位性）5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性)第5页n1）Arbitrariness(任意性):n定义：theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.n举例：n书,book,livren喜欢，like，aimerLOREM IPSUM DOLOR第6页LOREM IPSUM DOLOR2）Duality（二层性）:定义：thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel.举例：Soundssyllableswordsphrasesclausessentencestexts/discourses第7页LOREM IPSUM DOLOR3）Creativity/Productivity（创造性）:定义：Languagecanbeusedtocreatenewmeaningsbecauseofitsduality举例1：/k/,/a:/,/p/-carporpark举例2：England,defeated,FranceEnglanddefeatedFrance.FrancedefeatedEngland.第8页4）Displacement（替换性）:定义：Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizesomethingwhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.第9页n5）CulturalTransmission（文化传递性）:n定义：languageispassedonfromgenerationtogenerationthroughteachingandlearningratherthaninstinct.n反例：印度狼孩LOREM IPSUM DOLOR第10页3.Design feature 定定义义特特征征1)Arbitrariness（任意性）2)Duality(二层性)3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)4)Displacement（移位性）5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性)怎样记忆:五性，创意遗传第11页LOREM IPSUM DOLOR4.ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics(语言学研究中几对主要概念)1)descriptive&prescriptive2)synchronic&diachronic3)langue&parole4)competence&performance第12页LOREM IPSUM DOLOR1)Descriptive（描述性）vs.Prescriptive（要求性）Descriptive:describinghowthingsare.prescriptive:prescribinghowthingsoughttobe第13页Important Distinctions in Linguistics举例：DontsayX.PeopledontsayX.Thefirstisaprescriptivecommand,whilethesecondisadescriptivestatement.第14页LOREM IPSUM DOLOR2).Synchronic（共时性）vs.Diachronic（历时性）synchronic:takesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.diachronic:thestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.第15页LOREM IPSUM DOLOR举例：研究18英语发音 Synchronic studies(共时性研究)研究1800-1900法语语法改变Diachronic studies(历时研究)第16页2.世世界界语语言言分分类类Language family 语系language group 语族Language branch 语支印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语族，凯尔特语族,斯拉夫语族，伊朗印度语族日耳曼语族下分东日耳曼语支，西日耳曼支，北日耳曼语支第17页2.世世界界语语言言分分类类Language family 语系language group 语族Language branch 语支印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语族，凯尔特语族,斯拉夫语族，伊朗印度语族日耳曼语族下分西日耳曼支，东日耳曼语支，北日耳曼语支第18页Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily印欧语系Germanicgroup日耳曼语族WestBranch西日耳曼语支英语，德语NorthBranch瑞典语，丹麦语-Celticgroup凯尔特语族NorthCelticgroup北凯尔特语支爱尔兰语，盖尔语SouthCelticgroup南凯尔特语支威尔士语Romangroup罗曼语族WestRomanGroup西罗曼语支法语，西班牙语等东支罗马尼亚语Slavicgroup斯拉夫语族WestSlavicgroup斯拉夫语西支波兰语，捷克语东支俄语第19页n3).langue（语言）&parole（言语）nTheorist：Saussure（索绪尔）,fatherofmodernlinguisticsnlangue:abstractlinguisticsystemnparole:actualrealizationoflangue Important Distinctions in Linguistics 第20页Important Distinctions in Linguistics举例：汉语系统langue每个中国人在不一样详细场景中说出详细话语parole第21页ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics4)Competence（语言能力）andperformance（语言利用）theorist:Chomsky(乔姆斯基)competence:usersknowledgeofrulesaboutthelinguisticsystem.performance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinconcretesituations.第22页LOREM IPSUM DOLOR5.ScopeofLinguistics(语言学研究范围)1）按研究内容来分2）按研究导向来分第23页语语言言学学分分类类-按按研研究究内内容容分分LinguisticsMicro-linguistics语言内部问题Macro-linguistics语言与外部世界关系问题第24页语语言言学学分分类类-按按研研究究内内容容分分Micro-LinguisticssoundPhonetics(语音学)Phonology（音系学）wordMorphology（形态学）sentenceSyntax（句法学）meaningSemantics（语义学）Pragmatics(语用学)第25页Macro-linguisticsLanguage&SocietySociolinguistics社会语言学Language&MindPsycholinguistics心理语言学Language&Cultureanthropologicallinguistics人类语言学Language&ComputerComputationalLinguistics计算机语言学第26页语语言言学学分分类类-按按研研究究导导向向分分LinguisticsTheoreticalLinguisticsLinguisticnature,universalrulesAppliedLinguisticslanguageacquisition,teaching,assessment第27页语语言言学学分分类类-按按研研究究内内容容分分Micro-LinguisticssoundPhonetics(语音学)Phonology（音系学）wordMorphology（形态学）sentenceSyntax（句法学）meaningSemantics（语义学）Pragmatics(语用学)第28页语语言言学学分分类类-按按研研究究内内容容分分Micro-LinguisticssoundPhonetics(语音学)Phonology（音系学）wordMorphology（形态学）sentenceSyntax（句法学）meaningSemantics（语义学）Pragmatics(语用学)第29页LOREM IPSUM DOLOR考点:1.语音学(phonetics)和音系学(phonology)定义和区分2.语音学主要概念:清音和浊音3.音系学主要概念:音子，音位,超音段特征第30页LOREM IPSUM DOLORPhoneticsstudiesallspeechsoundsinhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,transmittedandhowtheyarereceived.Phonology:aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.区分:meaning(是否研究和表示意义相关语音）第31页LOREM IPSUM DOLOR举例:too和tea中/t/发too中/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔前部发tea中/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部语音学要研究这种/t/发音不一样之处,音系学不研究第32页Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced,transmitted,and perceived.第33页语语音音学学分分类类articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学):speakersproductionacousticphonetics（声学语音学）:transmissionsmediumauditoryphonetics(听觉语音学):receiversreception第34页怎样记忆phonetics和phonolgy区分:联想:mathematics,physics,mechanicsphonetics语言学，-ics科学性更强geology,sociology,astrologyphonology音系学，-ology人文性更强第35页Speechorgans How speech sounds are made第36页第37页Position of the vocal folds(声带声带):voicing(浊音浊音)and voiceless(清音清音)第38页LOREM IPSUM DOLORVoiceless(清音)：vocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingtheairstreamgothroughwithoutcausingobstruction清音举例：p,s,tVoicing/Voiced（浊音）：vocalcordsheldtogether,lettingtheairstreamvibrates浊音:b,z,d第39页LOREMIPSUMDOLORThedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.Asthereisnoobstructionofairintheproductionofvowels,thedescriptionoftheconsonantsandvowelscannotbedonealongthesamelines.第40页LOREM IPSUM DOLOR音系学定义：studyofhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.音系学主要概念:phone音子，phoneme音位(音系研究基本单位)supra-segmentalfeatures超音段特征第41页LOREM IPSUM DOLORPhone(音子)：aphoneticunit;thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringcommunicationareallphones举例:too和tea中/t/发too中/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔前部发tea中/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部所以too和tea中/t/两个不一样音子第42页LOREM IPSUM DOLORPhoneme(音位):phonologicalandabstractunit,aunitofdistinctivevalue;thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.举例：tea和sea,/t/和/s/是两个不一样音位morpheme第43页LOREM IPSUM DOLORWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme第44页LOREM IPSUM DOLORWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme(音位)第45页LOREM IPSUM DOLORWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme第46页LOREM IPSUM DOLORWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme第47页Suprasegmental features(超超音音段段特特征征)Suprasegmental features:phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.The principal suprasegmentals are:第48页LOREM IPSUM DOLORSupra-segmentalfeatures(超音段特征)：stress（重音）举例:perfect(adj)和perfect(v)tone(声调)/pitch(音高):定义:soundfeaturewhicharecausedbythedifferingrateofvibrationofthevocalfolds.举例:m妈,m麻,m马，m骂比较：英语单词，如me第49页LOREMIPSUMDOLORnintonation（语气）：pitch,stress,andsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation.举例:第50页 Morphology 形形态态学学1.学科定义2.语素定义和分类3.词分类（classificationofwords）第51页形形态态学学研研究究基基本本单单位位 1.morpheme(语素）.Themostbasicelementofmeaninginlanguage，anelementthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutalteringitsmeaning.举例：ballfootballballs第52页Morpheme语素Freemorpheme自由语素定义：constitutewordsbythemselves举例：girl,book,dogBoundmorpheme粘附语素定义:notoccurbythemselvesDerivationalmorpheme派生语素定义：changelexicalmeaning举例：Dis-,co-,-ful,-enInflectionalmorpheme屈折语素定义：changegrammaticalmeaning举例:-s,-ed,-ing,er,est第53页 Types of MorphemesFreemorphemesvs.Boundmorphemes（自由语素和黏着语素）:Freemorphemes:thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,egboy,girl,table,nation.Boundmorphemes:thosethatcannotoccuralone,eg-s,-ed,dis-,un-.第54页Types of Bound Morpheme Inflectionalmorpheme(屈折语素)=inflectionalaffix(屈折词缀)：changethegrammaticalmeaning(number,aspect,case,tense)Derivationalmorpheme（派生语素）=inflectionalaffix(派生词缀）:changethelexicalmeaning第55页dis+like+sderivationalfreeinflectionalmorpheme第56页light+en+edfreederivationalinflectionalmorpheme第57页LOREM IPSUM DOLORDerivationalmorpheme(改变词义):改变词义：dis-,un-,multi-,micro-改变词性：en-,-full,-mentInflectionalmorpheme（改变语法含义）:改变名称性，数，格：-ess,-s,改变动词时,态，体:-ing,-ed,改变形容词级：-er,-est第58页词词分分类类-按按构构词词法法分分wordSimple word简单词Compound word合成词Derivational word派生词第59页LOREM IPSUM DOLOR怎样区分配生词（derivationalword）和合成词(compoundword):拆开后看各个组成语素能否都单独成词，假如能够，就是合成词，假如不能就是派生词。Businessman:business+manPlayboy:play+boyMouthful:mouth+fulLighten:light+en第60页词词分分类类-按按词词义义分分wordGrammaticalword语法词（functionword功能词）定义：表达语法意义，连接举例：prep介词，conj连词，art冠词，pronoun代词Lexicalword词汇词（contentword实义词）定义：表达实际意义（物质，动作和性质）的词举例：n名词，v动词，adj形容词，adv副词第61页词词分分类类-按按开开放放性性分分wordOpen class word开放词类定义：不断有新词进入举例：noun,adj,verb,advClosed-class word封闭词类定义：基本没有新词进入举例:preposition,conjunction,article,pronoun第62页词词分分类类-按按在在句句子子主主要要性性分分词类Major part of speechNoun名词Verb动词Adjective形容词adverb副词preposition介词Minor part of speechArticle冠词Conjunction连词Auxiliary助动词第63页 分类方法分类方法 按构词法分简单词:dislike,light派生词:dislike,lighten合成词:cat-like,light-weight按词义分语法词:冠,介，代，连词词汇词:名，动，形，副按开放性分开放词:名，动，形，副封闭词:冠,介，代，连词按在句中主要性分主要词类:名，动，形，副,介次要词类：冠，代，连词第64页n考点n1.定义n2.句法范围n3.句子类型 Syntax 句法句法第65页LOREM IPSUM DOLOR1.Syntax定义：:studiesinternalstructureofsentenceandrulesofsentence-formation第66页LOREM IPSUM DOLORCategory(范围):agroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchassentence,anounphraseoraverb(起相同作用一类语言单位)Syntacticalcategory(句法范围):agroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinsentence-formation.（在句子组成中起相同作用一类语言单位）第67页Syntactical category(句句法法范范围围)Word-lexicalcategoryPhrase-phrasalcategoryClause-clausalcategorySentence第68页Lexical Category 词词法法范范围围=Parts of Speech 词词类类Lexical categoryMajor part of speechNoun名词Verb动词Adjective形容词adverb副词preposition介词Minor part of speechArticle冠词Conjunction连词Auxiliary助动词第69页 分类方法分类方法 按构词法分简单词:dislike,light派生词:dislike,lighten合成词:cat-like,light-weight按词义分语法词:冠,介，代，连词词汇词:名，动，形，副按开放性分开放词:名，动，形，副封闭词:冠,介，代，连词按在句中主要性分主要词类/范围:名，动，形，副,介次要词类/范围：冠，代，连词第70页phrasespecifierheadcomplementacarfivemetersaway第71页72Sentence Types(句句子子类类型型)simple Sentence complexnon-simple compound第72页LOREM IPSUM DOLOR4.句子分类：Simplesentence简单句Coordinatesentence并列句Complexsentence复杂句第73页LOREM IPSUM DOLORsimplesentence简单句定义：alsocalledindependentclause,containsasubjectandaverb,anditexpressesacompletethought.第74页LOREM IPSUM DOLOR练习：JimandMikeplayfootballeveryafternoon.(simplesentence)Marygoestothelibraryandstudieseveryday.(coordinatesentence)第75页LOREM IPSUM DOLORcoordinatesentence并列句:containstwoindependentclausesjoinedbyacoordinator(并列连词)suchasand,or,butetc.Coordinatorsareoftenprecededbyacomma.例句:ItriedtospeakSpanish,andmyfriendtriedtospeakEnglish.Lilywenttoplayfootball,butMariawentshopping.第76页LOREM IPSUM DOLORYouhavetodoitonewayortheother.SimplesentenceTheworkerswerecheerful,oratleasttheyappearedtobecheerful.Coordinatesentence第77页LOREM IPSUM DOLORcomplexsentence定义：Acomplexsentencehasanindependentclausejoinedwithoneormoredependentclausesbyoneormoresubordinators(隶属连词)suchasif,when,because,althoug.第78页LOREM IPSUM DOLORAsheisgrowingold,heseldomgoesout.Heisgrowingold,whereashebecomeshealthier.怎样区分并列和复杂句-看连词表示关系并列，选择和转折关系-并列句时间，条件，原因和让步关系-复杂句第79页Semantics考点：1.定义：studyofmeaning2.两种基本意义：reference指称和sense涵义3.五种词语语义关系第80页Ludwig Wittgenstein:The meaning of a word is its use in the language.Meaning is studied by making detailed analyses of the way words and sentences are used in specific contexts.ReferenceReference（指称）（指称）（指称）（指称）:how language how language refersrefers to the real physical world(to the real physical world(语言指代外部物语言指代外部物语言指代外部物语言指代外部物质世界质世界质世界质世界)SenseSense（涵义）（涵义）（涵义）（涵义）:inherent meaning of the linguistic form.It is abstract and the meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.(语言形式内在意义语言形式内在意义)第81页 conceptsymbolizes refers tosymbol referent(word)stands for (object)第82页 dogSense:adomesticatedcaninemammalReference:第83页Synonymy 同同义义Synonymy同义:samenessorsimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.第84页同同义义分分类类举举例例dialecticalsynonym地域同义词：举例:fallandautumn,flatandapartmentstylisticsynonym格调同义词：举例:copandpolice,kidandoffspringcollocationalsynonym搭配同义词：举例:accuseof,chargewith,rebukeforSemanticallydifferentsynonym语义稍有不一样同义词:举例:surpriseandastound,blameandrebuke第85页Antonymy 反反义义Antonymy反义:oppositenessofmeaning.Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningarecalledantonyms.Antonymy反义关系分类：gradableantonymy等级反义complementaryantonymy互补反义converseantonymy反向反义第86页Gradable antonymy等等级级反反义义young-middle-aged-oldbig-middle-sized-smallgood-average-bad第87页 Complementary antonymy互互补反义补反义alive:deadmale:femalepresent:absentinnocent:guiltyn nodd:evenn npass:failn nboy:girln nhit:miss第88页 Converse antonymy反向反义反向反义 buy:selllend:borrowgive:receiveparent:childhusband:wifen nteacher:studentn nabove:belown nbefore:aftern nhost:guestn nemployer:employee第89页 Hyponymy 上上下下义义关关系系Hyponymy上下义:referstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Superordinate/hypernym上义词:themoregeneraltermHyponym下义词:themorespecificterm第90页LOREM IPSUM DOLOR举例:hypernym上义词:animalHyponym下义词:bird,fish,tiger,cat怎样记忆:hyper-向上hype炒作hypo-向下hypothesis假设第91页Animalbird fish insect animal human animal tiger lion elephant .第92页Polysemy 一一词词多多义义Polysemy:thesameonewordhasmorethanonemeaning.Suchawordiscalledpolysemicword.举例:Fish:1.鱼2.鱼肉3.水生动物4.打鱼5.寻找第93页LOREM IPSUM DOLORHomonymy同音/同形异义词:wordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.Identicalinsound:homophones同音词Identicalinspelling:homograph同形词Identicalinboth:completehomonyms同音同形词第94页LOREM IPSUM DOLORhomophones同音词：举例:knightandnight,pieceandpeacehomograph同形词举例:tear(v)andtear(n),lead(v)andlead(n)completehomonyms同音同形词:fast(adj)andfast(n)第95页LOREM IPSUM DOLOR怎样区分同音同形和一词多义现象:beauty,fish,ball,scalebeauty:漂亮；美女fish:鱼；鱼肉；水生动物；打鱼；寻找ball:球；舞会scale:规模；鱼鳞看其多个意义之间是否相关联，假如有就是一词多义，没有就是同音同形词第96页Pragmatics 语语用用学学 考点:定义和与语义学区分：studyofmeaningincontextorinuse言语行为理论（两位理论家和三种行为）会话标准第97页2.SpeechActTheoryJohnAustin(1911-1960)HowtoDoThingswithWords(1962)MainIdea:thingscanbedonewithwords第98页Constatives(叙事句叙事句)vs.performatives（施为句）（施为句）Constatives（叙事句）（叙事句）:utterances which roughly serves to state a fact,report that something is the case,or describe what something is,eg:I go to the park every Sunday.I go to the park every Sunday.I teach English.I teach English.第99页LOREM IPSUM DOLORPerformatives（施为句）:utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Performativeverbs:name,bet,etc.第100页Three Speech Acts(三三种种言言语语行行为为)Alocutionaryact(言内行为):theactofutteringwords,phrase,sentences.Itisanactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.Anillocutionaryact（言外行为）:anactofexpressionspeakersintention;itisanactperformedinsayingsomething.Aperlocutionaryact（言后行为）:theactpreformedbyorasaresultofsaying,theeffectsonthehearer.第101页三三种种话话语语行行为为-举举例例老师对学生说:Youhaveleftthedooropen.Locutionaryact(言内行为):theactofutteringthewordsof“you”,“have”,“left”,“the”,“door”,“open”Illocutinaryact(言外行为):theactofexpressingtheteachersintentionofaskingthestudenttoclosethedoor.Perlo