英语构词法专题知识省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

构 词 法 -By Miss Liu -By Miss Liu第1页一：构词法分类1 1派派生生词词：词词根根 (或或单单词词)附附加加前前缀缀、后后缀缀组组成成新新词词叫叫派派生词生词rich-enrich home-homelessrich-enrich home-homeless2 2 转换法转换法：把一个词由一个词类转用为另一个词类：把一个词由一个词类转用为另一个词类 back n.back n.背背-back v.-back v.支持支持 slow adj.slow adj.慢慢-slow v.-slow v.减慢减慢3 3合成法合成法：由两个或两个以上单词合成一个单词：由两个或两个以上单词合成一个单词 blackboard hand-made blackboard hand-made 手工制作手工制作第2页语法填空中必有一道题是考查词类转换。语法填空中必有一道题是考查词类转换。考查不一样词性在句中不一样使用方法，考查不一样词性在句中不一样使用方法，其中主要包括到以下三条：其中主要包括到以下三条：1.在句中修饰动词或形容词等作状语在句中修饰动词或形容词等作状语,用用副词；副词；2.在句中作定语、表语或补语在句中作定语、表语或补语,普通用形普通用形容词；容词；3.作主语、及物动词或者介词宾语作主语、及物动词或者介词宾语,用名用名词。词。第3页派生法派生法又叫词缀法，即在一个单词前或其后加上词缀，组成新单词。中学英语中以派生法生成词汇占整个中学词汇总量25。第4页一、前缀普通说来前缀不会改变一个词词性。1.否定前缀(1)un-a.un+形容词：unfit,unhappy,unfair,unlucky,unfortunate,unkind,unimportant,unnecessary,uncomfortable,unselfish,unusual,uncommon,unexpected,unknown,unthinkable,unbelievable,unseen,unforgettable,unwise,unhealthy,unpleasant,unable,untrue第5页b.un+副词：undoubtedly,unexpectedly,unfortunately,unusually,unhappily,unluckily由un形容词组成词除了unknown,unseen,unfit等词之外，其它词都可变为加-ly副词（个别形容词尾需要变动）。c.un动词：uncover,untie,unlock,undress,undo,unpack第6页(2)im形容词：impossible,impolite(3)in形容词：incorrect,incomplete,invisible,independent(4)ir形容词：irregular(5)mis动词：misspell,misunderstand,mistake第7页(6)dis-a.dis名词：dishonour,disease,discomfortb.dis形容词：dishonest,discouragedc.dis动词：disappear,dislike,discover,disclose,disagree,discomfort,dismiss第8页2、表示空间、位置关系前缀(1)a，大多加在音节较少名词或不及物动词上组成新词，表示“在之上、向、处于状态”：ahead,abroad,aside,alive,awake,above,about等。(2)fore，表示“在前面”：forehead,foreground,forearm,foreleg(3)in,il,im,ir表示“向内在内”：inside,include,import(4)inter，表示“在间、相互”：international(5)intro，表示“在（向）内”：introduce第9页(6)out，表示“向外”：outside,outlook,outdoors,outflow(7)over，表示“在上面、在外”：overhead,overlook,overcoat,overcome,overtime,overgrow(8)pre，表示“在前”：prefix,preposition(9)pro，表示“在（向）前”：progress,programme(10)sur，表示“在上”：surface,surround第10页(11)trans，表示“转移”：translate(12)under，表示“在下”：undergraound,underline(13)up，表示“向上”：upward,upset,upstairs(14)be，表示“在，靠近”：before,behind,below,between,beyond(15)ex，表示“向外，从出来”：exchange,export(16)tele，表示“远”：telephone,television,telegram,telegraph第11页3、表示时间、序列关系前缀(1)fore，表示“在前，预先”：foreword,foresight,foretell(2)mid，表示“中间”：midnight,midsummer,midautumn(3)post，表示“在后”：postwar,postlistening(4)re，表示“重复”：review,retell,rewrite,replace,return,rebuild(5)extra，表示“格外、超越”：extraordinary(6)over，表示“超出”：overcome,overeat,overpass(7)super，表示“极、超”：supermarket,superpower,superman,superpower第12页4、表示共同、相等关系(1)com（在b,m,p前），col，con，cor（com在g,l,r及其它辅音前）：company,cnnect,correct(2)co：cooperate,coexist(3)sym：sympathy,symphony第13页5、表示整个、完全关系(1)al：alone,almost,altogether(2)over：overall,overflow,overfall第14页6、表示“离、离开”(1)a：arise,away,apart(2)de：depart,dewater,decolour(3)se：separate,select(4)for：forget,forgive第15页7、变换词类作用前缀(1)enem：enable,enlarge,enrich,enclose,empower(2)ad，ac，af，ag，an，ap，ar，as，at，（ad在c,f,g,I,n,p,r,s,t前变体）：adapt,across,affect,appear,arrange,assist,attend,attract第16页8、表示加强意义(1)a：ashamed,arouse,amuse(2)ad：address,admire,advise,advance(3)be：belong,believe第17页二：派生词二：派生词1 常见名词缀1）动词+-er/-or名词 villager teacher actor operator操作员 user performer 2)动词+ee名词（表示“受动者，行动者”）interviewee 被采访者 trainee 培训生 payee 收（受）款人 employee第18页3)-ist 表示“从事研究者；信 仰主义者”。如：pianist钢琴家 scientist科学家 artist艺术家 chemist药剂师4)-dom 表示“等级，领域，状态”。如：freedom自由 kingdom王国 wisdom智慧第19页 5)以 ent/ant结 尾 形 容 词 -ance/ence结 尾 名 词violent(violence)distant(distance)present(presence)absent(absence)obedient(obedience)competent(competence)能力,胜任,称职 intelligent(intelligence)智力 confident(confidence)patient(patience)convenient(convenience)elegant(elegance)different(difference)第20页注意：特殊ent结尾形容词-ency结尾名词current-currency fluent-fluency urgent-urgencyfrequent-frequency efficient-efficiency第21页6)动词+(a)tion/sion名词 express/graduate/impress/devote -expression/graduation/impression/devotion persuade/divide/decide/conclude/expandpersuasion/division/decision/conclusion/expansion admit/permit admission/permissionobserve/consider/transport/determine/organize/invite observation/consideration/transportation/organization/invitation第22页 注意：compete/apply/solve/intendcompete-competitionapply-applicationsolve-solutionintend-intention第23页7)动词/形容词+y 名词injure-injury discover-discoveryrecover-recovery deliver-deliverydifficult-difficulty modest-modestyhonest-honesty注意：safe-safety secure-security brave-bravery 第24页8）动词+ment名词agree-agreement adjust-adjustment arrange-arrangement manage-management argue-argument govern-government acknowledge-acknowledgement punish-punishment employ-employment entertain-entertainment announce-announcement appoint-appointment embarrass-embarrassment state-statement encourage-encouragement 第25页9）形容词/动词+th 名词 strong-strength wide-width long-length deep-depth warm-warmth grow-growth10)形容词+ness名词 kind-kindness happy-happiness11）动词al结尾名词arrive-arrival survive-survivalapprove-approval propose-proposalrefuse-refusal第26页2.常见形容词后缀1）名词+-ful/-less(意思与原词相反)形容词 care careful careless power powerful powerless hope hopeful hopeless pain painful painless use useful useless第27页2)名词+y 形容词 dust-/dirt-/salt-/wind-/fog-/water-/rain-/sun-/cloud-/taste-fog-foggy sun-sunny taste-tastyhealth-/wealth-3)名词/动词+-able /-ible 形容词 rely-reliable terror-terrible value-valuable belief-believable forgive-forgivable change-changable consider-considerable comfort-comfortable第28页4)名词+al形容词 naturenatural person-personal nation-national education-educational5)名词+ly形容词 love-lovely live-lively friend-friendly dead-deadly week-weekly第29页6)动词2个形容词frighten(frightening/frightened)terrify(terrifying/terrified)amaze (amazing/amazed)astonish(astonishing/astonished)shock(shocking/shocked)surprise(surprising/surprised)puzzle(puzzling/puzzled)disappoint(disappointing/disappointed)excite(exciting/excited)interest(interesting/interested)第30页3常见副词后缀1）-ly表示方式或程度。personal personally 个人地 entire-entirely（注意true-truly）angry angrily生气地 terrible terribly可怕地flexible-flexibly possible-possibly simple-simply probable-probably 第31页2)-ward（s）朝，向 back backwards 向后 up upwards 向上 out outwards 向外 3)wide 用于名词之后表范围。nation nationwide 全国性地 world worldwide 全世界地4常见动词后缀1）-(e)n使成为，引发，使有一些形容词后-(e)n weak weaken(使)虚弱，减弱 short shorten缩短 sharp sharpen(使)变尖锐,明朗第32页一些名词后-(e)n fright frighten（使）惊吓 length lengthen加长 strength strengthen加强-en放在一些形容词前 rich-enrich large-enlarge2)(i)fy 使化，使成 beauty beautify美化 pure purify提纯 simple simplify使简 class classify.分类 quality qualify取得资格（或学历）第33页3)ize/-ise 做成，变成，化 real realize意识到 organ organize组织 apology apologize道歉 modern modernize使当代化 normal normalize 使正常化 civil-civilize 使文明第34页三：合成法1.复合名词主要组成方式有：(1)名词+名词 如：newspaper报纸 teamwork 协作 (2)形容词+名词 如：blackboard 黑板 highway 公路 (3)副词+名词 如：overcoat大衣 underground 地铁 (4)名词+介词短语 如：father-in-law岳父 mother-in-law 岳母第35页2.复合动词主要组成方式：(1)副词+动词 如：update更新 overlook 忽略(2)名词+动词 如：sun-bathe日光浴 proof-read 校对 3.复合代词主要组成方式：(1)代词宾格或物主代词+self/selves 如:ourselves itself(2)一些不定代词+body/thing/one 如:nobody everything.第36页4.复合形容词主要组成方式：(1)名词+形容词 如：colour-blind色盲(2)副词+形容词 如：over-sensitive过敏(3)名词+分词 如：hand-made手工制作(4)形容词+名词 如：good-looking好看 (5)副词+分词 如：well-meant好意 outstanding 出众 第37页(6)形容词+名词 如：gentleman 绅士 greengrocer 水果商 (7)形容词+名词+-ed 如：ill-mannered 不礼貌(8)数词+名词+(-ed)如：two-faced两面派 one-sided 片面(9)名词+名词+-ed 如：iron-willed有钢铁意志第38页5.复合副词主要组成方式：1)名词+名词,如：sideways向旁边(2)名词+副词,如：headfirst头朝下(3)形容词+名词,如：meanwhile同时(4)介词+名词,如：beforehand事先第39页四：转化法(有大量动词能够转化为名词)have a look(chat,talk,wash,swim,rest,try,quarrel,interview,taste)make a study(guess,visit,call,survey,jump,slip,change,answer)come to a stop(end,pause)第40页一 练习题1.He must be _ (mental)disabled.1.He must be _ (mental)disabled.2.2.His His teacher teacher took took a a deep deep drink,drink,smiled smiled _ _(warm),(warm),and and thanked thanked his his student student very very much much for for the the sweet water.sweet water.3.3.But But Jane Jane knew knew from from past past experience experience that that her her _ (choose)(choose)of of ties ties hardly hardly ever ever pleased pleased her her father.father.mentallywarmlychoice第41页4.4.This This proverb proverb is is saying saying we we have have to to let let things go in their _(nature)course.things go in their _(nature)course.5.5.We We drank drank together together and and talked talked _ _(merry)till far into the night.(merry)till far into the night.6.6.All All facts facts are are the the source source of of _ _(conclude).(conclude).naturalmerrilyconclusion第42页7.7.I I wont wont do do the the purchase purchase because because the the price of this dress is _price of this dress is _(reason)._(reason).8.8.However,However,most most _(science)_(science)agree agree that that EQ EQ has has a a lot lot to to do do with with _ _(educate).(educate).9.9.Excellent Excellent oral oral and and written written _ _(communicate)(communicate)skills skills in in Chinese Chinese and and English English are of _(important).are of _(important).unreasonablescientistseducationcommunicationimportance第43页10.10.It It is is your your _ _(free)(free)to to do do what what you you want want after class.after class.11.11.He He devoted devoted much much money money to to building building schools schools in in _(mountain)areas._(mountain)areas.12.12.Unfortunately,Unfortunately,my my car car broke broke down down on on a a _ _(mud)road.(mud)road.13.13.To To make make myself myself _,_,I I would would do do some some _exercise after work.(relax)_exercise after work.(relax)freedommountainousmuddyrelaxedrelaxing第44页14.14.We We _ _(apology)(apology)for for the the late late departure of this flight.departure of this flight.15.15.The The article article can can _(long)_(long)out out a a little by adding some examples.little by adding some examples.16.16.His His illness illness _(worse)_(worse)during during the the night.night.17.17.The The black black people people were were against against slavery slavery and and fought fought for for their their freedom freedom _(brave)._(brave).apologizelengthenworsenbravelybravely第45页18.18.He He went went out out of of the the office office _ _(hurry)to run after her.(hurry)to run after her.19.One 19.One _(investigate)_(investigate)described described the the robbery robbery as as a a“_“_(profession)(profession)job”.job”.20.Letting 20.Letting that that animal animal escape escape was was no no accident;accident;you you did did it it _(intention)._(intention).hurriedlyinvestigationprofessionalintentionally第46页二、请依据汉字含义写出以下常见复合词：二、请依据汉字含义写出以下常见复合词：复合词复合词词性词性汉字意义1.n.护照护照2.vt.下载下载3.n.降雨量降雨量4.adj.非凡5.adj.超重passport downloadrainfall extraordinary overweight 第47页复合词复合词词性词性汉字意义6.n.打字机打字机7.vt.克服克服,战战胜胜8.adj 坦率9.n.女推销员女推销员10.adv.在户外在户外outdoors outspoken/straightforward typewriter saleswoman overcome 第48页即时练习：即时练习：依据黑体词在句中所作句子成依据黑体词在句中所作句子成份份,判断其词性及其意义。判断其词性及其意义。1.In particular,there was(and perhaps still is)a belief in fairies(仙女仙女)1.名词名词 in particular 尤其尤其,尤其是尤其是2.Only thus can we better the life of the people.2.动词动词 改进改进第49页3.Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world.3.名词名词 关键关键4.They finally freed themselves from slavery.4.动词动词 使自由使自由第50页5.This site gives you instant access to a wide range of information on studying and living in the UK.5.access 名词名词 接触接触(使用使用,靠近靠近)机会机会(方方法法,门路门路),捷径捷径 range 名词名词 范围范围6.They marked the hours on candles and used sand in hour-glasses.6.mark 及物动词及物动词 做标识于做标识于,标明标明,统计统计第51页7.Finally,I accepted the offer of an old woman who lived alone in a little house.7.offer 名词名词 提议提议8.Thats why your mommy and I have named you Ari.8.name 及物动词及物动词 命名命名第52页9.I love this feeling of protecting you and dreaming of all I have in store for you.9.store 名词名词 贮藏贮藏,贮存贮存10.Some of the diseases spread is due to global warming.10.spread 名词名词 蔓延蔓延,传输传输第53页即时练习：即时练习：请按提醒完成以下相关缩略形式练习。请按提醒完成以下相关缩略形式练习。缩略形式缩略形式 汉字含义1.WHO 2.corp.3.电冰箱电冰箱 4.电子书电子书 5.IT 6.体育馆体育馆 7.edu 8.广告广告 9.CV 世界卫生组织世界卫生组织 企业企业 fridge e-book 信息技术信息技术 gym 教育教育 ad 履历履历 第54页10.PC 11.Dr 12.流行（只作定语）13.CD 14.宿舍宿舍 15.kph 16.千克千克 17.试验室18.VIP 19.十二月十二月 20.WTO 个人电脑个人电脑 博士博士,医生医生 pop dorm 公里公里/时时 kilo lab 要人要人,大人物大人物 Dec 世界贸易组织世界贸易组织 镭射唱片镭射唱片 第55页第56页