1、英文诗歌赏析Appreciation of English Poetry第1页英语诗歌诗歌是一个主要文学体裁。它利用精练、富有节奏和韵律语言,以强烈感情和丰富想象,高度集中地反应社会生活。它经过生动详细艺术形象,来教育和感染人们,启迪人们社会认识,陶冶人们思想感情,培养人们生活理想与情操,给人们以美教育和艺术享受。诗歌韵律是用词语、音响、重音,在声音、意义上经过选择与组合而建立起来,是诗歌创作方式。我们在诗中,很轻易产生感情互动,那是因为诗行中有音响规律,有用相同数目标音节建立起来重复吟唱方式,又以相同方法使重音有规律出现第2页英诗节奏(Rhythm)1.一个重读音节与一个或两个轻读音节按一定
2、模式搭配起来,有规律地重复出现就是英文诗歌节奏 Alone she cuts and binds the grain,And sings a melancholy strain.第3页2.音步(foot)及常见音步类型 某种固定轻重搭配叫“音步”(foot),相当与乐谱中“小节”。常见音步类型:1.抑扬格(iamb,iambic)轻读是“抑”,重读是“扬”,一轻一重,故称抑扬格。Eg.adore,excite,above,around,appear,besides,attack,supply,believe,return 第4页2.扬抑格(trochee,trochaic):假如一个音步中有两
3、个音节,前者为重,后者为轻,则这种音步叫扬抑格音步.重读是“扬”,轻读是“抑”,一重一轻,故称扬抑格.Eg.Happy,many,holy,yonder,headlong,flaming,upper,grandeur,failing Present mirth has present laughter Shakespeare Shake your chains to earth like dew(by Shelley)第5页3.抑抑扬格(Anapaest,anapaestic)抑抑扬格含三个音节,即轻轻重.Eg.cavalier,intercede,disbelieve,reappear,di
4、sapprove,indistinct,on the hill.The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold,And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold;And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea,When the blue waves rolls nightly on deep Galilee.Destruction of Sennacherib(Byron)第6页4.扬抑抑格(dactyl,dactylic):重轻轻是
5、扬抑抑格.eg:happily,merciful,eloquent,messenger,merrily,properly,accident,quantity.eg:Dragging the corn by her golden hair.Davies:the villain.第7页诗行(Line)1.end-stopped line(结句行)一行诗恰好是一句.2.run-on line(跨行句):有时两行甚至许多行才组成一个意思完整句子。前者叫),后者叫).I shot an arrow into the air,It fell to earth,I knew not where;For,so
6、 swiftly it flew,the sight Could not follow it in its flight.第8页诗行长短诗行长短以音步数目计算:英文诗行长度范围普通是一音步五音步。六、七、八音步诗行也有,但不多。最多是四音步、五音步诗 一音步诗:monometer 二音步诗:dimeter三音步诗:trimeter四音步诗:tetrameter 五音步诗:pentameter 六音步诗:hexameter 七音步诗:heptameter八音步诗:octameter.)第9页Eg.An EMPTY HOUSE Alexander Pope You beatyour pate,an
7、d fancy wit will come:Knock asyou please,theres nobodyat home.抑扬格五音步”(iambic pentameter)第10页压韵(rhyme)1.全韵与半韵(full/perfect rhyme and half rhyme)1)全韵与半韵(full rhyme and half rhyme)。全韵是严格押韵,其要求是:(1)韵要押在重读音节上,其元音应相同;(2)元音前辅音应不一样;(3)假如元音之后有辅音,应相同。(4)重读音节之后如有轻读音节,也应相同。下面几对词都符合全韵标准:why-sigh;hate-late;fight-
8、delight;powers-flowers;today-away;ending-bending.Eg.blood-hood;there-here;gone-alone;daughter-laughter.这种情形被称为“眼韵”(eye rhyme),即使诗人有时用之,但不是真正押韵 第11页半韵也/近似韵:是声音,而不是严格拼音序列相同,叫半韵,半韵也叫近似韵.它韵律词语辅音发声相同,不过重音母音发声与领前辅音发声不一样.Thou still unravishd bride of quietness,Thou foster-child of Silence and slow Time.Syl
9、van historian,who cant thus expressA flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme:你依然是未被强夺、安贞新娘,你这由沉静与悠久时光抚养孩子,田园历史家,能如此宣扬花也似故事,更甜过我们写诗。第12页Heard melodies are sweet,but those unheardAre sweeter;therefore,ye soft pipes,play on:Not to the sensual ear,but,more endeard,Pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone;
10、听到乐音甜蜜,听不见更甜蜜,吹吧,柔和风笛,不是传于耳,更使人去相思,吹那无调曲,在心间点点滴。第13页刚刚(阳阳)/男韵和柔韵和柔(阴阴)/女 韵韵(masculine and feminincrhyme)刚/男韵出现在作韵之词完全音节是重音,在不一样字首辅音之后,词音响是相同:distort与purport(扭曲与大意)。柔/女韵,作韵重音节跟着相同非重音节:treasure 与pleasure(宝贵与愉快)第14页Eg1.But once,years after,in the country lanes,Two scholars,whom at college erst he knew,
11、Met him,and of his way of life inquired.Whereat he answered,that the Gipsy crew,His mates,had arts to rule as they desiredThe workings of mens brains;年后,有一次,相逢在乡间小路,两个学者,在学院认识于昔往今又遇于;问他作何人生探讨,他答:追随才智非凡吉卜赛同行,他同伴,掌握艺术规律和祈祷能随意左右人们思绪。krew 与crew,inquired 与desired 都是刚韵。第15页Eg2.And leaning backwards in a p
12、ensive dream,And fortering in thy lap a heap of flowersPlucked in shy fields and distant wychwood bowers,And thine eyes resting on the moonlit stream:斜躺在(船舷),沉醉在梦幻后面,你膝上簇拥着一堆堆鲜花,采自寂静田野和遥远威慈伍德林荫下你目光凝视在月色笼罩溪边;dream 与stream,flowers 与bowers 都是柔韵。第16页 尾韵:最常见,最主要押韵方式 1)联韵:aabb型。I shot an arrow into the ai
13、r,It fell to earth,I knew not where;For,so swiftly it flew,the sightCould not follow it in its flight.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow:The Arrow and the Song2)交叉韵:abab型。Sunset and evening star,And one clear call for me!And may there be no moaning of the bar,When I put out to sea,Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892)
14、:Crossing the Bar 第17页3)同韵:有诗押韵,一韵到底,大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。以下例就共用i:p为韵脚。The woods are lovely,dark and deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.Robert Frost(1874-1963):Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 第18页行内韵行内韵(行间韵行间韵)(internal rhyme)在同一行中,有几个相同音响词
15、前后出现,这就是行间韵Eg.The splendour falls on castle wallsAnd snowy summits old in story:The long light shakes across the lakesAnd the wild cataract leaps in glory.华光降落在城墙,故事中有极古老雪光,长长闪辉摇曳着穿过湖面,那莽闯瀑布跳跃在天堂。第19页头韵头韵(alliteration)一行中有几个词用一样辅音开头,就叫字首韵,通常称之为头韵。Eg.For winters rains and ruins are over,And all the s
16、eason of snows and sins;The day dividing lover and lover,The light that loses,the night that wins.冬天雨和遗余已离开,全部下雪和有罪理由;日子区分得可爱更可爱,光明已消失,黑夜已临头。第20页母谐音与子谐音母谐音与子谐音/谐元韵与谐辅韵谐元韵与谐辅韵(Assonance and consonance)谐元韵/母谐音:是以相同母音出现在另一个不一样子音词中,使之在声母方面十分靠近另一个词。比如:“bird(鸟)”与“thirst(渴)”这两个词中都有“i”这一相同母音发声,而其子音(辅音、韵母)则是
17、完全不一样。假如是“bird”与“third”(第三)其部分子音发音相同,子谐音可在母谐音中重复出现。lake,fate;time,mind 谐辅韵/子谐音:是以相同子音在另一个不一样母音词中出现。比如:“wood(木)”与“weed(草)”这两个词有相同子音,但其母音不一样。它们就是子谐音。black,block;creak,croak;reader,rider;despise,dispose 第21页诗体式 1 十四行诗(Sonnet),源于中世纪民间抒情短诗,十三、十四世纪流行于意大利,意大利彼特拉克(Petrarch)为代表人物,每行十一个音节,全诗一节八行,加一节六行,韵脚用abba
18、,abba,cdcdcd(cdecde)。前八行提问,后六行回答。以后,怀亚特(Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542)将十四行诗引人英国,五音步抑扬格,全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问,后二句结论。斯宾塞(Edmund Spenser,1552-1599)用韵脚 abab,bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亚(William Shakespeare,1564-1616)用韵脚abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg,称英国式或莎士比亚式。第22页Sonnet 60 Like as the waves make towards the pibbled shore,So do our minute
19、s hasten to their end;Each changing place with that which goes before,In sequent toil all forwards do contend,Nativity,once in the main of light,Crawls to maturity,wherewith being crowned,Crooked eclipses against his glory fight,And time that gave doth now his gift confound.Time doth transfix the fl
20、ourish set on youth And delves the parallels in beautys brow,Feeds on the rarities but for his scythe to move.And nothing stands but for his scythe to move.And yet to times in hope my verse shall stand,Praising thy worth,despite his cruel hand.第23页2 打油诗(Limericks):通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌,普通没有标题也无作者姓名,含有幽默讽刺性,常利
21、用双关,内韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行,押韵为aabba,格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。1)There was a young lady of NiggerWho smiled as she rode on a tiger;They returned from the rideWith the lady inside,And the smile on the face of the tiger.2)A tutor who taught on the fluteTried to teach two tooters to toot,“Is it harder to toot,orSaid the two
22、 to the tutor,To tutor two tooters to toot?”第24页3 无韵体(Blank Verse):五音步抑扬格,不押韵诗体。Across the watery bale,and shout again,Responsive to his call,-with quivering peals,And long halloos,and screams,and echoes loud.Redoubled and redoubled:concourse wildOf jocund din!William Wordsworth:There Was a Boy第25页4
23、 自由诗(Free Verse):当代诗中常见体式,长短不一样诗行存在于同一首诗中,不考究押韵与格律,只重视诗歌所表示意象和传递情感。美国诗人Walt Whitman(Leaves of Grass)中,就采取此格式.第26页英诗用词(Poetic Vocabulary)名词名词array(clothes,衣服、盛装);,衣服、盛装);babe(baby,婴儿),婴儿),bane(poison,mischief,毒物、祸根),毒物、祸根),billow(wave,波涛),波涛),bliss(happiness,幸福),幸福),bower(dwelling,卧室、闺房),卧室、闺房),brine
24、(ocean,海洋、,海洋、泪水),泪水),brow(forehead,额头);,额头);chanticleer(cock,雄鸡),雄鸡),charger(horse,马);,马);dale(valley,谷、,谷、溪谷);溪谷);foe,foeman(enemy,仇敌);,仇敌);fere(friend,朋友);,朋友);glebe(earth,field,土地、田野),土地、田野),goblet(cup,酒杯),酒杯),gore(blood,流出血),流出血),grot(cave,洞穴),洞穴),guile(deceit,狡诈);,狡诈);ire(anger,怒火);,怒火);ken(pe
25、rception,看见);,看见);maid(girl,少女),少女),main(sea or ocean,海洋,沧,海洋,沧海),海),marge(margin,边缘),边缘),mart(market,市场),市场),mead(meadow,草地),草地),meed(reward,应得报,应得报答),答),might(strength,力量、权势),力量、权势),morn(morning,拂晓);,拂晓);第27页number(verse or metre,诗文、韵律),nuptials(marriage,婚礼);poesy(poetry,诗歌、诗才);quest(search,探求);re
26、alm(kingdom,王国);scribe(writer,作家),sire(father,父),spouse(wife,配偶、夫或妻),steed(horse,骏马),swain(peasant,农民),sward(grass,草地),swine(pig,猪);thrall(bondage,奴役),tilth(agriculture,耕种),troth(veracity or faithfulness,忠诚);vale(valley,溪谷),victor(conqueror,战胜者);weal(welfare,幸福),woe(sorrow or misery,悲伤);yeoman(peasa
27、nt,farmer,村农)第28页形容词aweary(weary,厌倦);baleful(pernicious,有害、不吉);beauteous(beautiful,漂亮),bootless(unprofitable,无益),bosky(wooded,有树丛);clamant(noisy,喧嚷);darksome(dark,阴暗),dauntless(brave,无所畏惧),dire(dreadful,可怕),dread(dreadful,令人畏惧),drear(dreary,沉闷);fair(beautiful,漂亮),fond(foolish,不大可能实现),forlorn(distres
28、sed,悲惨);hallowed(holy,神圣),hapless(unhappy,不幸);ingrate(ungrateful,忘恩),intrepid(brave,无畏);jocund(merry,欢乐),joyless(unhappy,悲伤);lone(lonesome,lonely,寂寞、孤独),lovesome(lovely,可爱),lowly(low or humble,低下、谦卑);murky(grim,阴沉),mute(silent,缄默);quenchless(inextinguishable,不可熄灭);rapt(delighted,着迷),recreant(unfaith
29、ful,变节);sequestered(retired,lonely,退隐、寂寞),stilly(still,寂静),sylvan(woody,森林);uncouth(unusual,拙笨);wrathful(angry,怒气冲冲)第29页副词amain(violently,suddenly,猛然、突然),anon(soon,立刻);erst(formerly,往昔);full(very,完美);haply(perhaps,或许),hard by(close or very near,在近旁);natheless(nevertheless,然而),nigh(almost,几乎);right(v
30、ery,precisely,准确);scantly(scantily,贫乏),scarce(scarcely,刚才),sore(sorely,痛苦);whilom(formerly,从前)第30页动词behold(see,看),brook(bear,容忍、忍受);cleave(cling,依恋),cumber(distress,trouble,烦累);deem(think,认为);fare(walk,行走);hearken(hear,attend,倾听、给予注意),hie(hasten,赶快);ken(know,知道);list(listen,听见);methink(seem to me,据我
31、看来);quaff(drink,痛饮),quoth(said,说);obscure(darken,使黑暗);slay(kill,杀害),smite(strike,重击),sojorn(lodge or dwell,旅居),speed(hasten,促进);tarry(remain,逗留),trow(believe,相信);vanquish(conquer,征服);wax(grow,渐增)第31页代词aught(anything,任何事物);naught(nothing,没有什么);thou,(you,你【主格】),thee(you,你【宾格】),thy(your,你),thine(your,你
32、【在元音或h之前】);yonder,yon(that,在那儿物或人),ye(you,你们)第32页连接词:albeit(although,尽管、即使);ere(before,在以前)前置词:anent(concerning,关于),amidst(among,在当中),athwart(across,横跨);betwixt(between,在中间)第33页英诗词法、句法关键点(Poetic Grammar)词法:1)动词(1).动词普通现在时第三人称单数形式是在动词尾加-th,像liveth,knoweth,hath等等。如:From her kennel beneath the rockShe
33、maketh answer to the clock.(Coleridge)在她岩石下面洞穴中,她按照时钟行事。And in silence prayeth she.(Coleridge)她默默地祈祷。第34页(2).现在时及过去时第二人称单数动词词尾加-st形式,像livest,knowest,sayst,dost,livedst,knewest,saidst,didst,hadst等,另外还有动词shall,will,be形式为shalt,wilt,art(现在时单数第二人称thou art等于you are),wert(或wast,第二人称,单数过去时thou wert或thou was
34、t等于you were)。上述各种形式均与第二人称单数人称代词thou连用。Nor care what land thou bearst me to.(Byron)我不介意你带我前往何方。With double joy wert thou with me.(Byron)你与我共享双重欢乐。Thou liest,thou liest,thou little foot-page,Loud dost thou lie to me!(Scott)你撒谎,你撒谎,你这个小随从,你竟敢明目张胆地对我撒谎!第35页(3).过去时和过去分词较古老形式。如:wrought(worked),bade(bid),b
35、egat(begot),clove(cleft),crew(crowed),drave(drove),spake(spoke),throve(thrived),clomb(climbed),clad(clothed),bare(bore,“bear”过去时),broke(broken),lockt(locked),sate(sat)等。And hark,again,the crowing cock,How drowsily it crew.(Coleridge)听,鸡又啼鸣,那么使人昏然入眠。Aloft in awful stateThe godlike hero sate.(Dryden)高
36、高在上,令人生畏,俨如上帝,英雄就位。And the loud laugh that spake the vacant mind.(Goldsmith)高亢笑声说出了心灵空虚。第36页2)形容词:(1).形容词用作名词:Below the chestnuts,when their buds were glistening to the breezy blue(-sky).(Tennyson)栗树荫中,嫩果向着漠然蓝天闪烁。The dreaded vast(-expanse)of night.(Milton)令人生畏茫茫无际黑夜。Where I used to play on the green
37、(-grass).(Blake)昔日我常在那绿茵之上嬉戏。第37页(2).使用复合形容词取得简练效果:Or in the violet-embroidered vale.(Milton)在开满了紫罗兰山谷里。Before the crimson-circled star.(Tennyson)在绯红色光环围绕星星之前。第38页3).副词(1).副词词尾不加-ly:They praised him soft and low.(Tennyson)他们柔声低语地赞扬他。The green trees whispered low and mild.(Longfellow)绿树轻柔地沙沙私语。Oh nig
38、ht,And storm,and darkness,ye are wondrous strong.(Byron)啊,夜晚,暴风雨和黑暗,你们多么惊人地倔强。(2).-ly结尾副词以-lier形式表示比较级:You have taken it wiselier than I meant you should.(Shakespeare)你已经泰然处之,胜过我所期望于你。Strange friend,present,and to be:Loved deeplier,darklier understood.(Tennyson)现在和未来陌生朋友:爱得更深,体谅得更知己。第39页句法1.词序:为了保持韵
39、律,英诗中词序与正常词序有所不一样(1).形容词放在所形容名词之后,而不是在前:Daisies pied and violets blue.(Shakespeare)色彩斑驳雏菊和蓝色紫罗兰。So by the caverns of the forest green.(Shelley)在青青丛林中山洞旁。With notes angelical to many a harp.(Milton)一个又一个竖琴,奏出天使曲调。第40页(2).主语位于谓语之后:And in silence prayeth she.(Coleridge)她默默地祈祷。And a wealthy wife was she
40、.(Old Ballad)她是富家妇。Then came still evening on.(Milton)随即黄昏照常降临。(3).直接宾语位于动词之前:And she me caught in her arms long and small.(Wyatt)她用细长瘦削胳臂抱住了我。Where wine the wit may not oppress.(Howard)美酒灌不昏头脑。(4).前置词在启宾语(名词)之后:Where echo walks steep hills among.回声在陡峭群山之中回荡。第41页省略或删节句法中通常需要字词省略或删节句法中通常需要字词1、省略冠词:Cr
41、eeping like(a)snail unwillingly to school 像条蜗牛在爬行,满心不愿意去上学2、省略名词或代词:(He)who steals my purse steals trash.偷我钱包人一无所得。3、省略限定动词(finite verb):Happy(is)the man,whose wish and care 这个人非常愉快,他希望和忧虑 4、省略前置词:Despair and anguish fled(from)the struggling soul.绝望和痛苦离开了挣扎中灵魂。第42页5、省略作从属从句主语关系代词“that”:Tis distance(
42、that)lends enchantment to the view.远则亲。6、省略辅助动词:How,why,or when,or where-it matters not.(Shelley)怎样,为何,何时或是何地无关紧要。第43页省略元音或音节发音 heavn(heaven),tis(it is),twas(it was),oer(over),gainst(against),th(the),i(in),twixt(betwixt),een(even),neath(beneath),mong(among),memries(memories)等等。另在动词词尾“-ed”中“e”通惯用省字号(
43、)代替。如:lovd,turnd等 第44页And th eternal morrow dawn.(Grashaw)永恒拂晓。For though the hand of fate could forceTwixt soul and body a divorce.(Grashaw)即使命运之手能迫使灵魂及躯体分离。Een from the tomb the voice of Nature cries,Een in our ashes live their wanted fires.(Gray)即使在坟墓中,生命之声仍在呼叫,即使在我们骨灰中,它们无力火焰仍在燃烧。第45页动词词尾“ed”中字母
44、“e”需要发音 belovd,charmd,trancdEg.No,no!The utmost shareOf my desire shall be,Only to kiss the airThat lately kissed thee.(Herrick)不,不!在我心中,我多么渴望参加,仅仅亲吻这阵微风,它刚才吻过了你。第46页英诗观赏 EAGLE He clasps the crag with crooked hands;Close to the sun in lonely lands,Ringed with the azure world,he stands.The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls;He watches from his mountain walls,And like a thunderbolt he falls.ALFRED,LORD TENNYSON(18091892)第47页Thank you for your attendance!第48页