音标名词复数名词的格(日).doc

英语国际音标表（48个）
元音（20个）
长元音 /ɑ:/ /ɔ:/ / ɜ:/ /i:/ /U:/
短元音 / ʌ/ /ɒ/ /ə/ /ɪ/ /ʊ/ /e/ /æ/
/eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/
双元音 /ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/
/əʊ/ /aʊ/
辅音（28个）
轻辅音 /p/ / t/ / k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/
浊辅音 /b/ /d/  /g/ /v/ /ð/  /z/ 
轻辅音 /ʃ/ / h/ /ts/ /tʃ/ /tr/ 
浊辅音 /ʒ/ / r/  /dz/  /dʒ/ /dr/ 
鼻音 /m/ /n/  /ŋ/ 
半元音 / j/ / w/
边音 / ǀ/
【解析】
5个元音的字母音 a [ei] e [i:] i [ai] o [əu] u [u:]
单元音： [i:]: ⑴e: he she me we
⑵ea: tea eat meat
⑶ee: see tree see
⑷ei: receive
⑸ey: key
⑹i: police policeman policewoman machine
⑺eo: people
⑻ie: piece field believe thief
[ɪ]: ⑴a: orange cabbage
⑵ay: Sunday holiday
⑶e: begin English pretty cinema
⑷ey: monkey
⑸i: it is in big
⑹y: city very sorry
⑺u: busy
⑻ui: build building
⑼ai: captain
[e]: ⑴a: any many anyone
⑵ai: said
⑶ay: says
⑷e: pen bed yes egg desk
⑸ea: bread head breakfast
⑹u: bury
[æ]: a: bag am and at sad
[ɑ:]:⑴a: class banana father after
⑵al: half palm
⑶ar: car far park arm star
⑷au: aunt laugh
⑸ear: heart
[^]: ⑴o: come none love other
⑵oo: blood flood
⑶ou: touch country enough young
⑷u: bus sun but cut up us
[ɜ:]:⑴ear: learn earth early heard
⑵er: her term
⑶ir: first girl bird skirt sir third
⑷or: work word world
⑸ur: nurse turn hurt Thursday
⑹yr: myrtle
⑺our: journalist journal
[ə]:⑴a: along about banana Canana China
⑵e: student open children different
⑶i: holiday April
⑷o: today welcome police
⑸u: minus autumn
⑹er: father mother brother sister
⑺or: doctor forget mirror
⑻ar: sugar
⑼re: metre tired fire
⑽ou: delicious previous
⑾ur: surprise Saturday
⑿our: colour
⒀ure: picture pleasure
⒁oar: cupboard
⒂yr: martyr satyr
[u:]:⑴ew: flew grew review Jew
⑵o: do to who
⑶oo: too zoo food pool boot school
⑷ou: soup group through
⑸u: blue glue June
⑹ui: fruit juice
⑺oe: shoe
[ʊ]:⑴o: woman wolf
⑵oo: book look good foot
⑶oul: could would should
⑷u: put sugar full push
[ɒ]:⑴([w])a: want wash watch what
⑵o: hot on not sorry
⑶ou: cough
⑷au: Australia
[ɔ:]:⑴(w)a: water
⑵al: all ball call fall hall mall small talk tall wall
⑶([w]) ar:warm quarter
⑷au: August autumn daughter
⑸aw: draw saw law
⑹oor: door floor
⑺ore: more before
⑻or: or for short sport
⑼ou: bought brought thought
⑽our: four your
⑾awe: awe awed aweless
⑿oar: board blackboard cardboard
⒀o: story
双元音：
[aɪ]:⑴i: time like nice fine five
⑵y: my by why
⑶i(g):sign high light right
⑷ie: die lie tie
[eɪ]:⑴a: name cake game face
⑵ai: rain train wait
⑶ay: day may okay play today
⑷ei: veil vein
⑸ei(gh): eight eighteen eighty
⑹ey: they
⑺ea: great break
[ɪə]:⑴e: zero cereal serious
⑵ea: real really idea cereal
⑶ere: here
⑷ear: ear dear hear near clear
⑸eer: beer deer pioneer
[əʊ]:⑴o: go no nose home
⑵ow: show know yellow window
⑶oa: goat boat
⑷ou: shoulder though
⑸oe: woe
[ʊə]:⑴ure: sure
⑵oor: poor
⑶our: tour
[aʊ]:⑴ou: out about house blouse
⑵ow: how now cow
[eə]:⑴air: air hair chair
⑵are: care hare parent
⑶ear: pear wear bear
⑷ere: there where
⑸eir: their theirs
⑹a: Mary
[ɔɪ]:⑴oi: oil toilet boil soil
⑵oy: boy toy employee
辅音：
清辅成对辅音：
[p]-[b] [t]-[d] [k]-[g] [f]-[v] [s]-[z] [θ]-[ð] [ʃ]-[ʒ] [ts]-[dz] [tʃ]-[dʒ] [tr]-[dr]
清音浊化：清辅音[p] [t] [k] [tr]等在[s]后重读时由送气音变为不送气音，即发其浊辅
音[b] [d] [g] [dr]，但音标仍写成清辅音。如：sport[spɔ:t]，student[‘stju:dənt]，
sky[skaɪ], street[str i:t]。但弱读时[s]后的清辅音仍读请辅音，不读相对的浊辅音。
如：hostess[‘həʊstɪs]。
[p]:⑴p:pen map help cheap pencil paper
⑵pp:apple happy appear
[b]:⑴b:bag by bed boy bus blue
⑵bb:rabbit cabbage
[t]:⑴t:ten time not get table
⑵tt:bottle bottom little pretty
⑶ed:watched washed cooked helped danced
[d]:⑴d:desk door day dog
⑵dd:add daddy middle
⑶ed:played cleaned climbed answered arrived aired boiled emptied enjoyed cried
[k]:⑴c:cat come cut clock cry picture bloc
⑵cc: occasion according occupy acclaim
⑶ch:school Christmas chemistry technique technology stomach
⑷k:book bike cake kite Kate look
⑸ck:black duck clock jacket cock
⑹q:Iraq coq
⑺que:unique technique
[g]:⑴g:go girl big get
⑵gg:egg bigger biggest
⑶gu:guess
⑷gue:dialogue
⑸gh:ghyll ghost
[f]:⑴f:five fish fine family fifteen
⑵ph:photo phone elephant photograph
⑶gh:laugh enough
⑷ff:off coffee
[v]:⑴v:very five have
⑵f:of
[s]:⑴c:nice city cycle
⑵s:sit six some bus use us desk books
⑶ss:miss class glass grass
⑷sc:science scene
⑸ps:psalm psywar
[z]:⑴s:is his please music lose husband apples
⑵es:leaves thieves knives wives
⑶z:zoo zero
⑷zz:buzz
[θ]:th:three thank month thin
[ð]:⑴th:this the with than
⑵the:breathe soythe
[ʃ]:⑴sh:she shoe short shop wash
⑵s:sure Asia
⑶c: special sufficient delicious
⑷t:station national patient
⑸ss:Russia profession
⑹ch:machine
[ʒ]:⑴s:usually television pleasure
⑵z:seizure
⑶ge:garage
[ts]:⑴ts:shirts hurts coats costs goats
⑵t’s:Let’s
⑶tes:kites gates dates
⑷zz:pizza
[dz]:⑴ds:beds birds hands friends
⑵des:decides
[tʃ]:⑴ch:chair much lunch China
⑵tch:watch
⑶t: picture question
[dʒ]:⑴g(e):age page huge orange
⑵g:gentle gentleman general
⑶dge:bridge porridge judge
⑷j:jump jacket just June Jim
⑸ch:sandwich
[tr]:tr:tree trip try true truth
[dr]:dr:dress drive hundred children
单个辅音：
[h]:⑴h:he her have hand head hair
⑵(w)h:who whom whose
[l]:⑴l:let look please lake people
⑵ll:tell full till bell
⑶(t)l(e):whistle
[r]:⑴r:red right three
⑵rr:sorry worry hurry carry carrot
⑶(w)r:write wrong
[m]:⑴m:man meat meet time
⑵mm:common communicate
⑶m(b):climb lamb
⑷m(n):autumn
[n]:⑴n:name nice nine near under
⑵(k)n:know knife
⑶nn:Ann
⑷(m)n:mnemonics
[ŋ]:⑴ng:sing long young morning
⑵n(k):thank think ink pink
⑶n(g):English
[w]:⑴w:we window work walk
⑵w(h):what why where white
[j]:⑴y:yes you year yellow
⑵j:Jensen ja hallelujah jaap
⑶i:onion review million billion brilliant behaviour
⑷e:Europe
12个单元音：
短元音 [əe] [e] [i] [כ] [۸] [u] [ə] 长元音 [i:] [כ:] [a:] [u:] [ə:]
8个双元音：[ei] [ai] [əu] [au] [כi] [iə] [eə] [uə]
英语名词单数变复数口诀
(一)   规则变化
　　名词单数变复数，直接加 -s 占多数；
　　s, x, z, ch, sh 来结尾，直接加上 -es；
　　词尾是 f 或 fe，加 -s 之前先变 ve；
　　辅母 + y 在词尾，把 y 变 i 再加 -es；
　　词尾字母若是 o，常用三个已足够，
　　要加 -es 请记好，hero, tomato, potato。

(二)  不规则变化
　　男人女人 a 变 e，鹅足牙 oo 变 ee；
　　老鼠虱婆也好记，ous 变 ic；
　　孩子加上 ren，鱼鹿绵羊不用变。
中日不变英法变，其余 -s 加后面
【解说】
1. 英语名词有单数和复数的区别，单数表示“一”，复数表示“多于一。”名词由单数变复数，多数是规则的变，直接加 -s，例如：book → books,  girl → girls。但以 -s, -z, -x, -ch, -sh 结尾的名词，变成复数时加 -es, 例如：bus → buses,  buzz → buzzes, box → boxes, watch → watches,  brush → brushes

2. -f(e) 结尾的名词单数变复数歌诀：① 树叶半数自已黄，妻子拿刀去割粮，架后窜出一只狼，就像强盗逃命忙。② 妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌，躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。例如：leaf (树叶，叶子)，half (一半)，self (自已)，wife (妻子)，knife (刀子)，shelf (架子)，wolf (狼),  thief (窃贼，强盗) 和 life (生命)，这些名词变成复数时，都要改 -f (e) 为 v，再加 -es。

　　3. -f 结尾的名词直接加 -s 变复数歌诀：海湾边、屋顶上，首领奴仆两相望；谁说他们无信仰，证据写在手帕上。例如：gulf, roof, chief, serf, belief, proof, handkerchief，这些名词变复数直接加 -s。

　　注：scarf(围巾；披风) 可以先改 f 为 ve 再加-s，也可直接加 -s。

　　4. 辅音字母 + y 结尾的名词，把 y 变 i 加 -es。例如：baby → babies, country → countries, family → families；而 -y 前是元音时，-y 不变，直接加 -s。例如：day → days, boy → boys

　　5. 以 -o 结尾的名词变复数时，多数直接加 -s。例如：radio → radios,  piano → pianos,  kangaroo → kangaroos；有的须加 -es，中学课本中有几个这样的单词，可以通过一句口诀来记忆：黑人英雄爱吃西红柿和土豆。即：Negro → Negroes, hero → heroes, tomato → tomatoes, potato → potatoes；有的以 o 结尾的名词既可加 -s 也可加 -es。例如：volcano (火山) → volcanos / volcanoes 等。

6. 名词复数的不规则变化需要特别记忆。例如：man → men,  woman → women,  goose → geese,   foot → feet,  tooth →teeth, mouse →mice, louse (虱子) → lice, child → children, fish → fish, deer (鹿) → deer, sheep → sheep 等。
则有：one sheep（一只羊）→two sheep（两只羊）
a deer（一只鹿）→two deer（两只鹿）
a Chinese（一个中国人）→two Chinese（两个中国人）

7、不可数名词一般只有单数形式，没有复数形式。有些不可数名词可借助单位词表示一定的数量。例如：a cup of tea 一杯茶, two piece of paper 两张纸, an item of news 一则新闻
8、由man和woman构成的合成名词，两个构成部分都要变成复数。
man worker→men workers（男工人）
woman doctor→women doctors（女医生）

不同国家的人的单复数
 名称　　 总称(谓语用复数）　一个人　　 两个人　　　　　
中国人　　the Chinese　　　a Chinese　 two Chinese
瑞士人　　the Swiss　　　　a Swiss　　    two Swiss
澳大利亚人the Australians　 an Australians  two  Australians　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
俄国人　　the Russians　　a Russian　　two Russians
意大利人　the Italians　　an Italian　 two Italians
希腊人　　the Greek　　　 a Greek　　　two Greeks
法国人　　the French　　　a Frenchman　two Frenchmen
日本人　　the Japanese　　a Japanese　 two Japanese
美国人　　the Americans　an American　two Americans
印度人　　the Indians　　an Indian　　 two Indians
加拿大人　the Canadians　a Canadian　 two Canadians
德国人　　the Germans　　a Germans　　two Germans
英国人　　the English　　an Englishman　two Englishmen
瑞典人　　the Swedish　　a Swede　　　two Swedes
不规则名词复数
英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：
规则
例词
1
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice
2
单复数相同
sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,
3
只有复数形式
ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents
4
一些集体名词总是用作复数
people, police, cattle, staff
5
部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）
audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party
6
复数形式表示特别含义
customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)
7
表示“某国人”
加-s
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans
单复数同形
Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women
Englishmen, Frenchwomen
8
合成名词
将主体名词变为复数
sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数
grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
将两部分变为复数
women singers, men servants
一、请写出下列名词的复数形式
bus______  fox______  boy______  day______  zoo______
tree______  deer______  fish______  city______  leaf______
life______  milk______  foot______  horse______  mouse______
tooth______  woman______  broom______  juice______  water______
people______  branch______  family______   country______
二、用所给词语的正确形式填空
1.  I have two_____ (knife)
2.  There are many _____ here. (box)
3.  There are many _____ on the road. (bus)
4.  A few _____ are drawing on the wall. (boy)
5.  The _____ are playing football now. (child)
名词的格
        在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：　
1） 单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。　2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加"'"，如：the workers' struggle　工人的斗争。　
3） 凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。　
4） 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。　
5） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。　　 如：John's and Mary's room（两间）　　John and Mary's room（一间）　
6） 复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。　　 如：a month or two's absence