非谓语动词写作中运用.doc

非谓语动词一、非谓语动词作状语1动词不定式作状语I stopped the car to take a short break as I was feeling tired.(2013山东高考)由于感到累了，我就停下车稍微休息了一下。George returned after the war, only to be told that his wife had left him.(2012山东高考)乔治战后归来，却被告知他的妻子已经离他而去。You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.你永远不会知道昨天看到她时，我是多么高兴。This machine is very easy to operate. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.(2012辽宁高考)这台机器很容易操作。在几分钟内任何人都能学会使用。(1)动词不定式可以用作目的状语。注意其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。(2)only to do sth.为不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果。(3)形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有：happy, lucky, glad, sorry, anxious, proud, disappointed, angry, surprised, ready, delighted, clever, foolish, pleased, fortunate, right等。(4)在“主语系动词表语(形容词)to do”结构中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, important, impossible, interesting, pleasant, nice, comfortable, safe, dangerous等。2分词作状语One evening Harry phoned me, asking me to come to his flat as soon as possible.(2014济南模拟)一天晚上哈里给我打电话，要求我尽快去他家。Having arrived early for his date, Mark spent time reading the newspaper.(2014济宁一模)因为约会到的早了些，马克读报纸来打发时间。Having been asked to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.(2012重庆高考)我那天晚上因为被要求加班而错过了一场精彩的电影。Seen from the top of the mountain, the city is very beautiful.从山顶上看，这座城市很漂亮。Seeing from the top of the hill, we find the park even more beautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。(1)作状语的分词要求其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致。(2)如句子的主语是分词动作的发出者，就用现在分词形式(doing)。(3)若现在分词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，则用现在分词的完成形式(having doing)。(4)若与句中主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动词动作发生，用现在分词完成时的被动形式(having been done)。(5)如句子的主语是分词动作的承受者，则要用过去分词(done)。3独立成分作状语Judging from his accent, he is from Hong Kong.从口音判断，他是香港人。Considering your health, youd better have a rest.考虑到你的健康，你最好休息一下。有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：generally speaking一般来说frankly speaking 坦白地说judging from/by . 根据来判断considering ./taking . into consideration 考虑到to tell you the truth 说实话seeing . 鉴于/由于supposing 假设，如果assuming 假使given 考虑到，鉴于provided (that .) 如果二、非谓语动词作宾语She pretended not to see me when I passed by.当我经过时，她假装没看见我。He got wellprepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk losing the good opportunity.他为这次工作面试做了充分准备，因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的风险。I had great difficulty finding the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.(2010上海高考)在那个餐馆，我很难从菜单上找到合适的食物。I still remember being taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.我仍记得别人带我去过法门寺，并记得在那里所看到的一切。I remembered to lock the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.(2012安徽高考)在离开办公室前我记着去锁门，但是忘记了关灯。1下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help。此外，afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。2下列动词或词组只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy (想象，设想); avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; cant help (禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escape。3be used/accustomed to, lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, cant stand (无法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, thank . for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), spend time (in)等短语和动词词组后也要用动名词作宾语。4下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意：forgetregrettrygo onremembermean三、非谓语动词作宾补I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.(2012四川高考)我抬头看，注意到一条蛇正沿树蜿蜒而上，捕捉它的早餐。I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.发现我的家乡变化如此之大我感到很惊奇。Let those in need understand that we will go all out to help them.(2013陕西高考)让那些需要(帮助)的人明白我们会尽全力去帮他们。Claire had her luggage checked an hour before her plane left.(2011陕西高考)克莱儿在飞机起飞一小时前对行李进行了安检。He had the light burning all night, which made his parents very angry.他让灯着了整晚，这使他父母很生气。Alexander tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.(2010辽宁高考)亚历山大试图使他的工作被医学界认可。1感官动词(词组)see, watch, observe, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel的宾语补足语有四种形式，以see为例：2使役动词make, let, have, get后加复合宾语的情况：(1)make宾语(2)let宾语(3)have宾语点津have sth. to do有事情要做have sb. doing若用于否定句中，其中have有“容忍”之意。(4)get宾语四、非谓语动词作定语Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of mail waiting for her.(2013辽宁高考)劳拉去巴黎待了一周多的时间。当她返回家的时候，有一大堆邮件等着她(处理)。Tsinghua University, founded in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.(2011福建高考)建于1911年的清华大学是无数杰出人物的摇篮。His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.他下月将要出版的第一本书是以一个真实的故事为依据写的。1现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主动关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。2过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动和完成。点津表示心理状态的动词ing形式，意为“令人的”；动词ed形式，意为“(人)感到的”，也可修饰体现内心感受的look, expression, tears, smile, voice等名词。3不定式作定语表示未做的事情。五、非谓语动词作主语和表语Hearing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.(2013浙江高考)聆听别人对你刚才所读的书的反应会增加额外的乐趣。It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。(动名词短语作主语，it作形式主语)To see is to believe/Seeing is believing.眼见为实。His ambition is to go to Harvard University.他的梦想就是上哈佛大学。The queens work is laying eggs.蚁后的工作就是产卵。1不定式、动名词都可作主语，但动名词作主语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，可以是多次的、经常的行为；不定式多表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。2下列句型中常用动名词作主语：It is/wasdoing sth.3不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作，或表示将来的动作。4动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质或特征。六、with复合结构John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work finished, he gladly accepted it.约翰收到一份宴请函而且他的工作也干完了，他就欣然接受了邀请。With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly elected president is having a hard time.因为有很多难题要解决，这位新任总统的日子不好过。With the little boy leading the way, we had no difficulty finding the village.有小男孩带路，我们找到这个村庄没费劲。with复合结构常用形式：with七、独立主格Such an able man to help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.有这么能干的人来帮你，你迟早会成功的。The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.向导领着路，我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, all his attention fixed upon it.吉姆专心致志地听着讲座，所有注意力都集中在上面了。He came out of the library, (with)a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆。独立主格结构的构成形式：名词或代词点津独立主格结构从语法上来讲不是句子，在句中通常作状语。具有以下特点：1独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，不指同一个人或同一事物；2独立主格结构一般置于句首，有时也置于句中或句末。考点一 非谓语动词作状语1(2013四川高考)_ which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.ANot knowingBKnowing notCNot known DKnown not解析：选A句意：由于不知道上哪所大学，那个女孩向她的老师征求意见。分析句子成分可知，the girl与know之间是逻辑上的主动关系，所以用现在分词作原因状语，且分词的否定式是在分词前加not。2(2013湖南高考)_ warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.AStaying BStayedCTo stay DStay解析：选C句意：为了晚上保暖，我往火炉中添了木柴，又设置了午夜的闹钟以便再次添加。此处“保暖”是“添加木柴”的目的，所以用动词不定式作目的状语。3(2013安徽高考)_ in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring childrens love of art.ATo found BFounding CFounded DHaving founded解析：选C句意：这所学校创建于20世纪初期，它一直激励着孩子们对于艺术的热爱。found与the school之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，应用过去分词。故选C。考点二 非谓语动词作定语4(2013北京高考)Volunteering gives you a chance _ lives, including your own.Achange BchangingCchanged Dto change解析：选D句意：志愿者活动给了你一个改变人生的机会，包括你自己的。a chance to do sth.“做某事的机会”。英语中有些名词，如chance, ability, way等，常用不定式作定语。5(2013新课标全国卷)They might just have a place _ on the writing course why dont you give it a try?Aleave BleftCleaving Dto leave解析：选B句意：他们可能只剩下一个写作课的名额了。你为什么不试试呢？leave与其逻辑主语a place之间为动宾关系，因此此处要用leave的过去分词left作后置定语。6(2013山东高考)The room is empty except for a bookshelf _ in one corner.Astanding Bto standCstands Dstood解析：选A句意：除了一个书橱在墙角外，房间里空空荡荡。except for是介词短语，其后不能接句子，所以排除C、D两项。分析句子结构可知，此处为非谓语，且a bookshelf与动词stand之间为逻辑上的主动关系，所以选A。考点三 非谓语动词作宾语7(2013江苏高考)Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and _ to ruins, the city took on a new look.Areducing BreducedCbeing reduced Dhaving reduced解析：选C分析句子结构可知，空格处与suffering from是and连接的两个并列成分，在形式上应保持一致，又因reduce与the city之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，因此选being reduced。考点四 非谓语动词作主语、表语8(2013福建高考)_basic firstaid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.AKnown BHaving knownCKnowing DBeing known解析：选C句意：了解基本的急救技巧能够帮助你快速应对紧急情况。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中充当主语，应用动词ing形式。having known强调“完成”，不符合句意，可排除。故选C。9(2013重庆高考)The engine just wont start.Something seems _ wrong with it.Ato go Bto have goneCgoing Dhaving gone解析：选B句意：发动机启动不了了，它好像出问题了。动词seem后常接动词不定式，因此C、D两项不正确。由句意可知，go这一动作在start之前发生，故选B。考点五 非谓语动词作宾补10(2013北京高考)When we saw the road _ with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.Ablock Bto blockCblocking Dblocked解析：选D句意：当我们看到道路被雪封住后，我们决定在家过假期。分析句子结构可知，此处是“see宾语宾语补足语”结构。宾语补足语是do形式时，表示“看见宾语做某事的全过程”；宾语补足语是doing形式时，表示“看见宾语正在做某事”；若宾语补足语与宾语是动宾关系时，则用过去分词done形式作宾语补足语。road与block之间是被动关系，故选D。解题技法指导第一步：利用“有无连词”原则确定是谓语还是非谓语分析句子结构，判断出句子的主干主语和谓语。如果题线处作谓语，则要用谓语动词，如果题线处不作谓语，则要用非谓语动词。典例(2013湖南高考)Every day _ a proverb aloud several times until you have it memorized.Aread BreadingCto read Dreads分析选A分析句子结构可知，题干中有连词until，until引导时间状语从句，故“_ a proverb aloud several times”为主句，此处应为祈使句，故应用动词原形。本题应选A项。第二步：根据句意和作用确定句子成分根据句意和题线处在句子中的位置和作用，确定其所充当的句子成分，从而确定空格内所需填入的非谓语动词的形式。典例(2013新课标全国卷)The sunlight is white and blinding, _ hardedged shadows on the ground.Athrowing Bbeing thrownCto throw Dto be thrown分析根据句意和句子结构可知，题线处应作伴随状语，且the sunlight与throw之间为主动关系，故用现在分词。答案应为A项。第三步：根据与逻辑主语的关系确定语态如果非谓语动词表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间为主谓关系则用v.ing形式或不定式的主动式；若为动宾关系则用v.ing形式的被动式、不定式的被动式或过去分词。典例(2013湖南高考)You cannot accept an opinion _ to you unless it is based on facts.Aoffering Bto offerChaving offered Doffered分析offer与逻辑主语an opinion之间为被动关系，A、B、C三项都表示主动，D项为过去分词表示被动， 故选D项。第四步：根据与谓语动词的先后关系确定时态非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前用过去分词或v.ing形式/不定式的完成式；如果同时进行用v.ing形式或不定式的进行式；如果非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后用不定式的一般式。典例(2013新课标全国卷)I got to the office earlier that day, _ the 7：30 train from Paddington.Acaught Bto have caughtCto catch Dhaving caught分析由句意可知catch the 7：30 train这一动作发生在谓语动词got to the office之前，故用现在分词的完成时。非谓语动词在写作中的运用众所周知，作文中出现过多的简单句会让人觉得单调乏味，句子与句子之间的关系显得松散；而文章中过多地出现复合句又显得累赘，读起来费劲。恰当地运用非谓语动词对简单句和复合句进行转换，不仅句型多样，句子活泼，而且读起来结构紧凑，言简意明。一、运用非谓语动词转换简单句写作时，我们可以利用非谓语动词对两个简单句进行转换，使其成为较高级的表达方式。转换时可采用三步法。示例第一步：写出两个简单句。I feel quite sorry for that. I begin to think about what to do to help. 第二步：让句作主句，用非谓语动词改写句。第三步：句表示原因，其动词feel与主语I之间为主谓关系，故用现在分词短语作原因状语。Feeling quite sorry for that, I begin to think about what to do to help.(2013陕西高考满分作文)其他几个转换的例子如下：1另一方面，我将帮着建立英语角，提供给我们学生一个练习英语口语的平台。On the other hand, I will help set up the English corner. I will provide us students a platform to practice our oral English.On the other hand, I will help set up the English corner, providing us students a platform to practice our oral English.(2013天津高考满分作文)(现在分词作状语)2这儿的人都喜欢汤姆写的那本小说。All the people here like the novel. It is written by Tom.All the people here like the novel written by Tom.(过去分词作定语)3我们应该多讲英语。我们认为这是很重要的。We should speak more English. We think it is very important.We think it very important to speak more English.(it作形式宾语，不定式作真正宾语)即时演练运用非谓语动词转换简单句1We were touched by the teachers words. We decided to work hard.(用过去分词作状语)_ 2I didnt receive her letter. I had to write again.(用现在分词作状语)_ 3The boy came to school late again. This made the teacher very angry.(用动名词作主语)_ 4The boys were making the most of time. They wanted to finish the work earlier.(用不定式作目的状语)_ 5I saw an old granny. She lay on the ground. I went over to help her.(用现在分词作状语)_ 二、运用非谓语动词转换复合句用非谓语动词转换复合句比转换简单句要容易一些，因为需转换的一般是从句部分，这时只需要判断用何种非谓语动词，再把握好时态和语态即可，所以只需两步。示例第一步：写出复合句。After we had practiced playing basketball for almost two months, we strongly desired to be the winner. 第二步：把after引导的时间状语从句转换为非谓语动词，practice与we之间为主谓关系，且表示完成，故用现在分词的完成时作状语。Having practiced playing basketball for almost two months, we strongly desired to be the winner.(2013湖南高考满分作文)其他几个转换的例子如下：1惊诧于他们的熟练程度，我决心要像他们一样好。Because I was amazed at how skillful they were, I determined to be just as good.Amazed at how skillful they were, I determined to be just as good.(2013浙江高考满分作文)(过去分词作状语)2看到一辆车朝她而来，我伸出手把她拉了回来。When I saw a car running towards her, I reached my hand out and pulled her back. Seeing a car running towards her, I reached my hand out and pulled her back.(2013安徽高考满分作文)(现在分词作状语)3这里曾有一家化肥厂，位于城市的南边。它每天释放出大量有毒气体，污染环境。There was a large factory, which produced fertilizer. Every day it gave out a lot of poisonous gas, which polluted the environment.There was a large factory, which produced fertilizer. Every day it gave out a lot of poisonous gas, polluting the environment.简析：“原句”中分别由which引导两个定语从句，重复且单调，将第二个定语从句转换为现在分词短语作状语后，不仅表达多样，而且言简意明。4由于老师的帮助，我的英语进步很大。因为我的英语进步很大，我确信我能考上更好的大学。Because my teacher helps me, my English has greatly improved. Because my English has greatly improved, Im sure I will go to a better university.With my teacher helping me, my English has greatly improved. Because my English has greatly improved, Im sure I will go to a better university.简析：“原句”两处重复出现由because引导的从句，读起来很别扭。换用“with现在分词的复合结构”后，读起来给人的感觉大不一样。即时演练运用非谓语动词转换复合句1As soon as they saw a few people still in the burning house, they rushed into it to save them without hesitation._ they rushed into it to save them without hesitation.2We think it is necessary that middle school students should learn a foreign language and we also think that it is possible that they can master one.We think it is necessary that middle school students should learn a foreign language and we also think 3I took part in the meeting, which was held in Beijing last Friday. It was very instructive, which was hosted by a manager who came to our company yesterday.I took part in the meeting _last Friday. It was very instructive, which was hosted by a manager_yesterday.4Mother went to work in a hurry, and she didnt have breakfast. She was as busy as a bee these days and came back home very late.Mother went to work in a hurry_