常用介词的原始概念及引申意义说课材料.doc

学习资料
常用介词的原始概念及部分引申意义
1. about
表示地点：“在……周围，在各处，在……附近”
Don’t throw waste paper about.
We took the foreign friend about the garden.
表示时间、程度：“大约，近于……”
The tree is about 10 meters tall.
The bus will leave at about 8:30.
表示客体关系：“对于，关于，有关……”
What do you talk about the subject?
What is she so happy about？
2. above
表示位置，职业，数量，年龄等：“在……上方，在……之上，超过……”
The temperature is above 8℃ today.
There is a map of China above the blackboard.
A bird is flying above the woods.
引申义：表示品质， 行为能力等方面“超过， 超出……之外”；“因……太……（难好）而不……”
The problem is above me.
Jim is above all the other boys in his class.
反义词below用法基本相同。
3. at
表示时间：“在……（时刻、钟点、岁数）等
The meeting will begin at 9:00 tomorrow.
表示地点：“在……（指小地方）
at the food of the hill at NO.248 in/on Guangming Road
表示动作方向：“针对……，朝……，向……”
He threw a stone at the window.
Look at point at
表示状态：“在……之中”
at work at meeting at desk at table
表示原因：
He was surprised at my words.
They were sad at hearing the mews.
He was glad at what her brother had said.
4. after
表示时间和空间：“在……之后”
He goes on working day after day.
Don’t work at once after meals.
After you!你先请
引申意义：“追求……”
Who is he after? 他在追求谁？
5agaist ：“反对……，违背…… ”
The man is standing against the wall.
We will have match against Class3 tomorrow.
6.before
表示时间：“在……之前、以前”
the day before yesterday
表示位置：“在……前面、当着……的面”
There is a chair before the bed.
7.along：“沿着/顺着……”
Walk along the road and you will find the cinema.
8among ：
among:在……之中， between ：在……（两者）之间
9.behind：
表示地点，位置：在……背后， 在……后面
There is a tree behind my house.
表示时间：迟于、晚于、落后于……
His ideas are behind the times.
10.beside
在……旁 边，在……附近
The man who is standing beside my father is my uncle.
There is a beautiful park beside the hotel.
11.besides except but 用法区别
Besides 表示“除……之外还有……”；except和 but 近义，
表示“除……之外没有……”
Besides the Spring Festival ,Mid-autumn Day is also an important traditional festival in China.
This morning nobody was late for school except Tim.(Tim was late for school)
12.by
表示地点：在……旁边，在……身边
Come and sit by me !
There is a house by the river.
表示方式，手段：“靠，用， 通过……”
He usually goes to school by bus. (by bike ,by car , by air , by ship , by boat …)
表示时间：到……为止（常用于完成时态中）
By the end of this year, we have planted more than two thousand trees.
The meeting had been on for ten minutes by the time I got there.
表示动作方向，位置：经过，沿着……
I go by his office every morning.
They went on by the hill-road.
13.down
沿着……向下（副词：朝下，向下）
fall down , get down , go down the street
14.during
在……期间
Father Christmas will come during the night before Christmas
15.for
表示行为目的，对象：为……，替（代）……，对于……
you can have a rest , I will do it for you.
We eat for living , but living is not for eating.
I went shopping for mother last Sunday.
“限定于……，供……用的”
James Herriot is a famous doctor for animals.
Here are some books for children .
This is a litter for you.
This food is for lunch.
“就……而言，至于……”
That’s all for this class.
It is too cold for September here.
表示目的，去向：“向，往，去……”
The train will leave for Shanghai at 2 o’clock.
Let’s go out for a walk.
表示原因：
He was late for school for the bad weather.
表示时间，距离，数量：“计达……”
The man has been her for a long time.
We have studies in WunXu Middle School for three years.
16 from ：
表示起点来源：从……，从……起，从……来
This scientist is from Beijing.
How far it from here to Guilin?
The letter is from my brother.
17 in ：在……里
表示地点：场所：“在……里，在……上 ”
I live in school .
There is a book in his hand.
表示状态：情况，境遇，服饰等“处于……之中”
She is in red today.(She is wearing red clothes today.)
Irarq was in war three years ago.
表示时间：在……期间， 在……以后，在……以内
I will be back in two days.
You must finish the work in two days.
After three years ,he went to Paris with his family.
“in +段时间”：以当前时间为起点多长时间之后（现在将来）
“after+段时间”：以过去某时间为起点多长时间之后（过去将来）
表示范围，领域：在……方面，在……之内
I am weak in English and Math.
表示方式：以……，用……
Say it in English ,please.
I will take you there in my car.
18.into
表示动作方向“到……里”
He fell into the river.
The children went into the classroom and began their class.
表示变化状态：成为，转入，变成……
Change the sentences into English, please.
The rain turned into snow quickly.
19.like：像……（注意与行为动词用法区别）
He looks (is)like his brother very much.他很象他的兄弟。
He likes his parents very much 他非常爱他的父母。
20.near
表示时间，空间：靠近……，在……旁边，快要……
Tom is sitting near the window.
He is near twenty.
21.of：原始概念为：“属于，来源，构成”等
表示从属关系：“……的”，“关于……的”
This is a map of the world.
The wall of the room will be painted again tomorrow.
The cover of the book is green.
表示同位关系：
the city of Guangzhou the month of May
22.off
表示距离：从……离开（脱离，去掉），与……隔离
take off / put off set off / hurry off/ Keep off the grass!
23.on
表示地点：在……上（与……向接触）
The clock is on the wall.
On the floor is a football.
表示时间：在……（某日，星期，节日，某日的或特定的早上、上午，下午，晚上）
on Monday / on May Day /Christmas
On a sunny morning ,our sports meeting began.
引申意义：从事于……，处于……情况之中
He is on duty today.
We were still on our school trip last week.
My uncle has gone to New Zealand on business.
表示关系：论及……，关于……
on “关于……”(科学性、学术性的问题或内容)
about“关于……”(一般的事物)
The professor will give us a talk on computer technology this afternoon.
24.over
表示地点：在……正上方，在……上面（不接触）
The sky is over our head.
There is a bridge over the river.
引申意义：遍及（复习、检查）……，从头到尾，到处
The Great Wall is famous all over the world . (look over /go over)
25.past
表示动作方向：从……旁边经过
I always walked past the beautiful lake on my way to school.
表示时间、年龄数量、程度、行动范围、能力等“超过……，越过……”
He is a boy past twelve.
Ten past nine(9:10)
26.round和 around （意义基本一致）
表示动作方向，趋向：围绕着，绕着……，向……四周
The earth travels around/round the sun.
We showed the visitor around /round the school yard.
We showed the visitor around in the school yard.(around 是副词)
表示地点：在……周围，在……附近，在各处
He took a look around him and stood there calmly.
27.trough
表示空间：穿过，通过，贯穿
The river goes through the town from east to west.
The road through the fields leads to a church.
Look in through the window!
表示时间：从……开始到结束，从头到尾
They worked through the night.
The girl couldn’t sit through the long meeting .
表示方式，手段原因等：经…….，由于……，以……，通过……
We can learn English through a TV or a computer.
注意区分through 和across：
through 表示从物体内部、中间通过、经过。
across表示从物体表面通过、经过。
28.to
表示动作方向：到，向，往……
I am going to the zoo.
Pointing to the picture, he told us an unusual story himself in the village.
The Greens have moved to Shanghai.
表示间接关系：给，于……
Please give the book to James.
With the help of the manmade satellites ,we can send message to the other side of the world.
表示时间，程度：到……为止，在……之前，到……程度
We will fight to the end .
It is now five to six.(5:55)
表示方向，位置：在……，位于……
Japanese is to the east of China.
注意in、 on、 to表示方位时的区别：
in表示描述对象在参照对象范围内。
on表示描述对象与参照对象范围边界相接触。
to 表示描述对象和参照对象范围是相离的。
表示从属关系“……的”
The key to the door is missed.
The keys to these exercise are on the blackboard.
29under
表示位置：在……下面（之下，之中，之内）
France had been under the rule of the Rom for some time in the history.
under the desk /under the tree……and so on
表示级别，地位，数量，程度，年龄，价格等：“低于、少于……”，“在……之下”，“未满、不足……”
The book can be sold under 5yuan.
Children under six years old can get a half discount of the ticket.
30.up
表示动作方向：向上
He ran quick up the stairs.
We traveled up the Changjiang River last year.
He went with his mother.
31.with
表示共同关系：和……在一起，同、跟……
Can you come and stay with us for some time?
The teacher with his students often goes to help the old granny.
表示客体关系：
My teacher was very pleased with my homework.
He was very angry with me .
agree with sb. /be strict with sb.
表示方式、手段等：被……，用……
The road was covered with yellow leaves in autumn.
The mountains are covered with forests.
To kill two birds with one stone(arrow).
表示从属关系：具有……，带有……，在……身边。
I like the moon-cakes with nuts in them.
An old man with yellow hair and green eyes came.
Do you have any money with you?
He always goes out with a hat on .
32.without：（与 反义）：没有……，不带有……
We can’t live without water or air.
一些近义介词的辩异:
( 1). in the tree / on the tree/in the picture /on the map/on the wall /in the wall/
(2.) arrive at / arrive in
(3).point at /point to
(4).above /on/over
(5).in /on /to 表示方位时的不同。
(6).through/ across/cross/past的不同.
(7).agree to /on /with
(8).hit on /in

仅供学习与参考