Environment-and-Culture-in-North-America.ppt

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,Environment and Culture in North America,Culture Areas,Geographic Area of“ethnic”groups with similar cultural traits.,from the search by explorers for a route to the“Indies”.,Some Native Americans dislike this name.,Amerind,Native American,or First Nation also used.,Names,Names of tribes are necessarily what they called themselves.At the time of contact,some explorers used names that other groups called a specific group.,Thus,Navajo prefer Dine and Yuman prefer Quechan.,Geography and Culture,larger biological community of interacting plants and animals,as exemplified by tundra or coniferous forest.,Habitat,An area of land with physical characteristics such as minerals,soils,rainfall,and temperature that affect which plants and animals live there.,Ecotone,A community of plants and animals found at the transition between biomes or other large biotic units;,c,haracterized by a mixture of species that may attract predators,including humans.,N.A.Biomes,www.uen.org/utahlink/tours/tourFames.cgi?tour_id=14051,Biomes,Tundra,Treeless biome,Ground frozen year round,permafrost,Tundra,Frozen tarn pond in alpine tundra near Dillon,Colorado,Images(c)by James L.Reveal,Norton-Brown Herbarium,University of Maryland,Coniferous forest,Evergreens-pine,spruce,fir,and hemlock,Images(c)by James L.Reveal,Norton-Brown Herbarium,University of Maryland,Moist Temperate Forest,Mostly coastal and in low mountains(less than 9,000 ft),Abundant precipitation,rain and snow;25-160 in(65-400 cm).,Cool temperatures,rarely below 5 F or above 100 F;moister and cooler in the north.,www.life.umd.edu/emeritus/reveal/pbio/biome/lec35c.html,Temperate Deciduous Forest,Beech-maple-yellow poplar,oak-hickory,mixed pine-hardwood.,Cool/cold winters,warm summers.,Moist winters,moist summers.,Courtesy of Steve Nix,About Forestry,Chaparral,Arid,very little rain in summer.,Chaparral fire near Ensenada,Baja California,Images,(c)by James L.Reveal,Norton-Brown Herbarium,University of Maryland,Cold Desert/Hot Desert Biome,Cold Desert-cold in winter,arid.,Cold desert of the Great Basin near Lunar Crater,Nevada,Images,(c)by James L.Reveal,Norton-Brown Herbarium,University of Maryland,Temperate Grassland,Plains,Prairies,Mid-grass prairie near Manhattan,Kansas,Images(c)by James L.Reveal,Norton-Brown Herbarium,University of Maryland,Water Resources,Rivers,Lakes,Oceans,Sinkholes,Springs.,Native American Impact on the Environment,Environment of the past dynamic.,Interglacials,Hypsithermal,Prehistoric people did impact the environment.,Clearing forests,diverting water.,Culture Histories,Use of archaeological methods to construct cultural types based on culture area and artifacts.,Temporal Types,Artifacts with temporal signatures,Components,Component,An archaeological unit that includes a culturally homogeneous stratigraphic or spatial unit within a site and is thought to represent a single occupation of the site.,Phases,Phase,An archaeological unit consisting of several components at a number of sites defined by similar artifacts and other characteristics and found in a unique geographical area and time period;phases are thought to loosely represent cultures,Horizons,Horizon,an archaeological unit that links phases based on traits of material culture that appear to have spread widely during a relatively short period of time.,Tradition,Temporal continuity in material culture the archaeological unit that links phases and sites based on general attributes of material culture that persist over a long period.,Culture History,PaleoIndian(Pleistocene),Archaic(Beginning with Holocene,continuing through contact with some groups),Woodland(ca 3000),Mississippians,Iroquoians,Plains Village(ca 1000),Historic Period(after contact),Culture Concepts,Band,Small,mobile groups,Wild resources,Little personal property,Culture Concepts,Tribe,Larger groups,sometimes villages,Kinship groups-clans,“Big men”in some groups(NW Coast),Culture Concepts,State,Monarchy or democracy,Social Classes/castes,Culture Concepts,Egalitarian,Status based on age,individual,gender,Ranked,Social position inherited,nearness to chief(or chiefs lineage)=higher status,Stratified,Sharp class distinctions,Themes in North American Research,Settlement of America?,Adaptation to Environment,Food Production?,Complex Cultural Systems?,Ethnic Identities?,European settlement,