翻译与语用学.ppt

Pre-Class Reading Since the emergence of pragmatics,there have been various attempts at applying its theories to the research of its disciplines.Among various application studies,the pragmatics of translation has attracted the most attention.Unit 14 Pragmatics and TranslationGroup52CONTENTS目录目录114.1 Translation as communication3CONTENTS目录目录114.1 Translation as communication14.2 Translatinng pragmatics meanings24CONTENTS目录目录12314.3 Layers of pragmaticequivalence14.1 Translation as communication14.2 Translatinng pragmatics meanings5CONTENTS目录目录123414.4 Strategies of pragmatic translation14.1 Translation as communication14.2 Translatinng pragmatics meanings14.3 Layers of pragmaticequivalence6Leo Hickey 利奥利奥希基希基(英英):AResearchProfessorattheUniversityofSalford.Hisresearchfocusesonstudiesofstylistics,pragmatics,andtranslationstudieswithparticularreferencetolegaltranslation.HeistheauthorofseveralbooksandoverahundredarticlesonSpanishliteratureandlanguage,includingThePragmaticsofTranslation1998:4Translation as communication1Translation as communicationTranslationInterlingualactoftransferenceInterculturalactoftransferenceInterlingualcommunicationInterculturalcommunication在翻译过程中，对译文话语正确地理解及准确地表达，必须关注语用含义的这方面价值语用含义的这方面价值，即语用含义不是揭示了人们说了什么，而是告诉人们说这句话意味着意味着什么。(1)A:Ireallydislikedthemanyouintroducedmeto.B:Actually,heisyournewboss.B意味着A应该重新考虑他的话故译为：“说实在的，他是你的新上司。”(2)A:Ireallydislikedthemanyouintroducedmeto.B:Anyway,heisyournewboss.B意味着A厌恶无关要紧故译为：“不管怎么样，他是你的新上司。”(3)A:Ireallydislikedthemanyouintroducedmeto.B:Afterall,heisyournewboss.B意味着A之所以讨厌那人真的是因为那人是新上司故译为：“他毕竟是你的新上司。”(4)A:Ireallydislikedthemanyouintroducedmeto.B:Still,heisyournewboss.B意味着A应该尽量好自为之故译为：“尽管如此，他是你的新上司。”意义与翻译密切相关，而意义中的语用学上的意义更为突出。意义与翻译密切相关，而意义中的语用学上的意义更为突出。意义与翻译密切相关，而意义中的语用学上的意义更为突出。意义与翻译密切相关，而意义中的语用学上的意义更为突出。（意义包括语法、语义学上的意义和语用学上的意义）（意义包括语法、语义学上的意义和语用学上的意义）（意义包括语法、语义学上的意义和语用学上的意义）（意义包括语法、语义学上的意义和语用学上的意义）Incommunication,peoplemayusedifferentexpressionsforthesamepurpose.1.CanIhavesomewater?2.Haveyougotanythingtodrink?3.Shallwehavesomedrink?4.Dontyouthinkwedbetterhavesomedrinknow?5.Doyoumindhavingsomedrink?6.Icandowithacupoftea.7.Imreallythirsty.8.Iwonderifyouhavesomethingtoquenchmythirst.Incommunication,peoplemayusethesameexpressionfordifferentpurposes.Someonesays：CanIhelpyou?1.需要买点什么？（Ashopassistanttoacustomer）2.你找谁呀？（Ahosttoastrangerwhoknocksatthedoorofhishouse）3.我能帮你忙吗？4.我能为你做点什么？在翻译时，我们不能只求得原文与译文之间在语法与语义上的最大描述等在翻译时，我们不能只求得原文与译文之间在语法与语义上的最大描述等值，而更为重要的是争取其在语用意义上的功能等值。翻译者先要认识原文值，而更为重要的是争取其在语用意义上的功能等值。翻译者先要认识原文的语用含义，透彻理解作者的语用意义。在这基础上再进入用译语表达意义的语用含义，透彻理解作者的语用意义。在这基础上再进入用译语表达意义这一层次。这一层次。the descriptive use 描述性运用描述性运用-referstotheuseoflanguagewherebyspeakerssaywhattheyknoworthink.the interpretive use 解释性运用解释性运用-referstotheuseoflanguagewherebyspeakerscommunicatewhatotherssayorthink.a.Kate:Tomissicktoday.b.Jim:Katesaid“Tomissicktoday”.Naturally,translation falls under the interpretive category of language use in that the translators need to restate in the target language what someone else has said or written in the source language.RelevanceTheory(Unit11&Unit12)关联理论Relevancetheoryisanewcognitiveandcommunicativeapproachofpragmatics,whichisdevelopedbylinguistsDanSperberandDeirdreWilsonintheirco-authoredbookRelevance:CommunicationandCognitionin1986.关联理论（RelevanceTheory）最早是由DanSperber（斯波伯）和DeirdreWilson（威尔逊）在关联性：交际与认知一书中提出来的，他们的学生Ernst-AugustGutt（格特）根据关联理论对翻译进行了研究，并在五年后出版了翻译与关联：认知与语境（TranslationandRelevance:CognitionandContext）。格特在此书中率先将关联理论应用于翻译研究中，并指出翻译是一种言语交际行为，是与大脑机制密切联系的推理过程。它不仅涉及语码，更重要的是根据动态的语境进行动态的推理，而推理所依据的就是关联性。作为交际的翻译，在对源语理解和翻译的过程中，人们对语码的选择所依赖的也是关联性。BasicConceptstotheRelevanceTheoryThePrincipleofRelevance(Thecognitiveprinciple&Thecommunicativeprinciple)DescriptiveandInterpretiveUseTheInferentialNatureofCommunicationContextandCognitiveEnvironmentExample:A:WillJanebelong?B:SheiswithJohnnow.关联理论和言语行为认为：听话人需要越过字面意思,结合语境语境 信息，通过推理推理 达到说话人意义的正确把握。(1)Long?Short?DependsonJohn.(2)Johnisknowntobeveryquick/slowwithpeople.Asaninterpretiveuseoflanguage,translationaimstoachieve:interpretiveresemblance解读相似性betweentheoriginalandthetranslation.Suchinterrpretiveresemblanceconsistsideallyinthesharingofexplicatures(explicitmeaning)andimplicatures(implicitmeaning).Themoreexplicaturesandimplicaturesthetwoversionsshare,themorecloselytheyresembleeachother.1914.1 Translation as communicationTothatend,translationisbesttreatedastheinterpretiveuseoflanguageconstrainedbythesearchforoptimal relevance最佳关联.originalinterpretationpresumptionofoptimalrelevancetargetreadersinterpreationpresumptionofoptimalrelevance20CommunicationandCognition(Sperber&Wilson,1995)21P160P160P160P160Presumption of optimal relevance:a)Theostensivesimulusisrelevantenoughforittobeworththeaddresseesefforttoprocessit.b)Theostensivestimulusisthemostrelevantonecompatible with the communicators abilities andpreferences.22interpretiveresemblanceoptimalrelevancethetargetaudiencewillbeabletogetthesamecognitive effects认知效果fromthetargettext(TTforshort)asthesorceaudiencedofromthesorcetext(STforshort).Cognitive effects认知效果Cognitiveeffectisaresultofinteractionbetweennewandoldinformation.Anassumptionisrelevantincontextifandonlyifithassomecontextualeffectinthatcontext.23P162P162P162P162Peter:Do you also think Mary is generous?Jack:She has invited meto dinner quite a number of times.Peter:Do you also think Mary is generous?Jack:She has invited meto dinner quite a number of times.ExampleofanEnglishproverbThe fox may grow grey but never good.Thefollowingarethreeversionsattemptedforrenderingtheunderlinedpart:a.狐狸可以变成灰色，但从不会变好；b.江山易改，本性难移；c.狐狸再老，本性难移。literaltranslation;retainstheoriginalexplicatureandpossiblytheimplicature;thetargetreadersmayfailtorecognizethatargettextasaproverbstatestheimplicaturemoreexplicitly;“江山”forthefox;widelydifferentassociationsclosesttotheoriginal;ratainstheoriginalimage;soundslikeaChineseproverb24Toreconsidertranslationpragmaticallyassomeinterpretativeuseoflanguageandevaluatetheproductoftranslationonthecriterionoftheinterpretiveresemblebeliesa“replacement”viewoftheralationbetweenthepragmativeapproachandpreviousapproachestotranslation.However,thereisalessambitiousview,namelya“complement”view,thatdefinestherolesofpragmaticapproachastreatingpragmaticmeaningsignoredbyearliermodels.25Interpretiveresemblance解读相似性26Interpretive resemblancePragmatic equivalence语用对等解读相似性27Interpretive resemblancePragmatic equivalenceDynamic equivalencePerlocutionary equivalence动态对等成事对等28Translating pragmatic meanings14.2Translatingcentersonthetransferenceofmeaning.However,thenotionofmeaningisambiguousone.Unlessweknowfullywhatmeaningis,wecannotachievegoodtranslation.Apragmaticiapproachtotranslationneedstoaddresandbecapableofcapturingthesenon-linguisticshadesofmeaning.29illocutionary force 行事用意行事用意implicature 含意含意politness 礼貌礼貌pragmaticmeaningspoetic effects诗学效果诗学效果30Illocutionaryforce(行事用意）whatsup可以基本认定为isthereanythingnew?比“你吃过了嘛”稍微直接一点的找话题的方式。所以回答的话完全可以以NothingMuch/NotBad/任何闲话来回答。回问一句Whatsup也没有什么关系。31如果对方父母离婚：世事难料Im sorry to hear that 如果对方亲人去世：请节哀Im sorry to hear that如果对方遭遇小三：发生这种事谁也不想的。Im sorry to hear thatIllocutionaryforce(行事用意）32Implicature（含意）A:Whereismyfish?B:Oh,thecatlookshappy.甲：我的鱼呢？乙：哦，猫看起来很得意嘛。B conveys the conversational implicature that As fish has been eaten by the cat.This implicature survives in the Chinese version.33Implicature（含意）A:WhatsLeonardolike?B:Jesus,hehasalreadytwelveconstellations甲：你觉得小李子人怎么样？乙：天哪，他可是集齐了十二星座的男人！在这个对话里，明显的B不想直接回答A对于小李子人怎么样的问题，她的回答其实隐含了小李子是个比较花心的男人，同样的在翻译过来中文的时候，这含意依然保持。最近，小A成了小李子的迷妹，某天她和小B有了以下的对话：34您贵姓？您贵姓？May I have your name？你叫什么名字？你叫什么名字？Whats your name？Thirdly,the translator needs to make the translation sound equally polite as compared with the source text.culture norms（文化规范）linguistic realizations（语言实现）Here,culture norms of politeness and linguistic realizations of politeness weigh a lot because they often differ considerably across languages.a.说说大声点。大声点。b.请说请说大声点。大声点。c.你能你能说说大声点大声点吗吗？Can you speak a little louder?May I have your phone number?a.我要你的我要你的电话电话号号码码。b.请问请问我可以要你的我可以要你的电话电话号号码吗码吗？Last but least,the translator needs to take the poetic effects into account,especially when doing literary translation.诗诗意效果意效果Poetic effects are generally conveyed by weak implicature or psychological associations.metaphors and metonymsThe meeting is as significant as a game of cricket.a.这次会议如同板球比赛一样重要。b.这次会议就像一场关键的球赛。We need to reconstruct the image in a way appropriate to the target language as well as the target culture.过着过着牛马牛马不如的生活不如的生活to lead a dogs lifeHe has taken the bread out of my mouth他砸了我的饭碗他砸了我的饭碗爱屋及爱屋及乌乌love me love my dogKill two birds with one stone一石二鸟、一举两得、一箭双雕一石二鸟、一举两得、一箭双雕兔子不吃窝边草兔子不吃窝边草Never fish in your neighbors pond小小张结张结婚了，可是家里养着的是一只母老虎婚了，可是家里养着的是一只母老虎a.Mr.Zhang was married and had a tigress at home.b.Mr.Zhang was married and had a lioness at home.14.3 Layers of pragmatic equivalence （语用对等层）（语用对等层）EugeneNidadynamicequivalence（动态对等）“stimulatinganeffectinthereaderofthetranslationsimilartothatcausedinthereaderoftheoriginal”要求不同语言表达的相同信息，要在不同读者群中产生相同的效果最切近原语信息的自然对等What is pragmatic equivalence?Broadlyspeaking,itiswhatweearlierpresentedasinterpretiveresemblancebasedonRelevanceTheory.dynamic equivalence(EugeneNida)(somewhat)LeoHickeyperlocutionary equivalence成事对等similarST（源文本）（源文本）analogicallyrelatedperlocutionaryeffectsitsoriginalreadersTT（目标文本）（目标文本）“analogous”relatedperlocutionaryeffectsitsreaders语用对等还要求在翻译过程中，对原作的语用内涵也一并处理。翻译的最终目的是赋予目标语与源语相同的交际功能。然而，其难点并不是翻译文本的字面含义，而是文本的言外之意，或语用内涵，用目标语产生相同或相似的反应。如：C:高高兴兴上班去，平平安安回家来！E1:Gotoworkhappily,andcomehomesafely!E2:Goodluck!（表祝愿）（“Sowhat?”)Specifically,pragmaticequivalenceincludesatleastthefollowinglayersofequivalence:a.illocutionaryequivalence（行事对等）吃了吗？Haveyoueaten?你真是不到黄河心不死。Youreallydorefusetogiveupuntilallhopeisgone.b.implicature-orientedequivalence（含意对等）Howareyou?（询问）d.poetic-effects-orientedequivalence（诗学效果对等）A:您贵姓？B:免贵姓张。A:MayIhaveyournameplease?B:Mynameis.c.politeness-orientedequivalence（礼貌对等）Thepenismightierthanthesword.文人胜于武士。3.PragmaticequivalencerequiresthattheTTbeatotalreproductionoftheexplicaturesandimplicaturesintheST.4.Perlocutionaryequivalenceisadifferenttermfordynamicequivalence.TF“True”or“False”14.414.4 strategies of pragmatic strategies of pragmatic translationtranslation5414.4 strategies of pragmatic translationTo secure pragmatic equivalence in general and in particular,we need to have some operationalized methods or strate gies available for choice.Strategy AStrategy BStrategy CStrategy DStrategy EThose proposed by Professor He Ziran are summarized below five strategies:55Strategy A Render the expression literally,if it is possible to feel or recognize in the context the same intended meaning or force of the message in the ST（源文本）（源文本）.（直译保留原文形象）（直译保留原文形象）LOREM IPSUM14.4 strategies of pragmatic translationE.g:易如反掌易如反掌 as easy as turning over ones hand 路遥知马力，日久见人心路遥知马力，日久见人心A distant journey tests the strength of a horse and a long task proves the character of a man.5614.4 strategies of pragmatic translation Render the culture-specific expression into a synonymous one accepted by the reader of the TT（目标文本）（目标文本）to retain an equivalent effect of the message in both the ST（源文本）（源文本）and the TT（目标文本）（目标文本）.（替换形象）（替换形象）E.g:一箭双雕一箭双雕 kill two birds with one stone 天涯何处无芳草天涯何处无芳草 There are other fish in the sea.Strategy B5714.4 strategies of pragmatic translation Translate a culture-specific expression into an expression of general adaptation in the TT（目标文本）（目标文本）,giving up the specific description of the ST（源文本）（源文本）,and retaining only the pragmatic equivalent effect of the message.（整体调整）（整体调整）E.g:情人眼里出西施情人眼里出西施 beauty lies in the lovers eyes 掌上明珠掌上明珠 the apple of ones eyeStrategy C5814.4 strategies of pragmatic translationIn-Class Activities6.Cultural differences,especially cultural gaps,are among the most challenging factors of translation.Consider the following instance of translation:巧媳妇做不出没有米的饭菜，巧媳妇做不出没有米的饭菜，叫我怎么样呢？（红楼梦叫我怎么样呢？（红楼梦by曹雪芹）曹雪芹）a.Even the cleverest housewife cant cook a meal without rice.(translated by Yang)b.Even the cleverest housewife cant make bresd without flour.(translated by Hawks)ASK:(1)What is the cultural difference between the two versions of translation here?(2)Do you think the difference in the two translatorsbversions is accidental?5914.4 strategies of pragmatic translationExercises:Task 3:Study questions1.Consider the two English versions for the same Chinese text.Which is better?Why?小张结婚了，可家里养着的是一只母老虎。小张结婚了，可家里养着的是一只母老虎。a.Mr.Zhang was married and had a lioness at home.b.Mr.Zhang was married and had a tigress at home.60Strategy D 直译加注法直译加注法Translate a culture-specific（特定文化的）特定文化的）expression literally,but replenish（补充）（补充）it with brief interpretations(解释）解释）to reveal（显示）（显示）the intended meaning.14.4 Strategies of pragmatic translationE.g.1.井水不犯河水井水不犯河水 Well water leaves river water alone-stay out of things that dont concern you 2.班门弄斧班门弄斧 To show off ones skill with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter-to display ones slight skills before an expertE.g.3.三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮 Three cobblers with their wits combined surpass Zhuge Liang the mastermind-two heads are better than one.4.杀鸡儆猴杀鸡儆猴 To kill the chicken to frighten the monkey-to punish somebody as a warning to others.14.4 Strategies of pragmatic translation Strategy E:Render the intended meaning or pragmatic implicit force（语用（语用隐含意义）隐含意义）of the message in the ST（源文本）（源文本）regardless of the functions of its surface form（表面形式）（表面形式）.E.g.1.谢谢您提的谢谢您提的宝贵宝贵意见。意见。Thanks for your advices.2.小心掉到河里小心掉到河里 Carefully fall down to the river Watch your stepE.g.3.小心滑跌小心滑跌 Dont fall down Slippery4.高高兴兴上班去，平平安安回家来高高兴兴上班去，平平安安回家来Go to work happily,and come back safelyGood luck/Drive carefullyIn-Class Activities 3a.为了您和他人的健康，吸烟请到吸烟区。为了您和他人的健康，吸烟请到吸烟区。For your and others health the passenger who smoke please go to the smoking area.b.吸烟请到吸烟区。吸烟请到吸烟区。To smoke,please go to the smoking area.参考译文：参考译文：For hygienes sake,please refrain yourself from smoking in this roomIn-Class Activities 4a.观众请止步观众请止步 Please stop viewersb.观众止步观众止步 No visitors参考译文：参考译文：Staff onlyEnployee onlyTips:公示语的翻译应从公示语的语言特点、语言特点、应用功能特色应用功能特色和两种语两种语言存在的文化差异言存在的文化差异三方面入手 Translation is an important site of linguistic and cultural contact.Naturally,it can be a channel whereby languages and cultures alike may absorb some ways of expression and modes thinking from each other.Conclusion If this function of translation is endorsle,the much-debated conflict between domestication（归化）（归化）and foreignization（异化）（异化）can be better settled.尽量减少译文中的异国情调，尽量减少译文中的异国情调，为目的语读者提供一种自然流为目的语读者提供一种自然流畅的译文畅的译文，尽量不干扰读者，尽量不干扰读者，请作者向读者靠近请作者向读者靠近”，侧重译，侧重译语文化。语文化。故意使译文冲破目的语常规，故意使译文冲破目的语常规，保留原文中的异国情调，保留原文中的异国情调，“译译者尽量不惊动原作者，让读者者尽量不惊动原作者，让读者向他靠近向他靠近”，侧重源语文化。，侧重源语文化。(2)The fox may grow grey but never good.a.狐狸可以变成灰色，但从不会变好。狐狸可以变成灰色，但从不会变好。b.江山易改，本性难移。江山易改，本性难移。c.狐狸再老，本性难移。狐狸再老，本性难移。That is the translators should be encouraged to retain the original flavor（原汁原味）（原汁原味）of exotic images（异国图像）（异国图像）.E.g P190异化异化归化归化Whenever necessary,they are expected to add a brief exegesis注释注释(i.e.explanation).Conclusion（10）井水不犯河水）井水不犯河水 Well water le