毒理学基础-第五章-影响毒物作用的因素.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第五章 影响毒性作用的因素,一、化学毒物本身的因素,化学结构,结构,理化性质 化学活性,毒性,Chapter 5,Modifying Factors of Toxic,Effects,Chemical structure,Physicochemical property,Chemical properties,Toxicity,Chatper Five Modifying Factors of Toxic Effects,理化性质,1.溶解度,毒物在水中的溶解度直接影响毒性的大小，水中溶解度越大，毒性愈大。,影响毒性作用部位,2.分散度,3.挥发度,(三)纯度（杂质）,Solubility,Dispersion degree,Volatility,Purity/impurity,Chatper Five Modifying Factors of Toxic Effects,（四）毒物进人机体的途径,exposure route of toxicant to body,Chatper Five Modifying Factors of Toxic Effects,二、机体方面的因素,种属、品系、个体差异、性别与年龄的差异。主要原因,代谢酶的遗传多态性；,修复能力差异；,受体因素；,宿主的其它因素。,健康状况,生理状态,生活方式,营养条件,机体接触化学毒物的条件,Species,Strain,Individual,Sex,Age,genetic polymorphism,Other factors of host,Health status,Physiological status,Nutrition,Conditions of exposure to toxicants of body,Chatper Five Modifying Factors of Toxic Effects,机体接触化学毒物的条件,途径,静脉注射呼吸腹腔注射肌肉注射皮下注射皮内注射经口经皮涂抹,溶剂，助溶剂,投予体积、稀释度,交叉接触,intravenous injection,Inhalation,intraperitoneal injection,intramuscular injection,hypodermic injection,endermic injection,Oral,Per cutem(skin smear),Solvent,solution adjuvant,Volume of toxic solution,Dilution,Cross exposure,Chatper Five Modifying Factors of Toxic Effects,三、环境因素,气温、,气湿、,气压,季节或昼夜节律,动物笼养形式,Environmental factors,Temperature,Humidity,Barometric pressure,Season or day-night rhythm,Shape of animal cage,Chatper Five Modifying Factors of Toxic Effects,四 毒物的联合作用,定义：,两种或两种以上的化学物同时或先后相继进入机体所产生的生物学作用称为联合作用,。,Chemical joint action,Chatper Five Modifying Factors of Toxic Effects,联合作用的类型,独立作用,这是由于不同性质的毒物有不同的作用部位、不同的靶子，而这些部位与靶子之间在功能关系上不密切，因而出现各自不同的毒效应。,independent joint action,It occues when two chemicals administered together have different toxic effects by itself.,Chatper Five Modifying Factors of Toxic Effects,相加作用,见于结构相似或同系衍生物，如其作用靶子相同，则毒性表现为各单个毒物效应的总和。,协同作用,表现为各个毒物的综合效应大于各单个毒物效应的总和，即毒性增强作用。,Additive effect,It occurs when the combined effect of two toxicants is equal to the sum of the effects of each agent given alone,.,Synergistic effect,It occures when the combined effects of two toxicants are much greater than the sum of the effects of each given alone,Chatper Five Modifying Factors of Toxic Effects,拮抗作用,进人体内几种毒物其毒性作用的总和低于各化合物单独毒效应的总和。,Antagonistic effect,It occurs when two toxicants administered together interfere with each other or one interferes with another,total effects are less than the sum of their two.,Chatper Five Modifying Factors of Toxic Effects,拮抗作用机理：,生理拮抗,两种化学物在同一生理功能中形成相反的作用，彼此抵消了原来各自具有的生物学作用。,化学拮抗 两种化学物发生化学反应，形成相对无毒或毒性较低的反应产物。硫代硫酸钠+氰化钠硫氰酸盐，毒性。解毒药,opposite physiological functions,Chemically antagonism,Chatper Five Modifying Factors of Toxic Effects,受体拮抗 同时与机体接触的两种或几种毒物都与机体的同一受体结合，从而产生竞争性拮抗作用。,干扰拮抗 两种与机体接触的毒物不发生化学反应，也不存在受体竞争，但一种毒物可干扰另一种毒物的生物学效应，使其减弱或消失。一般用于缓解中毒症状的解毒剂多属于此类。,Recepter antagonism,Interfering antagonism,antidote,The end,