庄海滨—专家讲座(熊金霞)：词汇教学探讨.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,词汇教学探讨,人民教育出版社英语室 熊金霞,.,封面页,.,I.,引子,教师提升外语语言能力是第一位的。,了解本质和原则，才能以不变应万变。,常用词汇,NS,母语词汇量,:20,000-50,000,英语常用词,700 words 70%,文本内容,150076%,250080%,3000,基本表达意思和完成交际任务,receptive vocab productive vocab,词典中的高频词标示,Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English,（,2003,）将最常用的,3000,常用词用非常醒目的红色标示,。,w,ay S1 W1,柯林斯,COBUILD,英语词典用钻石数量表明单词的常用程度，如最常用的用五个钻（,）标示，有,700,词；次最常用的用四钻（,）标示，有,1200,词；常用的用三钻（,），有,1500,词。,何谓掌握一个词？,idea,发音：,/ad/,拼写：,i-d-e-a,意义：打算；想法、主意,语法特征：名词，可数或不可数,搭配：搭配广,语域：口头和书面都用,频率：高频词,短语或句式：,have no idea;not have the slightest idea;the idea of doing sth;give me an idea;It is a good idea to do sth.,idea,的搭配,Verb+idea,abandon,absorb,accept,adjust to,advocate,amplify,advance,back,be against,be committed/dedicated/drawn to,be obsessed with,be struck by,borrow,cherish,clarify,cling to,come out/up with,confirm,conjure up,consider,contemplate,convey,debate,debunk,defend,demonstrate,develop,deny,dismiss,dispel,disprove,distort,drop,eliminate,encourage,endorse,entertain,explode,explore,expound,express,favor,fit,fit in with,follow up,form,formulate,foster,get,get accustomed/used to,get rid of,give up,go along with,grasp,hammer out,have,hit upon,hold,implement,imply,impose on sb,incorporate,inculcate,instill,jot down,keep to,launch,meet,modify,negate,oppose,pick up,pioneer,plant,play with,popularize,present,promote,propose,put an end to,put forward,put into practice,raise,refute,reinforce,reject,relish,resist,respond to,revive,ridicule,rule out,spread,squash,stick to,subscribe to,suggest,support,take to,take up,test,tinker with,toy with,turn down,warm to,续,“An idea is+adj”,abstract,absurd,advanced,ambitious,arresting,basic,bizarre,bold,bright,brilliant,classical,clear,common,commonsense,confused,controversial,convincing,crazy,diabolical,disconcerting,elusive,enlightened,entrenched,exaggerated,extravagant,extreme,false,familiar,fantastic,far-fetched,feasible,feeble,fixed,flexible,foolish,grotesque,hazy,heretical,imaginative,inflated,ingenious,ingrained,innovative,instinctive,intriguing,irresponsible,mad,misconceived,mistaken,monstrous,new-fangled,novel,original,old-fashioned,outdated,out-of-date,outrageous,peculiar,persuasive,preconceived,preposterous,prevalent,provocative,(un)real,(un)realistic,remarkable,revolutionary,ridiculous,risky,sensible,silly,splendid,strange,striking,superficial,untenable,useful,vague,valid,well-defined,续,An idea+verb,come into sbs head/mind,come to sb,hit sb,occur to sb,strike sb,flash across/into sbs mind/brain;,emerge,form,grow,决定词汇学习难度因素,学习者母语影响,发音,bag thank father,词形,语法形式,I like ice-cream.I like to sing.,搭配,得体性,Im firm,youre obstinate,he is pigheaded.,意义不对等,make a difference make a mistake make moneymake progress,2.,学习方式,重复与注意：机械重复单词没有让学生回忆单词有效，培养学生有意注意,3.,词本身,名词最容易，形容词次之，动词和副词最难,中学英语词汇教学的五大问题,单元词汇教学不分主次，不分顺序，平均分配时间，造成学生词汇记忆负担过重，词汇学习效率低下。,词汇教学求深不求广，导致学生的词汇量难以有效扩展。,词汇教学方法单一，缺乏语境，导致学生学得快，忘得也快。,词汇教学缺乏学习策略指导，不利于培养学生的独立学习能力。,词汇教学重记忆，轻运用，不利于培养学生的语言运用能力。,两大原则,语音是单词记忆的线索,拼音文字，形音联系,Phonics,bathtub effect,int_ _ _ _ting,fes_ _val,2,语义是单词组织的中心原则,Test:,A Name a fruit that begins with p.,B Name a word that begins with p that is a fruit.,bus,NNS,联想：,conductor,seat,ticket,driver,passenger,bus station,NS,联想：,a crowded bus,catch a bus,a bus at the bus station;The bus newly-made bus is very beautiful.,课标五级词汇,1.,了解英语词汇包括单词、短语、习惯用语和固定搭配形式。,2.,理解和领悟词语的基本意义以及在特定语境中的意义。,3.,运用词汇描述事物、行为和特征，说明概念等。,4.,学会使用,1500-1600,个单词和,200-300,个习惯用语或固定搭配。,解读：,重视词块,强调语境,强调词的作用，如可以描述事物，不是词汇本身的含义,用“学会使用”代替“掌握”，突出语言的运用,II.,单词教学建议,重视,拼读规则,重视搭配，语块教学,语境中教单词,建立语义网络,多用，与各技能结合,1.,重视拼读规则,课标要求,把音标写进课标,“根据读音规则和音标,拼读单词,”,p19,音标是标注音的一种方式，本身不是学习目标。,拼读规则,五个元音字母的发音,常见字母组合发音,音节；重读音节,hen pig,de,cide,top hill duck,seem bird my,self um,brella,2.,重视,搭配,搭配：伙伴关系；有规律的共现,You shall know a word by the company it keeps.,J.R.Firth(British linguist,1890-1960),Tell me who you go with and Ill tell you who you are.,Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English,相比词性、词义和词缀知识，,搭配能力最弱,，发展也最慢；搭配错误主要受,母语影响,*,learn knowledge gain/acquire,*,strong abilitygreat/exceptional/remarkable,语法搭配词汇搭配,语法搭配,（,+,不定式,/,分词,/,从句,/,介词）,be interested,in,.,Thanks,for,It is,nice/thoughtful/stupid,of,you,to do,sth.,词和语法不可分,lexical grammar,It takes sb.some time to do sth.,decide/seem/try to do sth.,that this nation,under God,shall have a new birth of freedom-and that government,of,the people,by,the people,for,the people,shall not perish from the earth.,民有，民治，民享,Verb pattern 1,I,gave,Tracy the book.,passed,handed,threw,Verb pattern 2,Subject+verb,it,Comple,ment,To do sth/that clause,I,think,We all,consider,it,it,wise,wrong,to finish the work soon.,that he cheated in the exam.,Common verbs used:,believe,feel,find,know,take,prove,count,Hornby A.S.,A Guide to Patterns and Usage in English,词汇搭配,从,一个词可以预测到它之后或之前的词,v+n,shake hands/head/bottle,adj+n,a noisy/quiet/wide/narrow street,adv+adj,badly/severely/seriously damaged,v+adv,read aloud/well/accurately,n+v,The sun rises/comes up/comes out/shines/sets/goes down.,blond(blonde)_,_ bored,_ a difference,_ on vacation,_ a lot of photos,I bought the car at a(high/expensive)price.,I couldnt(begin/start)my car.,pretty/handsome/beautiful,accident happen,(strong/remarkable)ability,1.,有问题,2.,学习上存在问题,3.,共同分担一个问题,4.,就常见问题向我们提,出建议,5.,回避,(,逃避,),我们的问,题,6.,解决问题,7.,把问题一分为二,;,把,问题破成两半,8.,与他人谈论我的问题,9.,把问题憋在肚子里不,说,Find the verbs that go with“problem”from the text.(,从课文中找出与,“,problem”,搭配的动词表述,),动词短语,verb,Adv/prep,go pick,come make,take point,get sit,set find,carry give,turn work,bring break,look hold,put move,out,up,on,back,down,in,off,over,100,个短语，,559,个意义,example,go off(6),to leave a place,She went off to get a drink.,to explode,Fireworks were going off all over the city.,to make a noise,Ive set the alarm clock to go off at 7 am.,万能词,Have,Do,make,have a bathhave a drinkhave a good timehave a haircuthave a holidayhave a problemhave a relationshiphave a resthave lunchhave sympathy,do businessdo nothingdo someone a favourdo the cookingdo the houseworkdo the shoppingdo the washing updo your bestdo your hairdo your homework,make a differencemake a messmake a mistakemake a noisemake an effortmake furnituremake moneymake progressmake roommake trouble,重视名词搭配,attention,（牛津英语搭配词典,:44-5,）,ADJ.,full,undivided careful,close urgent special international,media,public,VERB+ATTENTION,devote,direct,give(sb/sth),pay,turn get,have,receive attract,call,capture,catch,command,compel,draw,excite,grad hold,keep,rivet concentrate,confine,focus,ATTENTION+VERB focus,Media attention focused today on the princes business affairs.,wander,收有,9000,个词条，名词占多数。词典编撰者声称“人们在言语产出时，一般先想到名词”。,ability,great/exceptional/outstanding/remarkable ability,show/exhibit/demonstrate ability,appreciate/recognize her ability,3.,重视语境,anyone,Did you go out with anyone?,Does anyone want a drink?,Did you meet anyone interesting?,myself,I bought something for my parents,but nothing for myself.,I can look after myself.,I can do it myself.,wonder,I wonder what life was like here in the past.,What are they going to do?I wonder.,核心词一词多义,Maggie:Everybodys talking about you!,Jason:You were the,hit,of the show!,Ben:Well,you remember how I told you,you were beautiful and you were musical?I was lying.I was just,buttering you up,to ask you for something.,本义和比喻义：比喻义或引申义有时比本义更常用,fruit:,Im looking forward to retirement and having time to enjoy,the fruits of my labour,.,freeze:,She froze with horror.,4.,建立语义网络,Describing People,Height,tall,short,Hair,Personality,Body,long,short,straight,curly,thin,light,outgoing,quiet,funny,serious,fat,heavy,Whats the matter?,head,ear,nose,tooth,neck,stomach,backthroat,cold,fever,headache,toothache,stomachache,sore throat,stressed out,thirsty,Body parts,illnesses,advice,go to the dentist,lie down,rest,honey,water,should,shouldnt,5.Use it or lose it.,多用！,单词的复习巩固应贯穿到听、说、读、写等各个环节,多利用学过材料,，学生了解内容和词义，再次复习注意词的搭配和句式。否则就浪费了。,给学生关键信息，如,mind map,，让学生复述文章内容。,III.,困惑,如何呈现单词？,是集中教单词还是分散教？何时教，如何教？,如何听写单词？,单元所列词表中的词是否需在本单元掌握？如何区分需要学生掌握的核心词？,如何将接受性词汇转化为产出性词汇？,如何呈现单词？,直观法：,实物；,图片,A picture is worth a thousand words.,简笔画；,做动作,用语言解释：,“Im full”means I eat a lot and Im not hungry now.,猜词,集中还是分散？何时？如何？,单,元词汇不应在课前集中教学，而是要根据活动或任务的需要分步进行教学。这样有助于分散难点，突出重点。,阅读：有些需读前处理，有些在读中处理。对话也同理。,关注词在文中意义或核心意义，不宜一次挖掘过深，拓展太多。,如何听写单词？,只听写重要的词。,按语块听写。,go online,use the Internet,through exercise,watch game shows two to three times a week,可以英汉互译。,如何区分学生需要掌握的核心词？,与单元主题相关,是高频词，在单元里出现频率也高,语法特征明显，是常被考试的词,although,the answer to the question,其他词无须太关注，后面碰到再学,有取有舍，想要学生什么都学会，结果是什么都不会,如何将接受性词汇转化为产出性词汇？,用单词组成短语或造句,解决问题。设置情景，让学生完成真实交际活动,编写小故事,角色扮演,猜,词游戏,口头复述（或书面概括）对话或课文,References,Gardner,D.&Davies,M.Pointing Out Frequent Phrasal Verbs:A Corpus-Based Analysis.J.,TESOL Quarterly.,2007(41/2):339-359,Hornby,A.S.,A Guide to Patterns and Usage in English.,M.London:Oxford University Press.1954.,Lewis,M.,The Lexical Approach,M.Hove:Language Teaching Publications.1993.,Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.,M.Edinburgh Gate:Pearson Education Limited.2003.,McCarthy,M.,Vocabulary,.M.Oxford:Oxford University Press.1990.,Nation,I.S.P.,Teaching and Learning Vocabulary,.,外语教学与教育出版社,.,北京,.2002,Thornbury,S.,Teaching Vocabulary,.,培生教育出版集团 世界知识出版社,.,北京,.2003,王海华,.,基于语料库的中国学习者词语搭配行为研究,.,外语 教学与研究出版社,.,北京,.2009.,张献臣,.,“,新,课程理念下中学英语词汇教学的问题及,对策”,.,中小学外语教学,2007.6:14-19,Thanks for listening!,熊金霞,：,xiongjx,010-58758253,人民教育出版社网站,