医学英文摘要写作.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,第一章 摘要概述,一、,摘要定义,What is an abstract?An abstract is a brief summary of the most important points in a scientific paper.,摘要是作者研究过程、研究目的、研究方法和研究结果的简要陈述和概括。,Purposes for Abstracts,Abstracts,typically serve five main goals:Help readers decide if they should read an entire article Help readers and researchers remember key findings on a topic Help readers understand a text by acting as a pre-reading outline of key points Index articles for quick recovery,（,矫正,）,and cross-referencing,（,相互参照,）（,A,cross-reference,is a note in a book which tells you that there is relevant or more detailed information in another part of the book.,）,Allow supervisors to review technical work without becoming bogged down,（陷入困境，停滞不前，羁绊）,in details,二、摘要的内容,Contents1.Title2.Name of the author3.Unit of the author/address4.Text of the abstract5.Keywords1,）,目的,2,）方法,3,）结果,4,）结果的分析、比较、评价以及应用，提出的问题以及建议,5,）其他,三、摘要的类型,1.descriptive abstract,描述性摘要,2.informative abstract,资料性摘要,3.descriptive-informative abstract,描述,-,资料性摘要,1.Non-structured abstract,（,非结构式摘要）,2.Structured abstract,（,结构式摘要）,full-structured semi-structured,传统式摘要,Traditional Abstract,IMRADIntroduction 引言 Materials and Methods材料与方法 Results结果Discussion讨论,全结构式摘要（,Full-structured)Abstract,1974,年,4,月，加拿大,McMaster,大学医学中心的,Dr R Brian Haynes,首先提出建立临床研究论文的结构式摘要。在,Dr Edward J,Huth,创导下，美国,内科学记事,（,Annuals of Internal Medicine,）,在国际上率先采用了全结构式（,full-structured,）,摘要。,1,目的（,Objective,）：,说明论文要解决的问题,2,设计（,Design,）：,说明研究的基本设计，包括的研究性质,3,地点（,Setting,）：,说明进行研究的地点和研究机构的等级,4,对象（,Patients,participants or subjects,）：,说明参加并完成研究的病人或受试者的性质、数量及挑选方法,5,处理（,Interventions,）：,说明确切的治疗或处理方法,6,主要测定项目（,Main outcome measures,）：,说明为评定研究结果而进行的主要测定项目,7,结果（,Results,）：,说明主要客观结果,8,结论（,Conclusion,）：,说明主要结论，包括直接临床应用意义与非结构式摘要相比，。全结构式摘要观点更明确（,more explicitness,），,信息量更大（,more information,），,差错更少（,fewer errors,）,.,但其缺点也是显而易见的，即繁琐、重复、篇幅过长,而且不是所有研究都能按以上,8,个要素分类的。于是,更多的杂志扬长避短，采用半结构式摘要（,semi-structured,）,半结构式摘要,(Semi-structured Abstract),半结构式摘要也称为四要素摘要，包括：目的（,objective/purpose/aim,）、,方法（,methods,）、,结果（,results,）,结论（,conclusion,）,目前国内许多杂志正从非结构式摘要向半结构式摘要过度。,Does smoking predispose to peptic ulcer relapse after eradication of Helicobacter pylori?Chan,F.k.l,.Department of Medicine,Prince of Wales Hospital,.Objective:To investigate whether smoking would increase ulcer recurrence afterMethods:A total of 287 patients with gastric ulcers Results:Of the 83 smokers,3 had ulcer recurrence,Conclusions:Cigarette smoking did not increase the recurrence of peptic ulcers after eradication of H.Pylori,About the tense,1,）目的部分：背景介绍：一般现在时或现在完成时目的说明：一般现在时,/,现在完成时，或一般过去时,2,）材料、方法和结果部分：除指示性说明外，一律用一般过去时。过去完成时只用于说明研究前的情况或研究中某一点时间之前发生的情况,.,3,）结论部分：凡陈述研究的材料、方法和结果时，一律用过去时；分析结果或发现的原因时，或者提出结论性意见时，如果作者认为具有普遍意义，可用现在时；如果作者认为自己的分析或结论只限于本研究范围或者仅是一种可能性，则用一般过去时为好。,Length of Abstracts,Keep abstracts of most papers and portions of monographs to fewer than 250 words,abstracts of shorter papers to fewer than 100 words,and those of reports and longer theses to fewer than 500 words.Rarely does an abstract exceed one page.Write most abstracts in a single paragraph,except those for long documents.,五、摘要写作的注意事项,1、要概括研究的要点2、要尽可能简洁3、要符合逻辑、重点突出4、要结构合理，用完整句表述5、要行文流畅,第二章 标题（,title,）,一、标题,二、副标题,三、英、汉标题特点的比较四、冠词的省略,五、标题中常用名词的搭配 六、标题中常用介词的搭配,七、几种常用的标题句式,一、标题,Title,（一）名词性标题,（二）完整句标题,（三）疑问句,（一）名词性标题,标题一般由一个名词或若干并列的名词，加上必要的修饰语构成，一般没有谓语成分,Laboratory diagnosis of SARS,SARS,的实验室诊断,Haemorrhagic,cholecystitis,出血性胆囊炎,Alcohol use,myocardial infarction,sudden cardiac death,and hypertension,饮酒、心肌梗塞、心源性猝死及高血压病,Surgery for Infective,Endocarditis,感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗,Left Ventricular Function Before and Following Surgical Treatment of Mitral Valve Disease,二尖瓣病变手术前后左心室的功能变化,1,）只在标题开头的第一个单词的首字母大写，收尾句不用句号（,2,）标题中每个词的首字母都大写，只有某些虚词才小写，句尾不用句号。某些需要小写的虚词，指的是冠词、,3,个字母以内的连词和介词，,4,个字母以上的，如,with,from,during,after,against,during,between,仍需要大写。词组型标题词组型标题是由一个或数个单词或词组单独地、并列地或按偏正关系排列组成,.,按其组成关系又可分为以下三类 单一概念标题多概念并列标题 多概念偏正标题,单一概念标题,是由一个不可再细分的、具有完整概念的单词或词组构成,.,由于这些单词或词组是文章所讨论的唯一对象,即文章标题的中心词,.,因此,英译标题时可以直接对译,.,创伤性血胆症,Traumatic,hemobilia,中华肝胆外科杂志,2004,10(7),；,颅底软骨肉瘤,Chondrosarcoma,of the skull base,中华神经外科杂志,2003,19(6),.,多概念并列标题,由两个或两个以上具有独立完整概念的词组并列组成,.,由于词或词组之间没有说明或被说明、修饰或被修饰的关系,而是无主次的并列关系,.,因此,英译标题时可按表达各个概念的词或词组的先后顺序译出,.,例如,:,催乳素和免疫系统,Prolactin,and immune system,中华内分泌代谢杂志,2004,20(6),；嗜铬细胞瘤病人的临床特点及围术期麻醉管理,Clinical features of,pheochromocytoma,and anesthetic management during,perioperative,period,中华医学杂志,2002,82(8),.,多概念偏正标题,由多个具有独立、完整概念的词或词组构成,.,而其中有一个受其它词或词组所修饰、限制或说明,.,这个被修饰、限制或说明的词或词组就是文章标题的中心词,它位于标题末,与修饰、限制或说明它的词构成偏正关系,.,多概念偏正标题是科技论文标题中最常见的一种,它又可分为并列偏正结构标题和递进偏正结构标题,.,并列偏正结构标题是以联合词组充当标题中心词的定语,.,英译标题时,可按顺序译出各并列成分,并置于中心词之后,.,例如,:,泮托拉唑三联与奥美拉唑三联疗法根除幽门螺杆菌的对比研究,Comparison of,pantoprazole,and,omeprazole,-based triple therapy regimens in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection,中华医学杂志,2002,82(18),递进偏正结构标题,以偏正词组充当标题的中心词,.,定语中的各组成部分总是前一个修饰后一个,层层相叠,最后作为一个整体来限定代表标题重心概念的中心词,.,英译标题时,代表,标题重心的中心词置于题首,定语中的各组成部分,在多数情况下,按,由小到大,由近到远,的次序排列,.,例如,:,抑郁症患者红细胞儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶活性的研究,The erythrocytes,catechol,O methyl,transferase,activity in patients with depression,中华精神科杂志,2005,38(3),；,二）完整句标题,医学论文标题一般都是名词性标题。有的医学杂志，如美国的,Journal of the National Cancer Institute,甚至规定标题不得写成完整的句子,。但是，在其他英美医学杂志中，仍可以看到标题为完整句，,只是句尾没有句号,。如：,Dietary cholesterol is co-carcinogenic for human colon cancer,胆固醇饮食,-,人类结肠癌的协同致癌因素,三）疑问句,标题也可以是疑问句。疑问句标题尾一般有疑问号，如有疑问副词或疑问代词，也可不用疑问句。如：,Home or hospital births?,在家分娩还是住院分娩？,Genetic damage form diagnostic radiation?,诊断性放射检查能否导致遗传性损害？,What to look for rib fractures and how,肋骨骨折时应检查什么及如何检查？,Is treatment of borderline hypertension good or bad?,治疗临界型高血压是利是弊？,Are potassium supplements for the elderly necessary?,中年以上的患者是否比须补钾？,What does exercise mean for the menstrual cycle?,锻炼对月经周期有什么影响？,二、副标题,副标题往往用于突出论文某一方面的内容，如病例数、研究方法等。正、副标题可用不同字体字号加以区别，也可用冒号隔开,（一）突出病例数,Abdominal pain in the emergency room:A study of 176 consecutive cases腹痛急诊176 连续收治的病例研究Surgical treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts:Analysis of 119 cases假性胰腺囊肿手术治疗 119例分析,二）突出研究方法,Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in,immunosuppressed,patients:Prospective study of 80 cases,免疫抑制患者弥漫性肺浸润,前瞻性研究,80,例,Heparin therapy:A randomized prospective study,肝素疗法前瞻性随机研究,Diabetes after infectious hepatitis:A follow-up study,传染性肝炎继发糖尿病患者随访调查,（三）突出重点内容,Diabetes mellitus:New diagnostic criteria,糖尿病诊断的新标准,Digitalis therapy in practice:Correlation between clinical evaluation and plasma,digoxin,concentration,洋地黄疗法的实际应用,地高辛血浆浓度与临床疗效的关系,Aorto-arteritis,:Chest X-ray appearance and its clinical significance,大动脉炎胸部,X,线表现及其临床意义,（四）表示同位关系,哌唑嗪,一种新的治疗高血压的血管扩张剂,Prazodine,:A new vasodilator used for treatment of hypertension,乳腺癌组织中的癌胚抗原,一种有用的预后指标,Carcinoembryonic,antigen in breast-cancer tissue:A useful prognostic indicator,五）提出疑问句,Drug regulation:Evolution or revolution,？,药物调节：进化还是革命？,Chronic abdominal pain:A surgical or psychiatric symptom?,慢性腹痛是手术症状还是精神症状？,（六）表示长篇连载论文各分篇的主题,Physical and chemical studies of human blood serum:A study of normal subjects Physical and chemical studies of human blood serum:II.A study of 29cases of nephritis,人类血清的理化研究：,I,正常人的研究人类血清的理化研究：,II.29,例肾炎患者的研究,（七）说明研究时间,A collaborative study of burn nursing in China:20022006,中国烧伤护理综合研究：,20022006 Endoscopic varicose sclerosis:One year clinical experience,曲张静脉内镜硬化疗法：一年临床经验研究,Exercises 1.,将下列标题改为带有副标题的格式,1)A light and electron microscopic study of two cases of primary sarcoma of the heart2)Experimental study of laser surgery of the liver3)A report of60 cases of primary vaginal carcinoma4)Clinical analysis of 55 cases of,subacute,thyroiditis,5)A study of 127 cases of deafness due to noise trauma 6)A review of 37 cases of diffuse malignant,mesothelioma,of the pleura7)Clinical,angiographic,and myocardial,scintigraphic,observations on unstable angina pectoris8)Fifteen years experience with carcinoma of the pancreas9)Experiences in the treatment of 50 cases of vascular injuries 10),Physiopathologic,mechanisms for jaundice and cirrhosis,将下列完整句标题改为名词性标题,1),Angiodysplasia,is a cause of colonic bleeding in the elderly2)Thyroid cancer is a late consequence of head-neck,irridation,.3)Coronary heart disease:Overweight and obesity are risk factors4)Prostaglandins serve as mediators of inflammation.5),Ferritin,serves as an index of bone marrow stores.6)High uric acid serves as an indicator of cardiovascular disease7)Pernicious anemia is a risk factor for cancer of the stomach8)Inferior vena cava obstruction is a complication of prostate cancer,三、英、汉标题特点的比较,（一）Study of,Report of 等词的使用,（二）带 as 的句式,（三）带 and 的句式（四）病例数的处理,（五）汉语标题中几个常用词的翻译,（一）,Study of,Report of,等词的使用,18,世纪，科技论文中可以,some thoughts ona few observations on,现代科技论文,Study of,、,investigation of,、,a report of,也不多见标题越来越趋向简短扼要。如：,Ultrasound in the diagnosis of,cholestatic,jaundice,超生诊断胆汁郁积性黄疸,Cardiovascular disease in,hemodialysis,patients,血液透析患者的心血管病变,Toxic effect of benzene on leucocytes,苯对白细胞毒性作用的研究,Clinical efficacy of,disopyramide,in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias,双异丙吡胺治疗心律失常的疗效观察,Studies on the diuretic effects of,Etozolin,in heart failure,乙氧唑啉对心力衰竭患者利尿效应的研究,An angiographic and clinical study of coronary collateral circulation,冠状动脉侧枝循环的血管造影与临床研究,二）带 as 的句式,在需要用表语（或同位语）的概念时，常用带as 的句式Pernicious anemia as a risk factor for cancer of the stomachGastrocolic fistula as complication of benign gastric ulcer,三）带,and,的句式,表相互关系的意义时，可用and来表示Viral hepatitis and medical professionsMalignant hypertension and cigarette smoking,四）病例数的处理,在我国医学论文标题，为吸引读者注意，往往将病例数置于正标题中,1.779,例气道异物的治疗,The treatment of 779 cases of foreign bodies in the air passage,2.,系统性红斑狼疮,80,例分析,Analysis of 80 cases of SLE,在国外，病例数大多置于副标题中,。,3.,软骨肉瘤,附,26,例报告,Chondrosarcoma,:Report of 26 cases,4.,输血后肝炎,60,例报告,Posttransfusion,hepatitis:A report of 60 cases,5.55,例亚急性甲状腺炎临床分析,Subacute,thyroiditis,:Clinical analysis of 55 cases,有时根据英文标题不列出病例数这一特点，在英译时可将病例数不译。慢性胃炎分类探讨（附,71,例分析）,Evaluation of classification of chronic gastritis,肾下腹主动脉瘤,39,例治疗经验,Experience in the treatment of infra-renal abdominal aortic aneurysm,（五）汉语标题中几个常用词的翻译,1.“,探讨”,Discussion,evaluation,approach,study,investigation,如,1,）实验性肺功能不全的探讨,2,）中西医治疗肝炎的探讨,3,）亚临床肝癌诊断问题的探讨,4,）心源性猝死,51,例临床病理探讨,5,）原发性肝癌临床诊断的探讨,6,）脑血管病,1000,例临床分析及若干问题探讨,Discussion on experimental pulmonary insufficiencyAn evaluation of treatment for hepatitis by combined traditional Chinese and western medicineAn approach to diagnosis of subclinical liver cancerSudden cardiac death:,Clinicopathologic,investigation of 51 casesOn clinical diagnosis of primary carcinoma of liverCerebral vascular disorders:Clinical analysis of 1000 cases,“体会”,experience1,）,818,例糖尿病患者治疗体会,2,）治疗革兰氏阴性杆菌菌血症的新体会,3,）全胃切除治疗贲门癌的体会,Experience in treating 818 patients with diabetes mellitusRecent experience with,bacillemia,due to,gramnegative,organismsThe treatment of cancer of the,esophago,-gastric junction by total,gastrectomy,3“总结”experience如：先天性心脏病20年临床资料总结Congenital heart disease:A twenty year clinical experience,4.“,问题”,problem,aspect1),完全肠道外营养临床实践中的几个问题,Certain problems of total parental nutrition in clinical practice2,）,关于门脉高压症手术治疗的几个问题,Some aspects on surgical treatment of portal hypertension,5.“初步体会”1）肝移植术麻醉的初步报告A preliminary report on anesthesia for liver transplantation 10例二尖瓣膜置换术临床初步小节Clinical experience of mitralvalve replacement in ten patients,四、冠词的省略,（一）一般名词前的冠词在报纸、杂志和书本中的标题，往往省略冠词,(,the)Treatment,of gram-negative shock,Shock,caused by gram-negative microorganisms:(,an)Analysis,of 169,（,二）疾病名称,Carcinoma of the anal canalDiabetes after infectious hepatitis:A follow-up study,五、标题中常用名词的搭配,（一）studyStudy on/of/in Studies/study如果Study 之前有表示研究对象的定语，后接疾病名称时，往往不用of,而用ine.g.Platelet function studies in heart disease,二）,report,Report,of/on E.g.Thyroid carcinoma induced by irradiation for Hodgkins disease:Report of/on a case,放射治疗何杰金氏病引起甲状腺癌,1,例报告（三）,survey,Survey,of/on,（,四）,observation,Observation,on/of/in,六）各种治疗与检查名称的搭配用法治疗方法与疾病名称连用时，一般用介词,forShunting operations for obesitySurgery for portal hypertensionBlindness after treatment for malignant hypertensionSurgical treatment of hyperthyroidism,治疗方法、检查方法还可后接介词,in,同,for Surgery in active infective,endocarditis,Parathyroidectomy,in chronic renal failure,六、标题中常用介词的搭配,in1,各种生理病理现象,+in+,生物名词,Epidemic,mealses,in young adultsThyroid function in patients with breast cancer 2 in+,动源性名词,Steroid in the treatment of clinical septic shockUltrasound in the diagnosis of,cholestatic,jaundice,3,治疗方法、检查方法、药物名称各种病理现象名称,+in+,疾病,Parathyroidectomy in chronic renal failure An analysis of pancreatic sonography in suspected pancreatic disease,（,二）,due to,标题中表示原因，应用,due to,不可用,because of,owing to,可以用,caused by,代替,Bacteremia due to gram-negative bacillliInfections due to group C streptococci in man,（,三）,after,following Postoperative syndromes after/following liver surgery,填空,Jaundice _ a rare cause:,Tuberculous,lymphadenitis,结核性淋巴结炎,引起黄疸的罕见原因,Restrictive,antibiotherapy,_ renal transplantation,肾移植后有节制的使用抗生素,Hyperparathyroidism _ head and neck irradiation,头颈部放疗后的甲状旁腺机能亢进,Tumor emboli _ pulmonary hypertension,表现为肺动脉高压的瘤拴,Portal vein thrombosis_ cirrhosis,肝硬化合并门静脉血栓形成,七、几种常用的标题句式,（一）表示药物治疗的标题句式药物名称,+in/for+,病名药物名称,+in the treatment(management)of+,病名药物名称,+treatment(,therapy)of,+,病名,treatment of+,病名,+with+,药物名称,Use of+,药物名称,+in the treatment of+,病名,1.vasodilator drugs in peripheral vascular disease2.Prednisone for chronic active liver disease3.Penicillin in the treatment of severe respiratory infections.Revised:Treatment of severe respiratory infections with penicillin4.,Vancomycin,therapy of bacterial meningitis5.Use of diuretics in the treatment of hypertension secondary to renal disease,二）表示非药物治疗的标题句式,治疗方法,+for/in+,病名治疗方法,+in the treatment(management)of+,病名,Treatment(management)of+,病名,+by+,治疗方法血液透析治疗牛皮癣,Hemodialysis,for psoriasis,Hemodialysis,in the treatment of psoriasisTreatment of psoriasis by,hemodialysis,三）表示诊断方法的标题句式,诊断方法+in+病名诊断方法+in the diagnosis of+病名Assay(detection)of+某种成分+in+病名Diagnosis of 病名+by/with+诊断方法Detection of 病名+by+诊断方法Application of+诊断方法+to the diagnosis of+病名,第三章作者姓名、学位和工作单位,一、作者姓名,欧美人的,name,既指名也指姓。如诺贝尔的全名是,Alfred Bernhard Nobel,Alfred,是,first name,。,Bernhard,是,second nameNobel,是,last name.First name,与,second name,相当于我国的“名”。,last name,相当于“姓”。也有只有,first name,而无,second name,。,在论文署名时，一般将,first name,last name,用全文写出，而将,second name,缩写 如：,Afred,B.Nobel,Wilhelm C.Roentgen,李时珍 雷锋 司马光 司徒汉城,张小三的翻译有的期刊是,X.S.Zhang,有的是,Xiaosan,Zhang,有的是,X.Zhang,有的是,Xiaosan,Zhang,还有,ZHANG,Xiaosan,还有,ZHANG Xiao-san,还有,Xiao-,san.Zhang,第,2,，,3,种较常见和规范,ISI,是姓前名后,二、学位,1.M.B.(MB)=Bachelor of Medicine2.M.C.(MC)=Magister Chirurgiae,（外科学硕士,）,3.M.S.(MS)=Master of Surgery4.M.D.(MD)=Doctor of Medicine5.Ph.D.(PhD)=Doctor of Philosophy,三、工作单位,（一）“教研室”与“科”,Department Department of Physiology,university of California,San Francisco,California 94143Department of Anatomy,Ningxia Medical College,重庆医学院传染病教研室,（二）“组”,division,section,unitDivision of Gastroenterology,Department of MedicineDivision section,除后接,of,介词短语外还可前接名词或形容词定语,Gastroenterology Division,Department of Medicine,University of Texas Medical School,Huston,TexasU