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高中英语定语从句超全解析.docx

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一、定语从句的基本概念 在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句就叫做定语从句。比如“She is the girl who won the first prize in the competition”,“who won the first prize in the competition”就是定语从句,修饰先行词“the girl” 。这里被修饰的名词或代词“the girl”就被称为先行词,而连接先行词和定语从句的词“who”则是关系词。关系词在定语从句中至关重要,它既起连接作用,又在从句中充当一定的句子成分 。 二、关系词的分类及用法 (一)关系代词 常见的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose等 。 - that:既可以指人也可以指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可以省略。例如:“The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting” (“that”指物,作宾语,可省略);“The man that is standing there is my teacher” (“that”指人,作主语) 。 - which:用于指物,在句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可省略 。例如:“The building which stands near the park is a hospital” (作主语);“The movie which we watched last night was exciting” (作宾语,可省略) 。 - who:用于指人,在从句中作主语和表语 。比如:“The boy who is playing basketball is my brother” (作主语) 。 - whom:也用于指人,在从句中作宾语 。在口语中,有时可用“who”代替“whom”,也可省略 。例如:“The person whom you talked to just now is my manager” (可换成“who”,也可省略) 。 - whose:表示“谁的”,既可以指人也可以指物,在从句中作定语 。例如:“The girl whose hair is long is my classmate” (指人);“I live in a house whose windows face south” (指物) 。 (二)关系副词 常见的关系副词有when, where, why 。 - when:表示时间,用于修饰表示时间的先行词,在从句中作时间状语 。例如:“I still remember the day when I first met you” ,先行词“the day”表示时间,“when”在从句中作时间状语 。 - where:表示地点,常用来修饰表示地点的先行词,在从句中作地点状语 。比如:“This is the school where I studied ten years ago” ,先行词“the school”表示地点,“where”在从句中作地点状语 。 - why:表示原因,主要用于修饰表示原因的先行词“reason”,在从句中作原因状语 。例如:“The reason why he was late is that he missed the bus” 。 三、定语从句的分类 (一)限制性定语从句 对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体、明确 。它与先行词关系紧密,不能被省略,否则句子意思就不完整 。主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开 。例如:“I have a friend who can play the piano very well” ,如果去掉“who can play the piano very well”,句子就变成了“I have a friend”,意思就变得模糊,不知道这个朋友有什么特点 。 (二)非限制性定语从句 与先行词关系不十分密切,只是对其作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用 。如果将其省去,主句的意义仍然完整 。主句和从句之间通常用逗号隔开 ,而且非限制性定语从句中不能使用关系代词“that” 。例如:“My father, who is a doctor, likes playing basketball” ,去掉“who is a doctor”,“My father likes playing basketball”这个句子仍然成立 。 四、关系词的特殊用法及注意事项 (一)只用that的情况 1. 当先行词是不定代词,如anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等时 。例如:“Is there anything that I can do for you?” 2. 先行词被the only, the very, the just修饰时 。比如:“He is the very person that I am looking for” 。 3. 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时 。例如:“This is the best book that I have ever read” 。 4. 先行词既有人又有物时 。如:“He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited” 。 5. 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时,为避免重复用that 。例如:“Who is the man that is standing there?” 6. 关系代词作表语时 。例如:“He is not the man that he used to be” 。 (二)只用which,不用that的情况 1. 关系代词前有介词时 。例如:“This is the room in which I lived last year” 。 2. 引导非限制性定语从句时 。例如:“The book, which I bought yesterday, is very interesting” 。 3. 先行词本身是that时 。例如:“What's that which is under the desk?” (三)关系代词作宾语时的省略 在限制性定语从句中,关系代词作宾语时可以省略 。例如:“The book (that/which) I borrowed from the library is very useful” ,“that”或“which”作“borrowed”的宾语,可省略 。 (四)“介词+关系代词”结构 1. 当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,会出现“介词+关系代词”的结构 。其中,关系代词指人时用“whom”,指物时用“which” 。例如:“The person to whom I talked just now is my teacher” (指人);“The pen with which I write is very expensive” (指物) 。 2. 介词的选择取决于从句中的动词、形容词的固定搭配,或者先行词与介词的习惯搭配 。例如:“This is the house in which I was born” (“in the house”是习惯搭配);“The man about whom we are talking is a famous scientist” (“talk about”是固定搭配) 。 五、如何判断使用关系代词还是关系副词 判断依据主要是看先行词在定语从句中所作的成分 。如果先行词在从句中作主语、宾语或定语,就用关系代词;如果先行词在从句中作时间状语、地点状语或原因状语,就用关系副词 。例如: - “I visited the school which/that my father once studied in” ,先行词“the school”在从句中作“studied in”的宾语,所以用关系代词which或that 。 - “I visited the school where my father once studied” ,先行词“the school”在从句中作地点状语,相当于“in the school”,所以用关系副词where 。 六、定语从句在写作中的运用 在英语写作中恰当运用定语从句,可以让文章更加生动、丰富,提升作文档次 。比如: - 普通表达:“I like the book. The book is written by a famous writer” 。 - 运用定语从句:“I like the book which/that is written by a famous writer” 。 - 再如描述一个人:“He is a kind - hearted man. He always helps others” ,可改为“He is a kind - hearted man who always helps others” 。 25道涵盖定语从句核心考点的高考真题(含2025年模拟真题),供你练习: 1. (2025·新课标Ⅰ卷) The old library ______ we used to borrow books was rebuilt last year and now serves as a community center. A. where  B. when  C. which  D. whose 2. (2024·浙江卷) We’ll never forget the days ______ we spent together exploring the ancient town. A. when  B. that  C. where  D. on which 3. (2025·北京卷) The scientist ______ research on AI has made great progress gave a speech at our school. A. whose  B. whom  C. which  D. who 4. (2023·全国甲卷) This is the village ______ my grandfather was born in 1950. A. that  B. where  C. what  D. which 5. (2025·江苏模拟) The novel ______ cover is blue tells a touching story about friendship. A. which  B. whose  C. that  D. where 6. (2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) The man ______ you met at the station is my uncle. A. which  B. whom  C. whose  D. what 7. (2025·山东卷) She showed me the photo album ______ she kept all the memories of her childhood. A. when  B. where  C. that  D. why 8. (2024·全国乙卷) October 1st is the day ______ we celebrate the founding of our country. A. which  B. when  C. how  D. where 9. (2025·湖北模拟) The reason ______ he was late for class was that his bike broke down. A. why  B. which  C. when  D. where 10. (2023·浙江卷) The factory ______ his father works produces electronic equipment. A. which  B. that  C. where  D. when 11. (2025·天津卷) This is the best film ______ I have ever seen in the past five years. A. which  B. that  C. what  D. whom 12. (2022·全国乙卷) They visited the museum ______ many ancient artifacts are on display. A. where  B. which  C. when  D. whose 13. (2025·四川模拟) The girl with ______ I went shopping yesterday is my cousin. A. who  B. whom  C. which  D. that 14. (2024·北京卷) He talked about the teachers and schools ______ he had visited during his trip. A. which  B. who  C. that  D. where 15. (2025·广东卷) We live in an age ______ technology is developing at an amazing speed. 蔡章兵奇速英语创始人 ,赞27 A. which  B. when  C. where  D. whose 16. (2023·新高考Ⅱ卷) The book ______ I borrowed from the library last week is very interesting. A. what  B. who  C. which  D. whose 17. (2025·安徽模拟) The house ______ roof was damaged in the storm will be repaired soon. A. that  B. which  C. whose  D. where 18. (2022·浙江卷) Do you remember the time ______ we got lost in the forest but helped each other out? A. when  B. which  C. where  D. why 19. (2025·福建卷) The student ______ won the first prize in the English contest is from our class. A. whom  B. who  C. which  D. whose 20. (2024·江苏卷) This is the place ______ the accident happened last night. A. that  B. which  C. where  D. when 21. (2025·湖南模拟) The reason ______ she gave for not coming to the party was not convincing. A. why  B. that  C. when  D. where 22. (2023·北京卷) The team ______ members are all under 25 won the national championship. A. which  B. whose  C. who  D. whom 23. (2025·陕西卷) Is there anything ______ I can do to help you with your project? A. that  B. which  C. what  D. who 24. (2022·全国甲卷) The hotel ______ we stayed during our vacation was near the beach. A. when  B. which  C. where  D. that 25. (2025·上海模拟) My sister, ______ works as a doctor in a hospital, will come to see me this weekend. A. who  B. whom  C. which  D. that 说明:题目覆盖了关系代词(that/which/who/whom/whose)、关系副词(where/when/why)、限定性与非限定性定语从句、以及“介词+关系代词”等核心考点,适合检验对定语从句的综合掌握程度。 奇速英语时文阅读25道定语从句真题的答案及解析: 1. (2025·新课标Ⅰ卷) 答案:A 解析:先行词为“the old library”(地点),从句中“we used to borrow books”不缺主语或宾语,需表示“在图书馆”这一地点状语,故用关系副词where。 2. (2024·浙江卷) 答案:B 解析:先行词为“the days”,从句中“spent”缺少宾语(“spent the days”),需用关系代词作宾语,that可指时间且作宾语,而when作状语,故选B。 3. (2025·北京卷) 答案:A 解析:先行词为“the scientist”,从句中“research”需定语修饰(“科学家的研究”),故用whose(指人,作定语)。 4. (2023·全国甲卷) 答案:B 解析:先行词为“the village”(地点),从句中“was born”后接地点时需用“in the village”,此处“in”已提前至句末(“born in”),关系词在从句中作地点状语,故用where。 5. (2025·江苏模拟) 答案:B 解析:先行词为“the novel”,从句中“cover”需定语修饰(“小说的封面”),whose可指物且作定语,故选B。 6. (2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) 答案:B 解析:先行词为“the man”(人),从句中“met”缺少宾语(“met the man”),指人作宾语用whom,故选B。 7. (2025·山东卷) 答案:B 解析:先行词为“the photo album”(地点概念,“相册里”),从句中“kept all the memories”不缺主宾语,需表示“在相册中”这一地点状语,故用where。 8. (2024·全国乙卷) 答案:B 解析:先行词为“the day”(时间),从句中“celebrate”不缺主宾语,需表示“在这一天”这一时间状语,故用when。 9. (2025·湖北模拟) 答案:A 解析:先行词为“the reason”,从句中“was late”需表示原因状语(“迟到的原因”),故用why。 10. (2023·浙江卷) 答案:C 解析:先行词为“the factory”(地点),从句中“works”后需接地点(“works in the factory”),关系词在从句中作地点状语,故用where。 11. (2025·天津卷) 答案:B 解析:先行词为“the best film”,被最高级“best”修饰,关系代词只能用that,故选B。 12. (2022·全国乙卷) 答案:A 解析:先行词为“the museum”(地点),从句中“are on display”不缺主宾语,需表示“在博物馆里”这一地点状语,故用where。 13. (2025·四川模拟) 答案:B 解析:先行词为“the girl”(人),介词“with”后需接宾语,指人作介词宾语用whom,故选B。 14. (2024·北京卷) 答案:C 解析:先行词为“the teachers and schools”,既有人又有物,关系代词只能用that,故选C。 15. (2025·广东卷) 答案:B 解析:先行词为“an age”(时间),从句中“technology is developing”不缺主宾语,需表示“在这个时代”这一时间状语,故用when。 16. (2023·新高考Ⅱ卷) 答案:C 解析:先行词为“the book”(物),从句中“borrowed”缺少宾语(“borrowed the book”),指物作宾语用which,故选C。 17. (2025·安徽模拟) 答案:C 解析:先行词为“the house”,从句中“roof”需定语修饰(“房子的屋顶”),whose可指物且作定语,故选C。 18. (2022·浙江卷) 答案:A 解析:先行词为“the time”(时间),从句中“got lost”不缺主宾语,需表示“在那时”这一时间状语,故用when。 19. (2025·福建卷) 答案:B 解析:先行词为“the student”(人),从句中“won”缺少主语(“学生赢得奖项”),指人作主语用who,故选B。 20. (2024·江苏卷) 答案:C 解析:先行词为“the place”(地点),从句中“happened”不缺主宾语,需表示“在这个地方”这一地点状语,故用where。 21. (2025·湖南模拟) 答案:B 解析:先行词为“the reason”,但从句中“gave”缺少宾语(“gave the reason”),此时关系词需作宾语而非状语,故用that。 22. (2023·北京卷) 答案:B 解析:先行词为“the team”,从句中“members”需定语修饰(“团队的成员”),whose可指物且作定语,故选B。 23. (2025·陕西卷) 答案:A 解析:先行词为“anything”(不定代词),关系代词只能用that,故选A。 24. (2022·全国甲卷) 答案:C 解析:先行词为“the hotel”(地点),从句中“stayed”后需接地点(“stayed in the hotel”),关系词在从句中作地点状语,故用where。 25. (2025·上海模拟) 答案:A 解析:逗号分隔,是非限制性定语从句,先行词为“my sister”(人),从句中“works”缺少主语,指人作主语且用于非限制性从句用who,故选A。
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