高中虚拟语气.doc

高中语法虚拟语气

要学虚拟语气，首先要明白虚拟语气是动词的一种形式。在英语里，根据说话人的目的和意图，英语中的动词需用不同的形式，称为语气。英语中有三种语气：
1.  陈述语气-----用来叙述一件事实。
2.祈使语气----表达说话人的请求或命令。
3.虚拟语气----表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或建议等。

要学习虚拟语气，还一定得明白：
1.    无论是主句还是从句，只要用虚拟语气，其谓语动词必须是过去时或过去以前的时态，不能和现在有关。

2.    虚拟语气主要分为：
A）虚拟条件句 B）名词性从句的虚拟语气 C）特殊句式的虚拟语气

注意事项：
一． 虚拟条件句：一般因所指时间的不同分为三种情况：
A）与现在事实相反 B）与过去事实相反 C）与将来可能发生事实相反

（决窍：一定首先牢记从句和主句对各种时态的对应形式，可相互逆推）

If 条件状从
假设类型
条件从句谓语动词形式
主句谓语动词形式
与现在事实相反
动词过去时（be用were）
should/ would/ could 等+ V 原
与过去事实相反
had + PP
should/ would/ could + have+ PP
与将来事实相反
1. 动词过去时
2. should + V 原
3. were to + V. 原

should/ would/ could 等+ V 原

为方便 对比表格记忆

使用虚拟语气的主要句型

谓语动词的虚拟形式

例句
表现在的虚拟条件句
从句：
用动词过去（be 多用were）
1. If I were you, I should study English.

2. I would certainly go if I had time.

主句：would/should/could/might + 动词原形
表过去的虚拟条件句

从句： had + PP
1. If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the test.

2. If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train.

主句：would/should/could/might +have + PP

表将来的虚拟条件句
从句：
① 用动词过去
② should +V原
③（were +to do）

1. If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
2. If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.
主句：would/should/could/might + have + PP
省略 if 的条件句

从句：
用倒装形式，即把were,had等置于句首。
(并只限were/ had)

主句： 根据虚拟的情况采取与从句相应的形式。
1.   Were I in school again(= If I were in school again, I would work harder.)
2.    Were it not for the rain, (不能说Weren’t it for the rain, ) I would go swimming.
错综时间条件句（从句与主句所表示时间不一致）
根据从句与主句表示的不同时进行调整。
1.If you had worked hard yesterday, you would be tired now.

2. If we hadn’t been working hard in the past few years, things woud be going so smoothly.
含蓄条件句（虚拟条件暗含在短语或上下文之中，从句不表现出来）(常见有but for“要不是” without等)
根据句子表达的实际情况选用相应的虚拟条件句中的主句的动词形式
1. Without air, there would be no living things.

2. I would have given you more help, but I was busy

名词性从句中的虚拟语气

Wish “可惜……”“……就好了”，“悔不该……”“但愿……”
wish后从句：与表各种时间的虚拟条件句中的从句动词形式基本相同。

具体：
１. 表与现在不能实现的愿望，从句用“过去时，be 用were”.

２.表与过去不能实现的愿望，从句用“had+PP 或 could/would +have +PP“

３.表将来不能实现的愿望，从句用“could/would +动词原形”

1.I wish I were a bird.

2. I wish I had known the answer.

would rather 后的宾语从句

would rather后从句：动词常用过去式
1. I would rather they came tomorrow.
demand, insist,suggest, command, order, require, request, desire等一类动词后的宾语从句

（suggest表“暗示、隐含等”insist表“强调，力言等”不用虚拟语气。）

从句谓语用“should+动词原形”，should可省。
1. I suggest you (should)go at once.

2. He suggested that he patient’s leg should be cut and this suggested that he was not good at the case.(注意两个suggest的准确翻译)
“It is (was)+上述demand/suggest等动词过去分词（或 important,natural,strange ,necessary等形容词）”后的主语从句

从句谓语用“should+动词原形”，should可省。
1. It ordered that the army (should) get there by 4 a.m.

2. It is necessary that she (should) be sent there at once.
order,suggestion,idea,plan, proposal, advice, demand等名词后的表语从句或同位语从句

从句谓语用“should+动词原形”，should可省。

His demand is that we (should )finish the work in 3 hours.

特殊形式的虚拟语气

as if 引导的从句（表示非真实时）但表真实时，不用虚拟语气。

与虚拟语气条件中从句动词形式基本相同。
1.Tom speaks as if he were a girl.

2.He looks as if he had been to Beijing.
so that, in order that引导的目的状语从句

May/might/should +V原

I live so that others may live better.

It is (the very/high)time that后的定语从句

从句谓语动词常用过去式，有时也可用should +动词原形

It is (high)time that we went (should go) to bed.

It is time that I were leaving.

省去主句的If only (要是……就好了)虚拟条件句

与wish后的宾语从句谓语形式相同。
If only I hadn’t lost the chance!

(= I wish I hadn’t lost the chance)

某些表祝愿的句子

常用原形或“May+动词原形”
Long live world peace!

May you be happy!

表委婉客气的是常语句

情态动词的过去式+动词原形
Could I borrow your bike?

Would you please give me a hand?