英语专业四级语法TEM4语法讲座.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,TEM 4,Grammar,&,Vocalbuulary,1/125,Grammar and Vocabulary,1.,纲领要求,1.1 语法,1.2 词汇,2.考题归纳,2,.1 语法,2.2 词汇,3.复习思绪,3.1 语法,3.2 词汇,2/125,1.纲领要求,1.1 语法,教学纲领对英语专业语法总体描述是：能识别词类；区分名词可数性和不可数性，可数名词单、复数形式；基本掌握各种代词形式与使用方法、基数词和序数词、惯用介词和连词、形容词和副词句法功效、比较级和最高级组成及基本句型、冠词普通使用方法；了解动词主要种类、时态、语态及不定式和分词基本使用方法、句子种类、基本句型和基本构词法。掌握主谓一致关系、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等句型、直接引语和间接引语使用方法、动词不定式和分词使用方法、各种时态、主动语态、被动语态和构词法。其中对四级要求是：除掌握上述内容外，还应该熟练掌握主语从句、同位语从句倒装句和各种条件句。,3/125,1.纲领要求,1.2 词汇,教学纲领对英语专业词汇总体描述是：认知词汇不少于2，000个；掌握1，200个左右惯用词和一定数量习惯用语及固定搭配，并能在口语中利用；认识740个左右单词和一定数量习惯用语及固定搭配，能依据上下文提醒了解其含义。经过基础英语课、阅读课和其它路径认知词汇达4，0005，000个（其中含中学已学2，000个），正确而熟练地使用其中2，0002，500个及其最基本搭配。其中对四级要求是：经过基础英语课、阅读课和其它路径认知词汇5，500 6，500个（含第二级要求4，0005，000个），正确而熟练地利用其中3，0004，000个及其最基本搭配。,4/125,1.纲领要求,测试时间为15分钟，题型为多项选择题，共30道题，每小题有四个选择项，其中50%为词汇、词组和短语使用方法，约50%为语法结构。,测试学生利用词汇、短语、语法结构以及基本语法概念能力。,该题在总分中虽占分不多,但作为测试考生英语水平之基础,它对于TEM4中全部题项影响之大是众所周知，因为任何一门外语学习均始于词汇和语法，且对于词汇数量及其深度掌握程度在一定意义上反应一个人英语水平。,5/125,2.考题总结,2.1 语法,1语法考题包括面宽，近年考题曾经考到：几乎全部词类；三种动词非谓语形式；各种从句及关系词使用方法；动词时态、虚拟语气、情态动词使用方法；独立主格，主谓一致，倒装，强调、并列结构等基本语法知识。,2,语法考试重点突出，语法考试重点为内容庞杂较难掌握项目，这些项目还重复出现，如：虚拟语气，状语从句，定语从句，独立主格，情态动词。,6/125,2.考题总结,2.1 语法,3详细考查重点为以上项目中特殊使用方法，不惯用情况,1）虚拟语气考点为：would ratherthat从句普通过去时：It is vital necessary important urgent imperative desirable advisable natural essentialthat动词原形；It is timeabout timehigh timethat普通过去时：proposalsuggestionthat动词原形；lestthatshould动词原形；if onlythatwould动词原形。,2）状语从句考点为：非if引导条件状语从句，这类句子多用at times，provided，so long as，in case，once等来替换if；由even ifso，now that，forall等引导让步状语从句；justhardly.when引导时间状语从句；more than，as.as，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引导比较状语从句。,3）独立主格结构多以逻辑主语分词形式出现。,4）情态动词多与完成时形式连用。,5）定语从句重点考查介词关系代词（which）和as作为关系代词。,7/125,2.考题总结,2.2 词汇,专业四级考试词汇部分要求考生能灵活正确利用教学纲领语法结构表一至四级全部内容，熟练掌握教学纲领词汇表中一至四级要求50006000个认知词汇及其最基本搭配。其考查重点为：,1动词、名词与介词搭配如：popularpatientwith；yieldsolutionadapttransferaccessto；accuserequireof；chargefor；underdiscussion等等。,2习惯使用方法如：confess toset aboutbe used todoing；be supposed tohavemake sbdo等。,3由同一动词组成短语如：come，go，set，break等组成短语。,4单个动词，抽象名词，形容词和副词多以近义词、同义词形式出现。,5介词短语在句中作状语如：in terms of；with the exception of；in vain等，另外还应注意rather than，other than，such as，nonenothingbut等词在考题中出现。,8/125,3.复习思绪,3.1语法策略,1全方面掌握基本语法点，重点记住各个项目中“偏，特，难”点,2掌握惯用习惯使用方法和词组。,3.注意在阅读中培养语感，因为在语篇层次上培养语感往往能够直接帮助答题,4研究以往考试试题，适当做些练习记住经典题例,9/125,3.复习思绪,3.1 词汇,怎么办？,A.扩大词汇量,B.了解重点词汇细微区分,10/125,A.怎样扩大词汇量？,1.,词根、词缀记忆法,2.,经过比较音形区分识记法记忆单词,3.,组合搭配记忆法,4.,阅读记忆法,5.,联想记忆法,11/125,A.1前缀记忆法,前缀(prefix),就是附加在词根前面部分,含有一定含义,通常改变词意义而不改变词类。前缀prefix这个词本身就是由前缀pre-(前)加词根fix(固定,缀)组成。前缀在构词中地位和作用仅次于词根。同一前缀pre-能够在许多不一样词中出现。,12/125,A.1 前缀记忆法,1、表示时间次序关系前缀,如:ante-(前),ex-(前任),post-后),pre-(前,先),re-(又,再),fore-(预先)。,ante-war(战前),ex-president(前任总统),postwar(战后),pre-fabricate(预先构思),recall(召回),foretell(预言),2、表示否定意义前缀,(1)纯否定意义前缀有in-,dis-,non-,un-等,表示“无,非,不”之意,informal(非正式),dishonest(不老实),non-effective(无效力),uncomfortable.(不舒适)等。,(2)表示错误意义前缀有mis-,(误,恶),mal-(坏)等,mis-understand(误解),malediction(诽谤)等。,(3)表示相反动作前缀有dis-(否定,相反),de-(离开,除去),un-(不,无)等,disconnect(拆开,割断),decentralize(分散),unpack(打开包裹)等。,13/125,A.1前缀记忆法,3、表示程度差异前缀有super-(超出),out-(超出),sub-(次,亚,低),over-(过分),extra-(超出),ultra-(外,极)。,supermarket(超级市场),outlive(比长寿),subatomic(亚原子),overburden(负担过分),extraordinary(非凡),ultramodern(极当代)等。,4、表示空间,方面,位置关系前缀有in-(向内),trans-(转移,横过),inter-(在之间,相互),sub-(在下)等。,例词:inside(内部),transplant(移植),interact(相互作用),subway(地,铁)等。,5、表示数量关系前缀有bi-;di-(双),tri-(三),multi-(多),uni-;mono-(单),semi-(半),quadr-(四),pent(a)-；quin-（五）,deca-,等。,例词:bilingual(两种语言),dilemma(进退两难)triangle(三角形),multilateral(多边),unicycle(独轮车),monologue(独白)semi-circle(半圆),quadrilateral(a.)四边,pentameter(n.)五音步诗行，quintuplets五胞胎,decade(n.)十年,等。,6、表示态度前缀有com-(共同),co-(共同),anti-(防),counter-(反),pro-(亲)等。,例词:compatriot(同胞),collaborate(合作),anti-fascist(反法西斯),counteract(抵抗),pro-British(亲英)等。,14/125,A.1前缀记忆法,7、其它可引发词类改变前缀有en-,a-,out-等,(1)前缀en-能够加在名词或形容词前组成动词,例词:enslave(奴役),endanger(危害),enlarge(扩大)等。,(2)前缀a-加在动词、名词前可组成形容词或副词,例词:asleep(睡着),aboard(在船上),aside(旁边),ashore(岸上)等。,15/125,前缀记忆法,(3)前缀out-加在一些不及物动词前可组成及物动词或名词,a、组成及物动词如:outshine(照得比更),outweigh(重过),outrun(比.跑得快)等。,b、组成名词,如:outcome(结果),outlet(出口),outlook(眼界)等。,8、一些次要前缀,如:with(后,背离),hemi-(半),mono-(单,一)poly-(多,复)centi-(百分之一,一百),milli-(毫)等。,例词:withdraw(撤回),hemisphere(半球),monosyllable(单音节词),polygamy(多配偶制),centimetre(厘米),milligram(毫克)等。,16/125,A.2 识别记忆同音异形异义词,bear(熊)bare(裸露),been(be过去式)bean(蚕豆),meetmeat,blew(blow过去式)blue,cellarseller,higherhire(雇用),writeright,breadbred(breed过去式),deardeer(鹿),fined(fine过去式)find,flour(面粉)flower,hallhaul(拖,曳),fir(冷却)fur(毛皮),Grown(grow过去分词)groan(呻吟),hairhare(野兔),him(宾格他)hymn(圣歌),knowsnose,mainmane(动物鬃毛),mare(母驴)mayor(市长),planeplain(朴素),rootroute(路线),warn-worn,salesail(航行),whole(全体)hole(洞),pastpassed,throughthrew(throw过去式),weightwait,weekweak,theirthere,wastewaist,17/125,A.2识别记忆同形同音异义词,They,charge,d me five dollars for a cup of coffee.,He was,charge,d with bribery.,She,advise,d me not to buy the house.,We advised her that,she(should)wait,.,The garage,advise,d me that my car was ready.,Please,advise,us,of,any change in your plan.,你们机会倘有变更,请告诉我们。,18/125,A.2识别记忆异音异义形相同词,file(归档)fill(填充),cane(手杖)can-crane,mate(配偶)mat(垫子)through(穿过)thorough(彻底),conserve(保留)converse(谈话),stripe(鞭痕)strip(剥皮),allusion(暗示)illusion(错觉),tape(磁带)tap(轻拍),bare(使裸露)bar(棒,条),holy(神圣)holly(冬青),fury(愤恨)furry(毛茸茸),later(迟,晚)latter(后面),wonder(诧异)wander(徘徊),stare-star,robe(长袍)rob(抢劫)vanish(消失)varnish(粉饰),rage(狂暴)rag(破布),bare-bar,19/125,A.3组合搭配记忆法,1、单词组合搭配成名词:,(1)名词+名词如:silkworm,blood-test,(2)形容词+名词如:shorthand,double-dealer,(3)动名词+名词如:waiting-room,sleeping-pills,(4)动词+名词如:pickpocket,break-water,(5)名词+动名词如:handwriting,sun-bathing,(6)动词+副词如:get-together,break-through,(7)副词+动词如:downfall,outbreak,(8)其它特殊方式如:good-for-nothing,by-product,蚕;验血,速记;两面派,候车室;安眠药,扒手;防波堤,书法;日光浴,联欢会;突破,垮台;暴发,无用之人;副产品,20/125,A.3.组合搭配成形容词:,(1)形容词+名词如:high-class,long-term,(2)名词+形容词如:airsick;duty-free,(3)形容词+名词+-ed如:good-tempered,noble-minded,(4)形容词+现在分词如:easy-going;good-looking,(5)副词+现在分词如:far-reaching;hard-working,(6)副词+过去分词如:well-known,widespread,(7)名词+现在分词如:peace-loving;heat-retaining,(8)名词+过去分词如:heartfelt;state-owned,(9)其它方式组合搭配如:,over-all;out-and-out;,face-to-face,高级；长久,晕飞机；免税,脾气好；高尚,好说话；好看,深远；勤劳,著名；广泛流传,热爱和平；保温,由衷；国营,总；彻头彻尾；面对面,21/125,A.3.搭配组合成动词:,(1)名词+动词如:sleep-walk,(2)副词+动词如:overthrow；undergo,(3)形容词+动词如:blacklist；white-wash,梦游,推翻；经历,列入黑名单；粉刷,22/125,4.搭配组合成副词和代词,maybe(或许),myself(我自己),everything(一切),moreover(而且),forever(永远),nevertheless(尽管如此),23/125,5.组合搭配成混合词,把两个词各取一部分合在一起,组成新词如:,smoke+fogsmog(烟雾),Europe+AsiaEurasia(欧亚大陆),Television+broadcasttelecast(电视播送),motor+hotelmotel(汽车旅馆),24/125,A.4经过阅读来扩大词汇量,To read well,you need a strong vocabulary.To build a strong vocabulary,you need to read well.,Nation&Waring(1997)调查结果显示：在阅读中经过语境学习词汇，是外语学习者词汇量增加主要伎俩。,25/125,A.5建立词与词之间关联记忆,Weather,26/125,A.5建立词与词之间关联记忆,T-Storms 雷暴雨 Clear 晴朗,Cloudy 多云 Drifting Snow 飘雪,Drizzle 毛毛雨 Fog 雾,Haze 薄雾 Hail 冰雹 Heavy Rain 大雨,Heavy Rain Icy 大冰雨 Heavy Snow 大雪,Heavy T-Storm 强烈雷雨 Isolated T-Storms 局部雷雨,27/125,A.5建立词与词之间关联记忆,Light Drizzle 微雨,Light Rain小雨,Light Rain Shower 小阵雨,Light Rain with Thunder 小雨有雷声,Light Snow 小雪,Light Snow Grains 小粒雪,Light Snow Shower 小阵雪,Lightening 雷电,28/125,A.5建立词与词之间关联记忆,Mist 薄雾,Rain Shower 阵雨,Scattered Showers 零星阵雨,Scattered Snow Showers 零星阵雪,Scattered Strong Storms 零星强烈暴风雨,Scattered T-Storms 零星雷雨,29/125,A.5建立词与词之间关联记忆,Showers 阵雨,Showers Early 早有阵雨,Showers Late 晚有阵雨,Showers in the Vicinity 周围有阵雨,Snow and Fog 雾夹雪,Snow Shower 阵雪,Snowflakes 雪花,30/125,A.5建立词与词之间关联记忆,Sunny 阳光,Thunder 雷鸣,Thunder in the Vicinity 周围有雷雨,T-Storms Early 早有连续雷雨,T-Storms Late 晚有连续雷雨,Windy 有风,Windy Rain 刮风下雨,Wintry Mix 雨雪混合,31/125,B了解重点词汇细微区分,1.,形似词,2.,同义词,32/125,assure，ensure，insure，reassure,33/125,Practice Makes Perfect,Jimmy needed to _ that his safe was properly locked.,Sara _ed her motorcycle before she rode it.,No matter how bad you feel about your breakup,you can be _ed by the fact that your ex feels even worse.,_ your son that his piano playing sounds wonderful.,_ that your daughter practices her dance routine.,34/125,assure,assure用来表示向某人确保某事将要发生，既能够用来确证某事，也能够表示使某人确信（If you ASSURE a person of something，you promise them or tell them that）。assure宾语通常是人或人称代词，所以不能直接搭用that clause。其惯用结构为：assure sb.of sth.。He assured us of his ability to solve the problem他向我们确保他有能力处理这个问题。We booked early to assure ourselves of（getting）good seats我们及早订座以确保我们能得到好座位。,35/125,ensure,1.ensure意思是使某行为或某件事结果得以确保，即确保某事发生（to make sure that sthhappens）。ensure后能够直接跟 that-clause，并能够用复合宾语。惯用结构为：ensure sth.;ensure that clause,To ensure the childs quick recovery，the doctor gave him an antibiotic为使这个孩子尽快恢复，医生给他打了一剂抗生素。,Registration ensures delivery of mail挂号寄邮件确保会送到。,2.ensure也能够表示确保安全，免遭伤害。To ensure freedom against tyranny反对暴政，维护自由,36/125,insure,insure 意思是为防不测向保险企业付钱投保（to pay money to an insurance company against future disaster）。,My house is insured against fire我房子保了火险。,Are you insured for all risks？你是不是给自己保了综合险？,37/125,reassure,reassure 表示抚慰忧虑不安人，使其安心，放心，恢复信心（to comfort someone who is anxious and make him her free from fear or worry；to bring back confidence to）。,惯用结构为：reassure sb（about sth）reassure sb that-clause I was worried that my work wasnt good enough，but the teacher reassured me（about it）我担心我作业不够好，可是老师却让我放心。The captain reassured the passengers about the strength of the ship那位船长向乘客确保船很坚固，要他们安心。,38/125,insure,ensure,and assure,To help you remember when to use each word,keep the following three hints in mind:,You assure a person.,You insure your car.,You ensure everything else.,Again,it is okay to swap ensure for insure unless it relates to protecting people or property against risks like floods,death,hurricanes,and the like.Assure cannot be used in place of either insure or ensure,and is the only word which should be used to relate to a persons feelings.,39/125,Practice Makes Perfect,Jimmy needed to _ that his safe was properly locked.,Sara _ed her motorcycle before she rode it.,No matter how bad you feel about your breakup,you can be _ed by the fact that your ex feels even worse.,_ your son that his piano playing sounds wonderful.,_ that your daughter practices her dance routine.,ensure,assure,ensure,Assure/reassure,insure,40/125,spinning shiveringshaking staggering,41/125,同义词,She was standing outside in the snow,_ with cold.,A.spinning,B.shivering,C.shaking,D.staggering,42/125,Lesson 9 The Dill Pickle,颤动词汇,quake,He stood there,quaking,with fear.,The earth was,quaking,.,The boughs,quaked,at every breath.,他站在那里吓得发抖。,大地在,颤动,。,树枝在风中摇曳。,Examples:,v.,to shake,violently,from shock or,instability,43/125,Lesson 9 The Dill Pickle,颤动词汇,quiver,His voice/fingers,quivered,uncontrollably.,The blades of grass,quiver,in the wind.,His lips were,quivering,with emotion.,Leaves,quiver,in the breeze.,Examples:,他,声,音/手指不自觉,地,颤,抖,。,草,叶,在风中颤动。,因为激动他,嘴唇,在颤动,。,树叶在微风中颤动。,v.,to shake with a slight but rapid motion,close to tremble.,作这一动词主语多是表示人体某个部位名词（如：声音、嘴唇、双手等）。树枝、树叶或旗帜等物受外界原因影响而产生轻微摇动也可用quiver表示。,44/125,Lesson 9 The Dill Pickle,颤动词汇,shake,Examples:,By that time the building is,shaking,violently.We could not even stand up.,The house,shakes,when the train goes by.,He,shakes,with emotion.,He was so angry that his whole body,shook,.,v.,to make lots of quick small movements up and down,or side to side,1）由过分担心心情或十分激昂情绪而引发颤动。就词义而言，shake重于tremble。,2）由年迈体弱等自然原因所引发颤动。,45/125,Lesson 9 The Dill Pickle,颤动词汇,shiver,v.,to tremble mostly because of coldness,fear,or excitement,n.,a shaking movement that your body makes when you are cold,frightened,or excited,多指受寒后快速、相当轻微颤动,Examples,46/125,The night in the desert was cold.We were all,shivering,.,she gave a slight,shiver,.,He still had the,shivers,when he passed the spot where the murder case took place.,沙漠里夜晚很冷，我们冻得满身发抖.,她微微颤动了一下。,走过当年凶杀案事发觉场，他依然会不寒而栗。,Lesson 9 The Dill Pickle,颤动词汇,shiver,47/125,Lesson 9 The Dill Pickle,颤动词汇,shudder,v.,to tremble with sudden and brief,momentary,convulsive movement;more intense shaking,usu.because of fear,cold,horror,disgust,worry,disapproval,etc.It suggests movement less noticeable to on-lookers.,主要指因为恐惧、恐怖或心情突变引发骤发性震动,Examples,48/125,Lesson 9 The Dill Pickle,颤动词汇,shudder,At the sight of the blood-stained knife,she,shuddered,to screech.,She,shuddered,at the sight of snake.,I,shudder,to think of tension.,一看到那把沾血刀，她就尖叫起来,。,她一看到蛇就惊慌万状,。,我怕得不敢想压力,。,Translation,49/125,Lesson 9 The Dill Pickle,颤动词汇,tremble,He,trembled,/shook with anger when he heard that news.,To tell you the truth,I was so frightened that I,trembled,like a leaf.,The old bridge,trembled,under the train.,Examples:,v.,It implies slight or quick movement,for uneasy or nervous reasons.It does not go with violent movement.,意指快速、相当轻微运动，因为激动、虚弱或生气引发：,50/125,虚拟语气,51/125,普通说来，有以下几个考点需要考生注意,考点1.与现在事实相反,从句谓语动词用did(be用were)，,主句谓语动词would(should,could,might)+do；,考点2.与过去事实相反 3,从句谓语动词用had done，,主句谓语动词用 would(should,could,might)+have done；,考点3.与未来事实相反，10,从句谓语动词用：should+do或were+to do，,主句谓语动词用：would(should,could,might)+do。,考点4.时态交叉现象，也就是主句与从句动作发生在不一样时间段,比如：,If you had gone to see the doctor，you would be all right now.你要是早去看病,你现在就没事了。,考点5.虚拟条件句if能够省略，但从句语序要用到装，即将were,had或 should移至主语前面形成倒装，但否定词not不前移。5,52/125,考点6.insist(一个坚持）；order command(两道命令）；suggest，advise,propose（三条提议）；ask,require,request,demand(四点要求）及对应名词从句，谓语要使用：should+动词原形或动词原形8 考点7.It is+advisable,essential important,imperative,incredible,等等相关从句;假如句中主语中心名词是suggestion,proposal,order,request,recommendation等，那么后面表语从句普通要使用虚拟语气,His motion is that we should hold another session to discuss the problem.My proposal was that we cancel the examination and assign the students to write term papers instead.谓语要使用：should+动词原形或动词原形,考点8.it is high(about)time that结构中，从句使用普通过去式 4,考点9.much as尽管，即使，引导让步状语从句，从句中用would have done表示假设，能够是说话人语气变得十分委婉，真诚。,考点10.if only表示要是就好了相当 与wish,as if/as though 使用方法。5与现在事实相反：动词过去式与过去事实相反:had+done与未来事实相反：could/would+do,53/125,考点11.would rather或would sooner后跟宾语从句，从句中使用普通过去式或过去完成式分别表示对现在或过去虚拟，表示“宁愿某人作某事”,考点12.用于lest,for fear that引导状语从句。在lest,for fear that等引导状语从句中，通惯用“(should+)原形动词”这一虚拟语气形式,*在If I were you 这一分句中，were不能换成was,应该特殊对待。比如：Were I to do it(If I were to do it),I should rely on you.,考点13.含蓄条件句中虚拟语气1)由介词或介词短语引发 without,but for,in the absence of,under.Without the leadership of the Party,we could not live a happy life.But for the atmosphere we would die.But for their help,we wouldnt have succeeded.His progress wouldnt have been made without arduous work.2)由表示转折语气词语引发：I was too busy yesterday.Otherwise I would have been here to see you.3)依据上下文判断：Anyone in his position would have done the same.,54/125,倒装句：,倒装两大类，全倒部分倒；主倒从不倒;,55/125,全部倒装：将整个谓语部分全部放在主语之前,（1）以介词开头地点状语置于句首。,e.g.1.From the window came sound of music.,2.On the ground lies a man whose leg is broken.,3.By his side sat his faithful dog.,（2）副词 out,in,along,then,now,up,down,away,here,there 等位于句首。,e.g.1.Here comes the bus.,Here comes Tom.,Here he comes.(假如主语是代词就不需要倒装),2.Down came the hammer and out flew the sparks.,(3)such 位于句首,.Such will be my future dreams.,2.Such is my whole story.,(4)表语置于句首,Blessed is the person who is too busy to worry in the daytime and too sleepy to worry at night.,2.Gone are the days w