雅思基础语法-.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,课程安排,宏观,写作,阅读,听力,微观,73373,七种句子成分,三种句子类型,三大类从句,七宗罪,三种特殊句型,学习了解西方社会的思想文化背景,1,句子的七种成分,主谓宾,定状补,同位语,句子的核心,谓语,2,谓语,词性,动词,谓语动词的个数,1,造句：有许多同学都想出国,有there be,许多同学many students,都想出国want to go abroad.,There are many students want to go abroad.,There are many students wanting to go abroad.,There are many students who want to go abroad.,3,造句,许多地方性的报纸和国家发行的报纸都刊登有关于假期的广告和信息。,地方性的local,国家的 national,有 there be,There are advertisements and information about holidays on many local and national newspapers.,Many local and national newspapers,carry,advertisements and information about holidays.,4,主语,名词,代词,动名词（,v-ing,）,不定式（,to do,）,名词性从句,主语从句,5,名词作主语,一些城市，地区和国家貌似比其他的地区和国家拥有更好的教育。,城市地区国家some towns,cities,regions and countries,貌似seem to have,更好的教育better education,Some towns,cities,regions and countries seem to have better education than others.,6,大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流,可以互相讨论下，但要小声点,7,动名词作主语,动名词,v-ing,同其他孩子在一起并且分享经验能够使孩子更有社交能力。,同其他孩子在一起spend time with other children,分享经验share experiences,能够can,使孩子更有社交能力make children more sociable,Spend time with other children and share experiences can make children more sociable.,Spending,time with other children and,sharing,experiences can make children more sociable.,8,不定式作为主语,在工作有压力时，保持冷静是很重要的。,保持冷静 keep calm,是很重要的 be important,Keep calm while working under pressure is important.,To,keep calm while working under pressure is important.,It is important to keep calm while working under pressure.,9,主语从句作为主语,That she used to be a man shocked me.,She used to be a man.,X shocked me.,It shocked me that she used to be a man.,It is said,It is said that she used to be a man.,That she used to be a man is said.,10,宾语,名词,代词,动名词（,v-ing,）,不定式（,to do,）,名词性从句,宾语从句,11,主谓宾,/,主系表,系表结构,系动词,+,表语,be,become,seem,appear,表语,12,修饰成分,定语,定语,“,的”,修饰名词,形容词,贝多芬是一个天生的音乐家。,天生的定语,Beethoven is a natural musician.,13,名词充当定语,前置,规律：,名词短语,N1+N2,中心词永远是最后一个名词,N2,前面的名词,N1,作为定语。,Eg.,a,table,cloth,a,college,student,14,有关,Of,的那点事,of,prep.,“,的”,15,of,前后连接名词短语,the+N1+of+N2,the beauty of nature,the book of the teacher,the screen of the computer,the,protection,of nature,the,criticism,of the teacher,the,screening,of harmful information,16,of,前后连接名词短语,规律：,the+,N1,+,of,+,N2,中 of 的理解方法,N1,是普通名词，则 of 结构翻译成：,N2,的,N1,2)N1,是动词V1变来的名词，且V1与N2为动宾关系，则 of 结构翻译成：,对,N2,的,N1,17,of,前后连接名词短语,the beauty,of,nature,the,protection,of,nature,the book,of,the teacher,the,criticism,of,the teacher,the screen,of,the computer,the,screening,of,harmful information,18,the criticism of the teacher,VS,the criticism of the teachers,19,练习,the softness,of,the policy,the softening,of,the policy,the price,of,this product,the pricing,of,this product,the manager,of,this company,the management,of,this company,20,名词词组的中心词判定（,1,）,规律：of连接名词词组的中心词判定,(1),the,+N1+of+N2,N1,永远都是中心词,(2),a/an,+N1+of,+N2 分情况讨论：,如果N1是,普,通名词,，则,N1,是中心词,a,book,of history,如果N1是,单位名词,，则,N2,为中心词,a cup of,tea,a series of,books,21,名词词组的中心词判定（,1,）,练习：,the number of students,a number of students,the series of books,a series of books,the school of fish,a school of fish,22,不定式作定语,The old provide the young with enough money to spend.,the+adj.,n+(to do),每个人，不论男女，都有在大学学习的同等机会。,定语在大学学习的,不论男女male or female,Everyone,male or female,has equal opportunities to study in universities.,23,介词结构作定语,穿裙子的男人,The man in the skirt,is Xiao Shenyang.,24,分词作定语修饰名词,现在分词：,v-ing,过去分词：,v-ed,bite,vt.,&,vi.,现在分词：,biting,过去分词：,bitten,过去式：,bit,咬；叮；蛰,good,dog,bad,dog,biting,dog,bitten,dog,dog-bitten,people,people-biting,dog,25,分词作定语修饰名词,修饰名词的分词到底是用,现在分词,？,还是,过去分词,？,分词原形动词和被修饰的名词构成,主动,关系还是,被动,关系。,26,分词作定语修饰名词,主动语态：,Dog,bites,people.,S V O,People,bites,dog.,S V O,被动语态：,People,is bitten,by dog.,S V,Dog,is bitten,by people.,S V,S,Subject,主语,V,Verb,动词,O,Object,宾语,27,分词作定语修饰名词,结论：,主动语态的句子中,主语,和,动词,之间构成,主动,关系，,动词,和,宾语,之间构成,被动,关系。,被动语态的句子中,主语,和,动词,之间构成,被动,关系，,动词,和,由,by,引出的施动者,之间构成,主动,关系。,28,分词作定语修饰名词,biting,dog,bitten,people,biting,people,bitten,dog,accepted,attitudes,被接受的态度,unspoken,beliefs,未被说出的信念,manufacturing,family,制造业家庭,29,名词,-,分词混合结构作定语,bitten people,被咬的人,思考：怎样表达“被狗咬的人”？,dog-bitten,people,30,名词,-,分词混合结构作定语,This is a _ refrigerator.,A.power-consuming B.power-consumed,This is the _ power.,refrigerator-consuming,refrigerator-consumed,consume,vt.,消费；消耗；用,31,名词,-,分词混合结构作定语,people-biting dog,咬人的狗,Dog,dog-bitten people,被狗咬的人,People,people-bitten dog,被人咬的狗,Dog,is bitten by people.,dog-biting people,咬狗的人,People,bites dog.,bites,people.,is bitten by,dog.,32,名词,-,分词混合结构作定语,练习：,Jason is a work-consumed manager.,Jason is a resource-consuming manager.,Mary is a heart-breaking girl.,Mary is a heart-broken girl.,The book interests me.,Jack interests me.,33,从句作定语,定语从句,“,的”,34,定语从句,Any,teacher,would be dismissed instantly.,Any,teacher,who,hit children would be dismissed instantly.,Teacher,hit children.,who,35,状语,作用：修饰动词，形容词，或者整个句子,可以作为状语的词：,副词,介词短语（介宾）,动词不定式,分词,从句,36,副词做状语,他们通常会比其他的孩子更有自信。,通常,generally,They are generally more confident than other children.,37,介宾结构,这一周以来，我都感觉我有点病了。,这一周以来,for a week,I have been feeling slightly ill for a week.,38,动词不定式作状语,我到这里来，是为了和你说再见。,I come here only to say good-bye to you.,为了赶上第一辆公车，他跑的很快。,He ran very fast in order to catch the first bus.,39,现在分词作状语,He lay still,staring,at the ceiling.,He lay still.,He stared at the ceiling.,She went to bed,feeling,rather tired.,She went to bed.,She felt rather tired.,She went to bed,because,she felt rather tired.,伴随状语,原因状语,40,现在分词作状语,We saw a flower show,walking,through the park.,We saw a flower show.,We walked through the park.,We saw a flower show,when,we walked through the park.,时间状语,41,现在分词作状语,The children,would have been expected,to sit quietly and to do their work,copying,long rows of letters or doing basic maths sums.,The children,would have been expected,to sit quietly and to do their work.,The children,copied,long rows of letters or doing basic maths sums.,42,过去分词作状语,The city looks magnificent,seen,from the hill.,The city looks magnificent.,The city looks magnificent,if,the city,was seen,from the hill.,The city looks magnificent,seen,from the hill.,was seen,from the hill.,The city,43,分词作状语,阅读重要句法：,S+V ,v-ing,S+V ,v-ed,第一种变化：,V-ing ,S+V,V-ed ,S+V,44,分词作状语,第二种变化：,Conj,.+v-ing ,S+V,Conj,.+v-ed ,S+V,Walking,through the park,we saw a flower show.,When,walking,through the park,we saw a flower show.,Seen,from the hill,the city looks magnificent.,If,seen,from the hill,the city looks magnificent.,45,从句做状语,状语从句,状语从句是行使状语功能的从句，,其作用相当于副词，因此也称为副词性从句。,在观众享受赛马或者斗牛的时候，动物们在遭受痛苦。,赛马,horse racing,斗牛,bull fighting,受苦,suffer,When the audience enjoy horse racing or bull fighting,the animals are suffering,46,状语从句,种类：,时间状语从句,地点状语从句,原因状语从句,结果状语从句,条件状语从句,目的状语从句,方式状语从句,让步状语从句,比较状语从句,47,同位语,48,名词充当同位语,He wrote a biography of the Russian writer,Tolstoy,.,You,girls,are much more active than us,boys,.,This is Professor Baker,head of our department,.,They are staying at Miami,a summer resort in Florida,.,We completed the project in six months,half the usual time,.,49,代词充当同位语,We,both,came from Australia.,The theory,itself,is all right.,We,each,put forward a proposal.,They,none of them,said anything.,She seemed different from us,all,.,50,数词充当同位语,Is there room for us,two,?,You,three,sit here.,Another example is John Brown,now,66,who has been here for 40 years.,Some 485 million people,about two-fifths of our population,live in this immense area.,51,形容词充当同位语,People,old and young,came out to greet the distinguished visitors.,Middle-aged,tall and thin,he used to be a famous singer.,52,名词词组或分词词组充当同位语,Mary,normally a timid girl,argued with them about it.,It has several waiting rooms,filled with chairs and sofas,.,These methods,systematically summarized,are now being popularized in the whole country.,Formerly a worker himself,he is now an engineer.,53,有明确引导词的同位语,They visit eight European countries,for example,(eg.),London and Paris,.,New Zealand possesses rich mineral deposits,including,gold,.,The children like animals,particularly,the panda,.,I like all the kids,especially,Lester,.,I like only one boy,namely,George,.,He is a cutter,that is to say(i.e.),a man who sells knives and sharp tools,.,54,复合宾语结构,规律：,宾语,+,补足语,复合宾语,S+,vt.,+O+,补足语,55,宾语补足语的使用情况,当,vt.,是“使、令、让、把”等仅有方向而没有具体内涵的动作时，通常会在宾语后添加补足语，从而构成复合宾语来表达一个完整的含义。,I,asked,her,to marry me,.,I,made,her,cry,.,56,复合宾语结构,宾语补足语的常见情况：,We find Jason a,gangster,.(,n.,),We find Jason,dead,.(,adj.,),We find Jason,killed,in his home.(,v-ed,),We find Jason,stealing,in a police station.(,v-ing,),We find Jason,in prison,.(,prep.+n.,),We find Jason,out,.(,adv.,),We make Jason,apologize,.(to)do,We require Jason,to apologize,.to do,57,复合宾语结构中的形式宾语,在复合宾语结构中，当宾语是,:,(a),不定式结构,(b),从句结构,有时可以用,it,作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放到后面去。,58,复合宾语结构中的形式宾语,make,it,easier,to meet the annual targets,make,to meet the annual targets,easier,make,it,easier,that they can meet the annual targets,make,that they can meet the annual targets,easier,59,简单句句式,1.,主,+,谓,2.,主,+,谓,+,宾,3.,主,+,谓,+,双宾,4.,主,+,谓,+,复合宾语,5.,主,+,系,+,表,60,复合宾语结构和双宾语的区别,动词接复合宾语结构：,vt.+,宾语,+,补足语,动词接双宾语结构：,vt.+,间接宾语,+,直接宾语,We find Jason a teacher.,Jason is a teacher.,复合宾语结构,We give Jason a computer.,Jason is a computer.,双宾语结构,61,复合宾语结构和双宾语,常见的后面接复合宾语结构的动词：,1.“,使令让把”,let,make,keep,ask,2.,感官动词,see,watch,hear,feel,think,常见的后面接双宾语结构的动词：,give,show,borrow,teach,buy,62,阅读长难句特点,句子冗长,结构复杂,经常作为出题点,63,怎样才能真正理解长难句？,快速读出主谓宾,理解一些特殊句型,读懂句子在上下文中的作用,64,怎样才能真正理解长难句？,快速读出主谓宾,理解一些特殊句型,读懂句子在上下文中的作用,65,他看书。,困倦的他在看书。,一夜没睡的困倦的他在看一本发黄的旧书。,66,斜靠在沙发上，没有血色的嘴唇上叨着一支不知什么时候早已经熄灭的雪茄烟，一夜没睡的他目光呆滞地借助一盏忽明忽亮的摇曳的油灯绝望地在无精打采地看着一本发黄了的、但却保存得颇为完整的现在市面上很难买到的名叫准备英语考试的你能读懂这句不仅无聊之极而且无耻之极的话么？的旧书。,67,句子分类,规律：句子的分类判断,只有一套主谓关系,简单句,。,有两套主谓关系，中间用,and/or/but/so,连接,并列句,。,有两套或以上主谓关系，句子之间用,that/if/wh-,等引导词连接,复合句,。,68,怎样找谓语动词,?,动词的各种形式：,动词原形,v.,动词第三人称单数,vs,动词过去式,v-ed,动词现在分词,v-ing,动词过去分词,v-ed,动词不定式,to do/(to)do,69,怎样找谓语动词,?,一定是谓语动词的动词形式：,动词第三人称单数,am/is/are/was/were,情态动词,can/may/must,70,怎样找谓语动词,?,一定不是谓语动词的动词形式：,不定式,to do,独立存在的现在分词,v,-ing,独立存在的过去分词,v,-ed,可能是谓语动词的动词形式：,动词原形,v,.,v,-ed,（过去式）,71,It involves probing for deeply rooted concerns,devising creative solutions,and making trade-offs and compromises where interests are opposed.,找出,and,并列成分,地点状语从句,72,A world rise in allergies,particularly asthma,over the past four decades,is now said to be linked with increased air pollution.,73,Automated techniques to measure these characteristics and verify a persons identity infallibly are attracting widespread attention in these days of increased use of credit cards and e-mail.,74,Government has encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time,the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre.,75,Government regulations limit the oil content allowed to discharged,and the produced water is treated on the platforms to meet those specifications.,76,The sports that were made by the collision will undoubtedly blow away eventually,but its much too soon to tell if there will be any permanent changes in Jupiter.,77,The chamber is then flushed with dry nitrogen gas for five hours to remove the remaining air and DEZ is introduced at a low pressure into the gas stream in order to keep the state of balance.,78,三大类从句,名词性从句,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,形容词性从句,定语从句,副词性从句,状语从句,79,名词性从句,名词可以做什么成分？,主语，宾语，表语，同位语,80,两大类连接词,1.that+S+V+,只起到引导作用,不充当成分,本身无词义,省略？,2.wh-,what,who,whom,which,where,when,why,how,whether,充当成分,不能省略,句子语序,81,特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句,规律：,名词性从句的理解问题,wh-/how,what+S+V,-S V 的内容：,what he said,where+S+V,-S V 的地点：,where I stay,82,特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句,when+S+V,-S V 的时间：,when Jack left,why S+V,-S V 的原因,why Jenny refused Forrest,83,特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句,how+S+V,-S V的方式；S如何地V,how students should behave,how much S+V,-S V的程度；,S在多大程度上V；,S有多么地V,how much I love you,84,特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句,whether+S+V,-S是否V,Whether he comes,to the party or not is none of my business.,85,主语从句,-that,连接词,That he survived the earthquake is a miracle.,He survived the earthquake.,X,is a miracle.,That Bill divorced Juliet is not surprising.,Bill divorced Juliet.,X,is,not surprising,.,主语从句中的,that,连接词,不能,省略！,86,That引导的主语从句后置,避免头重脚轻+尾部焦点原则,1.It+be+adj.+that-从句,It is natural,that they should have different views,.,It was obvious,that she did not want to come,.,It is strange,that he knows nothing about it,.,87,写作练习,如果一个社会想要进步，抛弃传统很必要。,It is important that,important/essential/vital/crucial/significant/,进步,make progress,抛弃传统,reject traditions,It is essential that a society should reject its traditions if it wants to make progress.,88,That引导的主语从句后置,2.It+be+n.+that-从句,It is a pity,that he cannot swim,.,Its a wonder,that he is still alive,.,It was a disappointment to your mother,that you failed the exam,.,89,写作练习,保护和推广自己国家的历史和文化遗产是年青一代不可避免的任务。,It is an unavoidable task that,保护和推广,conserve and promote,国家的历史和文化遗产,national historical and cultural heritages,年青一代,young generations,It is an unavoidable task that the young generations conserve and promote their national historical and cultural heritages.,90,That引导的主语从句后置,3.It+be+v-ed+that-从句,规律：it后面跟动词的被动语态形式，再接that从句,无主语，理解成“据。”,It is said,that there has been an earthquake in India,.,It was estimated,that 25million school lunches are sold each day.,It is reported that,the enemy troops have crossed the border.,“人们”作主语，进行主动理解；或者直接砍掉，做肯定理解,It is believed,that Japanese are weird,.,It was rumoured,that he was suffering from a kidney stone,.,It must be pointed out,that English is actually not difficult,.,91,写作练习,人们普遍认为国际旅游业促进了跨文化交流。,It is widely accepted that,国际旅游业,international tourism,促进,promote,跨文化交流,cross-cultural communication,It is widely accepted that international tourism has promoted cross-cultural communication.,92,That,引导的主语从句后置,4.It+vi.+that-从句；It+vt.+O+that-从句,It happened,that she was not in that day,.,碰巧,It turned out,that she used to be a man,.,结果是,It occurred to me,that perhaps she was lying,.,突然想起,It struck me,that we ought to make a new plan,.,我忽然想起,93,写作练习,父母和教育家认为，电视“成功”阻碍了孩子心理的发展。,It occurs to parents and educators that,a successful destroyer,心理的发展,mental development,It occurs to parents and educators that TV has been a successful destroyer of childrens mental development.,94,主语从句特殊疑问词,what,who,whom,which,where,when,why,how,whether ,不能用,if,95,主语从句,:wh-,连接词,How and where man learnt how to produce flame at will is unknown.,X is unknown.,Man learnt how to produce flame at will.,How did man learn how to produce flame at will?,Where did man learn how to produce flame at will?,How and where did man learn how to produce flame at will?,How and where man learnt how to produce flame at will,is unknown.,96,人们是否应该到了某一年龄就应该被强制退休是一个公众话题。,at a certain age,be forced to retire,公众话题,public focus,Whether,people should be forced to retire at a certain age has been a pubic focus.,97,找到能够处理我们越来越多垃圾的地方是许多政府都非常头疼的一件事。,处理,dispose of,headache,Where,we can dispose of the increasing rubbish is a great headache to many governments.,98,宾语从句,that,类连接词,Experts confirmed,that,a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered.,不充当成分,只起到连接作用,可以,省略,99,wh-,连接词,I wonder,why,he deserved his well-paid position.,谓语动词的宾语,That will depend on,where,we shall go.,介词的宾语,Armed