英语hapter5.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.计算机软件学院,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.计算机软件学院,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.计算机软件学院,我们毕业啦,其实是答辩的标题地方,Taiyuan University of Technology,软件工程专业英语,计算机科学与技术学院,.,软件学院,SOFTWARE ENGINEERING ESSENTIALS,2025/4/30 周三,2,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,5.1,HISTORY,5.2 RESEARCH GOALS,5.3 MAJOR,RESEARCHS ON,AI,5.4,APPLICATIONS OF AI,TERMS,CHPTER,5,ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE,2025/4/30 周三,3,COMPETENCIES,After reading this chapter,you should be able to:,1.Describe the concept of artificial intelligence.,2.Describe the history of artificial intelligence.,3.Discuss the goals of artificial intelligence.,4.Learn about social intelligence,creativity and general intelligence.,5.List and describe the major researches on artificial intelligence.,6.List several applications of artificial intelligence.,7.Describe what factors of artificial intelligence have been used in Apple products.,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,2025/4/30 周三,4,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,1.2,SMARTPHONES,Artificial intelligence(AI),is the intelligence exhibited by a machine or software.It is also an academic field of studying computer as well as software that is capable of intelligent behavior.,“The science and engineering of making intelligent machines.,John McCarthy,who coined the term in 1956,“The study and design of intelligent agents”.,Professional AI researchers and textbooks,2025/4/30 周三,5,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,1.2,SMARTPHONES,The cores or goals of AI research,：,reasoning,knowledge,planning,learning,natural language processing(communication),perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.,2025/4/30 周三,6,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,1.2,SMARTPHONES,The approaches to obtain these objectives:,statistical methods,computational intelligence,traditional symbolic AI.,There are a large number of tools used in AI area,search,mathematical optimization,logic,methods based on probability and economics,2025/4/30 周三,7,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,1.2,SMARTPHONES,The AI field is interdisciplinary,computer science,mathematics,psychology,linguistics,philosophy andneuroscience,other specialized fields such asartificial psychology.,2025/4/30 周三,8,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,5.1,History,5.1.1Precursors,5.1.2TheBirthofArtificialIntelligence,5.1.3AI,sGoldenYearsandItsBoom,2025/4/30 周三,9,5.1.1Precursors,Artificial intelligence,initially in antique myths,stories and rumors.,In the 17th century,all rational thoughts made as systematic as algebra or geometry,-Leibniz,Thomas HobbesandRen Descartes.,thephysical symbol systemhypothesis,-the guiding faith of AI research.,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,2025/4/30 周三,10,From the 19th to 20th centuries,thinking machines,artificial beings,In the 20th century,mathematical logic,mechanical or formal,logic,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,in fiction,the programmable digital electronic computer,-Alan Turing and others.,5.1.1Precursors,2025/4/30 周三,11,Turings theory of computation suggested that a machine,by shuffling symbols as simple as“0”and“1”,could simulate any conceivable(imaginable)act of mathematical deduction.,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,The ENIAC,at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering.,5.1.1Precursors,2025/4/30 周三,12,5.1.2TheBirthofArtificialIntelligence,In the 1940s and 50s,several scientists from mathematics,psychology,engineering,economics and political science began to discuss the possibility of creating an artificial brain.,In the summer of 1956,a conferenceon the campus ofDartmouth College,The field ofartificial intelligenceresearch was successfully founded as an academic discipline.,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,2025/4/30 周三,13,5.1.2TheBirthofArtificialIntelligence,the attendees,John McCarthy,Marvin Minsky,Allen Newell,Arthur Samuel,Herbert Simon,programs that were,to most people,astonishing:,computers won as checkers,solved word problems in algebra,proved logical theorems,could speak English.,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,the leaders of AI research for many decades,2025/4/30 周三,14,5.1.2TheBirthofArtificialIntelligence,By the middle of the 1960s,related researches in the U.S.were extensively funded by theDepartment of Defenseand laboratories.,AIs founders were profoundly optimistic about the future of the new field.,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,machines will be capable,within twenty years,of doing any work a man can do“-Herbert Simonpredicted,within a generation,the problem of creating artificial intelligence will substantially be solved“-Marvin Minskywrote,2025/4/30 周三,15,5.1.3 AIsGoldenYearsandItsBoom,The years(19561974),after the Dartmouth conference was the golden years of artificial intelligent,an era of discovery,of sprinting across new ground.,Few people at the time would have believed that such intelligent behavior by machines was possible at all.,But researchers expressed their intense optimisms in private and in print,predicting that a fully intelligent machine would be built in less than 20 years.,Government agencies such as ARPA also invested into the new field.,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,2025/4/30 周三,16,5.1.3 AIsGoldenYearsandItsBoom,In 1970-1980,the application period of artificial intelligence knowledge.,Expert systems,computer systems that emulate the decision-making ability of human experts,realized the transition of artificial intelligence from theory research to specialized knowledge application,and it is an important breakthrough in the history of AI development.,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,2025/4/30 周三,17,5.1.3 AIsGoldenYearsandItsBoom,In 1972-1976,MYCIN,expert system was used to assist physicians in the diagnosis of bacterial infection disease,and to provide the best prescription.,-made by Feigenbaum,developed an expert system,PROSPECTOR,for geological prospecting,-Duda from Stanford University,in 1976,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,2025/4/30 周三,18,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,5.1.3 AIsGoldenYearsandItsBoom,In the 1980s,the Japanese government aggressively funded AI with its fifth generation computer project.,the revival of connectionism,-,John Hopfield and David Rumelhart in the early 1980s,entered the integrated development period,2025/4/30 周三,19,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,5.1.3 AIsGoldenYearsandItsBoom,the expert system was not enough:,application area was narrow,common sense knowledge was insufficient,knowledge acquisition was difficult,reasoning method was simple,the distributed function did not exist,the existing database was not access,Machine learning,artificial neural network,intelligent robot and behaviornal research tended to be warm and deep.,improved the improvement and development of the expert system,2025/4/30 周三,20,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,5.1.3 AIsGoldenYearsandItsBoom,In the 1990s and early 21st century,the increasing computational power of computers,a greater emphasis on solving specific sub problems,the creation of new ties between AI and other fields,working on similar problems,a new commitment to solid mathematical methods,and rigorous scientific standards,Leaded to the success of AI,2025/4/30 周三,21,5.1.3 AIsGoldenYearsandItsBoom,In the 1990s and early 21st century,AI was used for:,logistics,data mining,medical diagnosis,other areas throughout the technology industry,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,2025/4/30 周三,22,On May 11,1997,Deep blue became the first computer chess-playing system to beat a reigning world chess champion,Garry Kasparov.,In February 2011,In a Jeopardy!Quiz show exhibition match,IBMs question answering system,Watson,defeated the two greatest Jeopardy champions.,The Kinect provided a 3D bodymotion interface for the Xbox 360 and the Xbox One.,5.1.3 AIsGoldenYearsandItsBoom,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,2025/4/30 周三,23,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,Describe the two definitions of AI.,What are the cores(or goals)of AI research?,3.Discuss the development of artificial intelligence.,4,.Describe the artificial intelligences birth.,5,.Discuss the golden years of artificial intelligence.,6,.In the 1990s,what are the factors that led to the greatest successes of AI?,CONCEPTS,2025/4/30 周三,24,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,5.2 RESEARCH GOALS,5.2.1 The Short-term Goal,5.2.2 The Long-term Goals,2025/4/30 周三,25,5.2.1 The Short-term Goal,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,The short-term goal of artificial intelligence research is to make existing computers not only do numerical data and non-numerical information processing in general,but also use knowledge to solve the problems and even simulate part of human intelligent behaviors.,In accordance with this goal,integration of the theories,techniques and methods characteristic of current computer intelligence is to establish appropriate intelligence systems.,2025/4/30 周三,26,The current research focus on:,Expert system,Machine translation systems,Pattern recognition systems,Machine learning systems,robotics,5.2.1 The Short-term Goal,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,2025/4/30 周三,27,5.2.2 T,he Long-term Goals,Social intelligence,Social intelligence,is the capacity to effectively navigate and negotiate complex social relationships and environment and emotions.,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,It must be able to predict the actions of others,by understanding their motivations and emotions.,In an effort to facilitate human-computer interaction,an intelligent machine might be able to display emotionseven if it does not actually experience them itselfin order to appear sensitive to the emotional dynamics of human interaction.,1,2,2025/4/30 周三,28,2025/4/30 周三,5.2.2 T,he Long-term Goals,Creativity,Computational creativity,also known as artificial creativity,mechanical creativity or creative computation.,a multidisciplinary problem,artificial intelligence,cognitive psychology,philosophy,the arts,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,2025/4/30 周三,29,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,5.2.2 T,he Long-term Goals,The goal of computational creativity is to model,simulate or replicate creativity.,To construct a program or computer capable of human-level creativity.,To better understand human creativity and to formulate an algorithmic perspective on creative behavior in humans.,To design programs than can enhance human creativity without necessarily being creative themselves.,2025/4/30 周三,30,General intelligence,Many researches think that their work will eventually be incorporated into a machine with general intelligence,combining all the skills above and exceeding human abilities at most or even all of them.,A few of them believe that anthropomorphic features like artificial consciousness or an artificial brain may be required for such a project.,5.2.2 T,he Long-term Goals,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,2025/4/30 周三,31,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.计算机软件学院,CONCEPTS,1.Describe the short-term goal of artificial intelligence research.,2.What aspects of the intelligent system research mainly focus on?,3.Describe the long-term goal of artificial intelligence research.,4.Explain social intelligence,creativity,and general intelligence.,2025/4/30 周三,32,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.计算机软件学院,5.3,MAJOR RESEARCHES ON AI,5.3.1 Deduction,Reasoning and Problem Solving,5.3.2 Knowledge Representation,5.3.3 Automated Planning and Scheduling,5.3.4 Machine Learning,5.3.5 Natural Language Processing,5.3.6 Robotics,5.3.7 AI Game,2025/4/30 周三,33,5.3.1 Deduction,Reasoning and Problem Solving,Early AI researchers developed algorithms that imitated the step-by-step reasoning that humans use when they solve puzzles or make logical deductions.,By the late 1980s and 1990s,AI research had also developed highly successful methods for dealing with uncertain or incomplete information,employing concepts from probability and economics.,For difficult problems,most of these algorithms can require enormous computational resourcesmost experience a“combinatorial explosion”:the amount of memory or computer time required becomes astronomical when the problem goes beyond a certain size.,2025/4/30 周三,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,2025/4/30 周三,34,2025/4/30 周三,5.3.2 Knowledge Representation,Knowledge representation,is the field of artificial intelligence that focuses on designing computer representations that capture information about the world that can be used to solve complex problems.,procedural code,Not the best formalism to solve complex problems,Knowledge,representation,Makes complex software easier to define and maintain,better,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,2025/4/30 周三,35,5.3.3 A,utomated Planning and Scheduling,2025/4/30 周三,Automated planning and scheduling,in the relevant literature often denoted as simply planning,is a branch of artificial intelligence that concerns the realization of strategies or action sequences,typically for execution by intelligent agents,such as,autonomous robots,unmanned vehicles,Googles self-driving car,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,2025/4/30 周三,36,5.3.3 A,utomated Planning and Scheduling,Unlike classical control and classification problems,the solutions are complex and must be discovered and optimized in multidimensional space.,1,2,In known environments with available models,planning can be done offline.Solutions can be found and evaluated prior to execution.,In dynamically unknown environments,the strategy often needs to be revised online.Models and policies must be adapted.Solutions usually resort to iterative trial and error processes commonly seen in artificial intelligence.These include dynamic programming,reinforcement learning and combinatorial optimization.,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,2025/4/30 周三,37,5.3.4,Machine Learning,Machine learning,is the study of computer algorithms that improve automatically through experience and has been central to AI research since the fields inception.,three types of learning,Unsupervised learning,Supervised learning,Reinforcement learning,can be analyzed in terms of decision theory,using concepts like utility,太原理工大学.计算机软件学院,2025/4/30 周三,38,Unsupervised learning,is the ability to find patterns in a stream of input.,Supervised learning,includes both classification and numerical regression,is the machine learning of inferring a function from labeled training data.,Classification,is used to determine what category something belongs in,after seeing a number of examples of things from several categories.,Regression,is the attempt to produce a function that describes the relationship between input and outputs and predicts how the outputs should change as the inputs change.,2025/4/30 周三,5.3.4,Machine Learning,太原理工大学.计算机科学与技术学院.软件学院,2025/4/30 周三,39,2025/4/30 周三,5.3.4,Machine Learning,The mathematical analysis of machine learning algorithms and their performance is a branch of theoretical computer science known as,computational learning theory.,In,reinforcement learning,the agent is rewarded for good responses and punished for bad ones.The agent uses this sequence of rewards and punishments to form a strategy for