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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,The translation shift approach,Vinay and Darbelnets model,By 王海云,1,The study of translation shifts,which attempts to systematically describe and classify the“small linguistic changes occurring in translation of ST to TT”so as to establish the semantic,stylistic,pragmatic,cohesive and aesthetic relationships between them,can be traced back to 1950s.,对翻译转移的研究肇始于上世纪50年代,它试图通过系统的描写和分类翻译中出现的“译自源发文本的目标文本中出现的细微语言变化”来达到全面,科学的反映原文与译文之间语义,文体,语用,衔接和美学效果等关系的目的。,2,上个世纪50年代以来,受快速发展的语言学,尤其是索绪尔结构主义语言学和乔姆斯基的转换生成语法的影响,西方翻译学界兴起了以语言学为导向的翻译研究方法,如德国的“翻译科学”学派,奈达的对等翻译理论等等。这些模式无一例外都强调对原文与译文的关系进行科学,精密和细致的描写,对“翻译转移”的研究正是其中一个突出代表。,3,所谓“翻译转移”,它是指“译自源发文本的目标文本中出现的细微语言变化”(Moody,2011:55)。50多年的历程里,对翻译转移的研究经历了从较为单一的语言层面上的对比发展到在比较的基础上对翻译活动所隐含的社会,文化和文学规范以及译者所受到的种种限制的揭示,这标志着翻译转移研究从单一模式向纵深模式的发展,4,对翻译转移的早期研究,Vinay and Darbelnet,5,Vinay and Darbelnet carried out a comparative stylistic analysis of French and English.The two general translation strategies identified by them are direct translation and oblique translation,which hark back to the“literal vs.free”division.,维内和达尔贝内研究的出发点就是把翻译当做一门精密科学,认为只有这样才能减少翻译中的主观臆断成分,。,6,维内和达贝尔内把翻译方法分为直接翻译(direct translation)和间接翻译(oblique translation)两种。前者是指根据源语和目标语中相同的范畴或概念,“把源语信息中每一个要素都转移至目标语中”;后者是指由于源语和目标语在结构上和元语言上的差异,译者只有在改变目标语的句法顺序或是词汇的条件下,才能移植源语特定文体效果的诸种翻译方法。,7,具体而言,直接翻译又可以分为“借用”(borrowing),“仿造”(calque)和“直译”(literal translation)三种;,而间接翻译则分为“置换”(transposition),“调适”(modulation),“对等”(equivalence)和“适应”(adaptation)四种。,8,Borrowing,The SL word is transferred directly to the TL.,源语词汇直接转换到目的语中,e.g.,俄语rouble(卢布)直接用于英语中,法语bastide直接用于英语中指法国西南部中世纪专为防御而建的乡村,作用:1填补目的语的语义空缺.2用来增加目的语的地方色彩.,(借用),9,A special kind of borrowing,SL expression or structure is transferred in a literal translation.,原语的表达法或结构以直译方式转换,e.g.,英语中compliments of the season 译为法语 compliments de la saison.,Crocodiles tears 鳄鱼的眼泪 Pandoras box 潘多拉之盒,(仿造),10,Vinay and Darbelnet note that both borrowings and calques often become fully integrated into TL,although sometimes with some semantic change,which can turn them into,false friends,.,False friends,are pairs of words in two languages(or letters in two alphabets)that look and/or sound similar,but differ in meaning.,11,Here are some examples:,To eat ones words,食言 收回前言,认错道歉,To keep an eye on,睁一只眼闭一只眼 照看,密切关注,To pull ones leg,拖后腿 愚弄某人,To lead a cat-and dog life,过着猫狗般的生活 经常吵架,White coffee,白色咖啡 加了牛奶的咖啡,Second self,第二个自己 心腹朋友,He is a bad drunk.,他是个坏酒鬼。他不善饮酒。,12,Oblique translation,Word-for word translation,Most common between languages of the same family and culture.The authors prescription for good translation,这,种程式在语系和文化相同的语言间最为常用,13,The translator may judge it unacceptable when it:,Gives a different meaning,Has no meaning,Is impossible for structural reasons,Does not have a corresponding expression in TL,Corresponds to sth.at a different level of language,Oblique translation,两语言学家提出了五种情况.在这五种情况下,译者,不可能运用上述直译程式,.,1给出的意思不同,2没有意义,3结构上不成立,4在目的语源语言经验中没有相应的表达法,5其对应的事物属于不同的语言层面,14,置换,A change of one part of speech for another without changing the sense.,词性译为另一种,意思不变.它被认为是译者改变结构方式最普遍的做法,n.v./adj./adv.,v.n.adj.v.,e.g.Its my,conviction,that 我,坚信,to develop the economy,经济的发展,the,correctness,of this policy 这个政策是,正确的,15,调适,Changes the semantics and point of view of the SL.,改变原语的语义和视角,When a literal translation results in a grammatically correct utterance but is unsuitable,unidiomatic or awkward in TL.,e.g.英语中,“the time when”译为法语 le moment ou(the moment where),He,failed,the exam.他,没通过,考试。I,hate,to say good-bye.我,真不愿意,说再见,16,对等,Language describes the same situation by different stylistic or structural means.,Idioms and proverbs,指不同语言以不同文本或结构方法描述相同情景的情况.尤其适用于谚语和俚语的翻译,e.g.as timid as a,hare,胆小如,鼠,as strong as a,horse,强壮如,牛,17,适应,This involves chaning the cultural reference when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture.,这一方法涉及原语文化的某一情景在目的语文化中不存在时,改变文化的能指.,e.g.,当在英语文化中,.,涉及板球比赛文化内涵时,译法语是要改编成环法自行车赛的文化内涵,.,18,维内和达尔贝内继而讨论这七种翻译类别在词汇,句法结构,信息这三个方面的具体运用,对可能出现的源语与目标语之间的种种不一致做了进一步的区分并提供了相应的翻译对策。,19,Servitude:obligatory transpositions and modulations due to a difference between the two language system.,Option:non-obligatory changes that are due to the translators own style and preference.,The role of the translator is to choose from among the available options to express the nuances of the message.,20,1 Identify the units of translation.,2 Examine the SL text,evaluating the descriptive,affective and intellectual content of the units.,3 Reconstruct the metalinguistic context of the message.,4 Evaluate the stylistic effects.,5 Produce and revise the TT.,21,the smallest segment of the utterance whose signs are linked in such a way that they should not be translated individually,“话语中的最小片断,组成这些片断的符号互相连接,不能单独地翻译”,维内和达贝尔内认为,译者翻译的并非是单词,而是观点和情感,因此翻译单位也只能是一种“思想的单位”。具体而言,就是,the smallest segment of the utterance whose signs are linked in such a way that they should not be translated individually,“话语中的最小片断,组成这些片断的符号互相连接,不能单独地翻译”,维内和达贝尔内认为,译者翻译的并非是单词,而是观点和情感,因此翻译单位也只能是一种“思想的单位”。具体而言,就是,the smallest segment of the utterance whose signs are linked in such a way that they should not be translated individually,“话语中的最小片断,组成这些片断的符号互相连接,不能单独地翻译”,维内和达贝尔内认为,译者翻译的并非是单词,而是观点和情感,因此翻译单位也只能是一种“思想的单位”。具体而言,就是,the smallest segment of the utterance whose signs are linked in such a way that they should not be translated individually,“话语中的最小片断,组成这些片断的符号互相连接,不能单独地翻译”,维内和达贝尔内认为,译者翻译的并非是单词,而是观点和情感,因此翻译单位也只能是一种“思想的单位”。具体而言,就是,the smallest segment of the utterance whose signs are linked in such a way that they should not be translated individually,“话语中的最小片断,组成这些片断的符号互相连接,不能单独地翻译”,维内和达贝尔内认为,译者翻译的并非是单词,而是观点和情感,因此翻译单位也只能是一种“思想的单位”。具体而言,就是,22,维内和达贝尔内对翻译过程和翻译方法的划分为后来对翻译过程的描写奠定了坚实的基础。他们所处的时期是翻译转移理论的萌芽期,这一时期的研究以比较和描写语言微观结构层面,尤其是语义层面的转变为重点。,23,Thank you,24,
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