自考国际商务英语课文脉络笔记.doc

L1 International Business
1.商务知识
1.1　major differences between international business and domestic business
A. differences in legal system
B. differences in currencies
C. differences in cultural background
D. differences in natural and economic conditions
1.2 major types of international business
A. trade
a. commodity(visible) trade
b. service(invisible) trade
B. investment
a. foreign direct investment(FDI)
b.portfolio investment
stocks, bonds or certificates of deposits
C. other types
a. licensing(high customs duty and non-tariff barrier, strong intellectual property protection)
franchising(hotel and restaurant business)
In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licenser, the franchiser has more control over and provides more suppoort for the franchisee.
b. management contract and contract manufacturing
c. turnkey project and BOT

L2 Income Level and the World Market
1.　商务知识
1.1 GDP and GNP
A. GDP market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.
B. GNP market value of all goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.
1.2 per capita income (人均年收入)and per capita GDP(人均国内生产总局)
1.3 high income, middle income and low income countries
A. H: annual per capita income of $9386 and above;
1). OECD; 2). rich oil producing countries of the Middle East; 3). small-industrialized countries or regions;
B. M: annual per capita income below $9386 but above $765;
1). most East European countries; 2). most members of the Commonwealth of Independent States; 3). 6 OECD countries; 4). quite a number of Latin America countries; 5). some Asian countries; 6). South Africa, Libya, Nigeria and Algeria;
C. L: annual per capita income of $765 and below;
1). most African countries; 2). some Asian countries; 3).a few Latin American countries;
1.4 Triad最富有的三大市场 and Quad扩大市场集团
A. Triad: US, Western Europe and Japan
B. Quad:Triad and Canada
1.5 other important markets for China
the Four Tigers(四小虎), the ASEAN countries东盟国家, Russia, India and Australia

L3 Regional Economic Integration
1商务知识
1.1 major objectives of regional integration
to better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods,services,capital,labor and other resources.
1.2 four levels of regional economic integration
A. free trade area自由贸易区
absence trade barriers;
the North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA, formed by US,Canada and Mexico);
B. customs union关税同盟
absence trade barriers; practice of common external policy;
Southern Cone Customs Union (Mercosur, formed by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay in 1991);
C. common market共同市场
absence trade barriers; practice of common external policy; free production factor mobility;
the European Community(1967-1994,became a true common market in 1992);
D. economic union经济联盟
absence trade barriers; practice of common external policy; free production factor mobility;
integration of the domestic policies;
European Union;
1.3 European Union(EU)欧盟
A. history
the European Coal and Steel Community(ECSC,1952);
the Treaty of Rome(1957,signed by France, Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries);
the European Economic Community(EEC,1957-1967);
the European Atomic Energy Community(EURATOM,1957-1967);
the European Community(formed by merging ECSC,EEC and EURATOM,1967-1994);
the Single European Act(1992);
the Maastricht Treaty(1994);
the European Union(1994-);
B. structure
the European Commission(executive body);
the Council of Ministers(decision making);
the European Parliament(membership application and trade agreement approval);
1.4 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC, has 21 members)亚太经济合作组织
A. the Seoul Declaration(1991);汉城宣言
B. a five-layer organizational structure:
the Informal Meeting of Economic Leaders(China,2001)领导人非正式会议;
the Dual-Ministerial Meeting双部长会议;
the Meeting for Ministers Responsible for Trade贸易部长会议;
the Senior Officials Meeting(SOM)高官会议;
Committee of Trade and Investment贸易和投资委员会, Economic Committee经济委员会, Economic and Technical Cooperation Subcommittee of SOM, and Budget Management Committee 高官会经济技术合作分委员会和预算管理委员会(four subordinate committees under SOM);
C. objectives:trade and investment liberation and facilitation(TILF) and economic and technical cooperation (ECOTECH);
1.5 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC,13 members,1960,Vienna)石油输出组织

L4 Economic Globalization
1. 商务知识
1.1 economic globalization as an objective trend
A. basic feature: free flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, and information in
the global context for optimized allocation;
B. advantages and negative impacts
a. advantages: 1).giving new impetus and providing opportunities to world economic development; 2), making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive;
b. disadvantage: making countries more vulnerable to the adverse events across the globe;
1.2 multinational corporations跨国公司
A. organization:parent MNC母公司 and affiliate MNC子公司
B. characteristics: 1). enormous size规模大; 2). wide geographical spread;广阔的地域分布 3). longevity and rapid growth;历时长久和发展迅速
C. two basic needs: profit and security;
D. roles: as vehicles for cross-border transfer of resources;
E. four types
1). multi-domestic corporation(decentralized);
2). global corporation(power and responsibility concentrated at the headquarters);
3). transnational corporation(integrated in an independent network of affiliates);
4). world company (internationalized)

L5 International Trade (1)
1. 商务知识
1.1 the defintion of international trade
the exchage of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in anoother.
1.2 two reasons for international trade
A. the uneven distribution of natural resources among countries
B. international specialization国际生产专门化
1.3 two theories for international specialization
A. the theory of absolute advantage绝对利益
a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources.
B. the theory of comparative advantage比较利益
a. contents of the theory
even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.
b. not a static concept
A country may develop a particular comparative advantage purely through its own actions.
c. the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade
d. David Ricardo, the economist who introduced the theory

L6 International Trade (2)
1. 商务知识
1.1 other bases for trade among countries
A. patterns of demand需求结构
B. economy of scale规模经济
C. innovation or style革新或款式
1.2 the reasons why complete specializtion may never occur
A. strategic or domestic reasons战略或国内的原因
B. transport cost运输成本
C. protectionist measures贸易保护
1.3 tariff barriers关税壁垒-- the most common form of trade restriction
a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area.
A. export duty (tax levied on goods leaving an area)
B. import duty (tax levied on goods entering an area)
a. specific duty从量税
b. ad valorem duty从价税
c. compound duty混合税
C. drawback退税: duties paid on imported goods that are returned if the goods are reexported.
D. MFN treatment最惠国待遇: a tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all
signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country.
1.4 quotas配额--the most common form of non-tariff barriers
in quantity or valume terms, on a country or global basis, unilaterally or be negotiated on "voluntary" basis
1.5 invisible trade无形贸易
A. transportation service across national boundaries
maritime ships is the most important means (Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets)
B. insurance (Lloyd's of London is a leading exporter of this service)
C. tourism
D. immigrant remittance: the money sent back to home countries by people working in a foreign land

L7 Incoterms 2000
1. 商务知识
1.1 the neseeity and purpose of having Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则
1). to eliminate any of misunderstanding and subsequent dispute;
2). to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly
used trade terms in foreign trade.
1.2 the reasons for the 2000 revision of Incoterms
A. spread of customs-free zones
B. changes in transportation practices
C. increased use of electronic communication
1.3 the four groups of Insoterms
A. Group E: the seller makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller's own premises;
EXW (Ex Works);
B. Group F: the seller is called upon to deliver the goods to carrier appoined by the buyer;
FCA (Free carrier);
FAS (Free Alongside Ship);
FOB (Free On Board);
C. Group C: the seller has to contract for carriage, but without assuming the risk of loss or damage to the goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch;
CFR (Cost and Freight);
CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight);
CPT (Carriage Paid To);
CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid to);
D. Group D: the seller has bear all costs and risks needed to bring the goods to the country of destination;
DAF (Delivered At Frontier);
DES (Delivered Ex Ship);
DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay);
DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid);
DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)
1.4 the three most commonly used terms
A. FOB (free on board)装运港船上交货
B. CFR (cost and freight)成本加运费
C. CIF (cost, insurance and freight)保险费
1.5 chandges to some areas
A. the customs clearance and payment of duty obligations under FAS and DEQ;
B. the loading and unloading obligations under FCA;

L8 Business Contract
1. 商务知识
1.1 the definition of the contract
an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties.
1.2 two types of business negotiation: oral and written口头和书面
1.3 process of negotiation and conclusion of the contract
A. inquiry (enquiry)
a first enquiry should content: 1). how the name and address of the exporter have been abtained; 2). the business line and usual practice of the importer;
B. quotation
a firm offer should made of: 1). the time of shipment and the mode of payment desired;
2). an exact description of the goods; 3). the validity period;
C. offer and acceptance
D. counter-offer还盘
a counter-offer may be made in relation to: 1). price; 2). terms of payment; 3). time of shipment; or 4). other terms and conditions of the offer;
1.4 the necessity of the written contract: 1). as the proof of the agreement; 2). as the basis for its execution.
1.5 the types of contracts
A. sales contract销售合同
B. purchase contract购买合同
C. sales (or purchase) confirmation (less detailed than a contract)销售确认书
1.6 the setting of a contract
A. the title: 1). the type of the contract; 2). the number of the contract; 3). the date;
B. the contract proper
a. the name and address of the buyer and the seller
b. the details of the commodity transaction
c. the terms and conditions mutually agreed
d. indication of the number of original copies, language(s) used, and the validity
C. the signatures of the contacting parties
D. the stipulations on the back of the contract

L9 Modes of Trade
1. 商务知识
1.1 origin and development of counter trade对销贸易
origined from pre-World War II years when clearing system was introduced between familiar trading partners exchanging unrelated goods.
1.2 current counter trade
A. barter易货贸易: the direct exchange of goods and services which is completed in a short period of time.
B. counter purchase反向贸易: the assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.
C. buyback回购贸易: an agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment. The goods and services taken back are tied to the original goods exported (different from B).
D. features common to the three forms of counter trade: "bundling"捆绑贸易
1.3 major advantages of counter trade
A. helping to deal with foreign exchange shortage
B. promoting export
C. reducing uncertainty regarding export receipts
D. bypassing international price agreement
E. helping countries with debt problems to import goods
1.4 the drawbacks of counter trade: it can be very risk business.

L10 International Payment
1. 商务知识
1.1 the complexity of payment in international trade
A. risks faced by the exporter and the importer
B. political factors, commercial factors, grographical factors and language barrier etc.
1.2 two methods of payment used under certain conditions
A. cash in advance or partial cash in advance
B. open account记帐交易
C. consignment transaction寄售交易
1.3 the draft (bill of exchange)汇票
A. definition
draft: an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.
Drawer出票人: the person who draws the draft, usually the exporter
Drawee受票人: the person to whom the draft is drawn)
payee: the person receiving the payment, usually the drawer
B. sight draft即期汇票 (calls immediate payment on presentation)
usance draft (tenor draft or term draft, is payable at a later date)
C. clean draft光票 (without documents)
documentary draft跟单汇票 (is accompanied by the relevant documents)
1.4 documentary collection
A. documents against payment (D/P)付款交单: documents will not be released to the importer until payment is effected.
a. D/P at sight
b. D/p after sight
B. documents against acceptance (D/A)承兑交单: documents are handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the draft drawn by the exporter.

L11 The Letter of Credit (I)
1. 商务知识
1.1 the definition of the letter of credit
a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.
1.2 the unique and characteristic feature of the letter of credit: bilateral security双边保证
1.3 the relevant parties of the letter of credit and their roles in its process of operation
A. the applicant (instructs his bank to issue an L/C)
B. the opening bank (issues the credit and sends it to the advising bank)
C. the advising bank (examines the credit and advises the beneficiary of its receipt)
D. the beneficiary (examines the credit and requests the openerto make amendments to any discrepancies, then prepare the relevant documents and dispatch the goods)
E. the negotiating bank (buys the exporter's draft submitted to it under the credit)
F. the comfirming bank (adds its confirmation to the credit)
1.4 the major contents of the letter of credit
1). the number of the credit and the place and time of its establishment
2). the type of the credit
3). the contract on which it is based
4). the major parties relevant to the credit
5). the amount value of the credit
6).