主谓一致语法.docx

主谓一致

一，主谓一致三原则：

1，语法一致原则：
——主语和谓语通常在语法形式上取得一致，即主语用单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。
My sister has eggs and milk for breakfast.
The Greens have just arrived in China.
2，意义一致原则：
——谓语动词的变化以主语所表达的单、复数概念而定。
The singer and the dancer are talking over there.
The singer and dancer is standing there.
The old are very well taken care of in our city.
3，邻近一致原则：
——谓语动词的形式和最近的主语保持一致。
Mary or you are to blame for the fault.
Mary or Jim is to blame for the fault.
Not Jack but his parents are to blame for the home accident.
就近原则
1， 在由not only…but (also), or, either…or…, neither…nor…等连接的并列主语中，谓语动词的人称和数应该和接近它的主语相一致。
Not only she but also her parents have visited Beijing. Either he or I am right.
Are neither you nor I fit for the work? Tom or you are to blame.
2，由here, there引起的主语不止一个时，谓语通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are many apples and an orange on the desk.
Here is your pen and books.
3，在倒装句中，谓语应和其后面的主语保持一致，如果有几个并列主语，则应和靠近的主语保持一致。
Gone are the days that we worked together, laughed together.
On the wall hangs a clock and some pictures by Picasso.
就远原则
With, together with (连同), along with (和…一起), as well as（也），like, such as, as much as, no less than, rather than, including, besides, but, except, in addition to等短语后的主语称之为假性主语，谓语动词应和短语前的主语保持一致。
Henry, rather than Jane and John, is responsible for the loss.
Jane, together with her parents, goes to the park every Sunday.
如果一个谓语动词有两个主语，其中一个时肯定的，另一个是否定的，则谓语动词须与肯定的主语相一致。
Jane and Dick, not Mary, are my students.

二，谓语动词用单数的情况

1， 有and连接的并列成分指的是同一人，同一事，同一概念作主语时。 (a horse and cart, a knife and fork, a watch and chain等)。
The worker and writer is from Changsha.
Bread and butter is a daily food in the West.
Truth and honesty is the best policy.

2， 接两个单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；many a(许多)，more than one后跟单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Every desk and every chair is made of wood. No sound and no voice is heard.
Each boy and each girl has been invited to the party. Many a boy likes swimming.
More than one student has read the book.
【注】 “more + 复数名词 + than one”后的谓语动词用复数。
More than one way has been tried to stop noise pollution.
More members than one are against the proposal.

3，“each / every/ one/ either/ neither/ the number + of + 复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Each of the students has a book. Neither of the girls is pretty.
【注】 “a number of + 可数名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
A number of students are playing over there.
The number of: “…的数量” A number of:“许多，大量”
4，clothing, furniture, machinery, traffic, jewellery, equipment, baggage, luggage等无生命的集合名词作主语时。
There isn’t much furniture in the room.
Machinery is being introduced to save labor.
The traffic is very heavy this morning.

5，以-s结尾的名词，表示的是学科，国家，机构，书籍，报刊等名称作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Mathematics is a difficult subject.
【注】 以-ics结尾的表示学科的名词，若它改变词义，不表示学科，则用复数形式。
Politics have never interested me.
6，时间，金钱，距离，重量,数学运算等名词作主语时，表达一个整理概念时，谓语动词用单数形式。 Fifteen miles is not a long way. Five minutes is enough.
100,000 dollars is a large sum of money.
7，each, either, neither, another, anyone, anything, anybody, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody, nothing等不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 Someone has parked the car in the way.
None of the students has made mistakes this time. Neither of the answers is correct. Each of us has a book.
8 动名词，不定式，主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

Reading is a great pleasure in life. To leave means to create.
To improve English needs more practice. That we need more time is obvious.

三，谓语动词用复数的情况

1, the other two/ three…, another two…, both，以及只修饰可数名词的量词如：several,a few, quite a few, a great many (of)...等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，其修饰的名次作主语时，谓语动词也用复数形式。 I keep only one apple for myself, and the other two are yours. Five people came to help, but another three were still needed. We’ve gathered many books and a great many are to be sent to primary schools in the west of China.
Several of us are determined to remain in the city.
2, all做主语指人时，谓语动词用复数。 All are present besides the professor.
[注] 当all做主语指情况、事物时，谓语动词用单数。 All is going on very well.
3, 有些集体名词，如people，cattle, police等形式上是单数，但意义上是复数，谓语动词须用复数。 Traffic police are always very busy.
People read for pleasure during their spare time.
4, 有些以-sh, -ese, -ch结尾的表示国家、民族的形容词与the连用时，表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数。
The English like to be with their families at Christmas. The Chinese are a hard-working people. The French are fond of champagne.
5, 以-s结尾的海峡、山脉、群岛等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 The Straits of Gibraltar haven’t lost their importance. The Himalayas extend along the border of India and China.
6, 以ing结尾的词，如surroundings,belongings（财产，所有物）, earnings, savings等名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 The families were saved but the belongings were lost. The surroundings are worse.

7, 由glasses,compasses, pants, trousers, clothes, jeans等表示两个部分组成的一个物体的名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 Where are my clothes? These glasses are yours. My trousers are new.
[注意]
当上述名词被a pair of , two pairs of等修饰时，谓语动词要和量词保持一致。
The pair of shoes is old.
This pair of glasses is very expensive.
8, a group of , a couple of修饰复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
A group of boys and girls are dancing.
A couple of days have passed since we parted.
9，有些形容词或分词加上the, 如the old, the young, the deaf, the blind, the living, the dead, the rich, the poor等，如果表示一类人，谓语动词用复数形式，但如果指个别的或表示抽象概念时，谓语动词用单数。
The old are taken good care of in our country.
The poor are part of the people we help.
The new is sure to take place of the old.

四，主谓一致后单复数皆可的情况
1, “neither/ either of…+复数名词/复数形式的代词”，谓语动词单复数皆可以。
Neither of us has/ have received postcards this Christmas.
Neither of the topics has/ have been discussed so far.
2, such作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式根据其意义而定。 Such is Stephen Hawking, who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much.
Such are the difficulties that we are now faced with.
3, 集体名词，如audience, army, class, crowd, enemy, family, group, public, population, team等作主语时，若作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数；若强调组成该集体的每个成员时，谓语则用复数。 His family was poor and he used to sit under the tree and draw pictures.

My family are going on a trip this summer.
4, means, works, sheep, crossroads, deer做主语时，谓语动词单复数根据其表达的单复数概念而定。
Each means has been tried to solve the problem, but none is effective.
There are various means of communicating with a stranger.
5, some, plenty of, a lot of, lots of，the rest of等词既可以修饰可数名词，又可修饰不可数名词，以及“百分之几/几分之几+ of + 名词” 作主语时,其谓语形式应根据of后所修饰的词而定。
A lot of students are present at the meeting.
A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the conference.
50% of the land is now suitable to grow plants.
20% of the people in the city object to the price for running water going up.

6, a quantity (of), (large) quantities (of)做主语或其修饰的名词作主语，其谓语动词应根据quantity的单复数形式而定。
Quantities of money are needed to equip the school.
A quantity of story books has been bought for the children.
7, 从句中的主谓一致。

l That, what, who, which, when, why, where等引导的从句作主语或单独引导疑问句时，应根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的数。
What he says and acts does not concern me. 他的言行与我无关。 （这里的says and acts笼统指人的行为）
What he says and acts do not agree. 他的言行不一致。 （指他说的话和他做的事不一致）

l 定语从句中的主谓一致——应根据先行词的单复数而定。
I will always treasure the moments that were full of pleasure.
The news that has been published in today’s newspaper is true.
[注意]
“one of + 复数名次+ 关系代词+ 谓语动词复数形式”
“the(only, very, right) + one of + 复数名词+ 关系代词+谓语动词 单数形式”

Jeff if one of the students who were awarded.
Jeff is the only one of the students who was awarded.