32writngintroduction.pptx

Lecture 7WritinganIntroductionWriting an IntroductionAn introduction should do the following:alertareadersinterestindicatethescopeanddirectionofthepaper,andactasanavigationguidetoitsreading.showthereaderhowyouareinterpretingandapproachingthequestionprovideacontextforthemainissueindicatethefocusofthepaperindicateyourconclusionandpointofviewA good introduction:indicatesthetopicthattheessayisaboutdescribeshowthebodyoftheessayisorganizedexplainsthepointofwritingtheessay;Note:thepointofwritinganessayisusuallytoargueforathesis,soyouwillneedtoexplainwhatthesisyouargueforandhowyouargueforitthisiscalledathesis-statement,andmostessayintroductionsincludeone.Writing an IntroductionTHE CONTENT OF AN INTRODUCTIONBrief,relevantbackgroundinformationand/orothercontextualisingmaterialAnessaymapAthesisstatementYourpointofviewWriting an IntroductionWriting an IntroductionQUALITATIVE DISSERTATION OUTLINE（定性研究）（定性研究）QUANTITATIVE DISSERTATION OUTLINE（定（定量研究）量研究）Chapter 1:Introduction BackgroundoftheProblemStatementoftheProblemPurposeoftheStudyResearchQuestionsImportanceoftheStudyScopeoftheStudyDefinitionofTermsDelimitationsandLimitationsChapter 1:IntroductionBackgroundoftheProblemStatementoftheProblemPurposeoftheStudyTheoreticalFrameworkResearchHypothesesImportanceoftheStudyScopeoftheStudyDefinitionofTermsSummaryFirst exampleSupposeyouhadtowriteatenpageessayonthetopicofwhetherbody-checkingshouldbebannedinjuniorice-hockey.Youdidyourresearchandfoundthatthereareseveralmainargumentsforandagainstaban.Inthebodyofyouressayyoudescribedandevaluatedthesearguments,anddeterminedthatargumentsforabanarestrongerthanargumentsagainstaban.Nowyoumustwriteyourintroduction:Writing an IntroductionFirst exampleHereishowsomeonenewtoacademicessaysmaywritetheintroduction(thetopic-sentenceisinred,essaystructureinblue,thesisinpurple):Writing an IntroductionThisessayisabouttheissueofbody-checking(身体阻截)injuniorice-hockey.First,argumentsforabanonbody-checking are examined.Second,argumentsagainstabanarediscussed.Itisshownthatpro-banarguments are stronger than anti-ban arguments.Therefore,the thesis of this essay is that body-checkinginjuniorice-hockeyshouldbebanned.Discussion of first exampleThisintroductionisallrightsofarasitgoes.Itisbettertohaveanintroductionthatincludesthethreeimportantelements：(topic,structure,thesis)thantohaveonethatdoesnot.Manypeoplestartoutbywritingessayswithintroductions like this one.It does have the virtue ofbeingclear,andclarityisessential.Butletusreviewittoseeifitcanbeimproved.Writing an IntroductionDiscussion of first exampleThe topic-sentence could be improved.Rather thanwriting:“Thisessayisabout”itwouldbebettertowriteafew topic-sentences that convey a sense of the currentstateofthetopic.Thisnotonlytellsthereaderwhatthetopic is but it also gives the impression that you areknowledgeable about the topic and in command of yourresearchmaterial.Writing an IntroductionDiscussion of first exampleThe structure-sentences are fine.Notice that wordssuchasfirstandsecondareusefulinhelpingtodescribehowthebodyofanessayisorganized.However,ifyoucanconveythestructureofyouressaywithoutusingtoomanyorganizationalwords,thatisevenbetter.Writing an IntroductionDiscussion of first exampleThethesis-sentencescouldbebetter.Insteadofwriting:“Therefore,the thesis of this essay is”simply gives abold,factualsentencethatexpressesyourpositionontheissue.Thisconveysanairofconfidence,unlikethephrase“the thesis of this essay”which is timid and non-committal.Writing an IntroductionSecond exampleTheintroductiononthenextslidetakesthesepointsintoaccount.Compareitwiththepreviousintroductionandnotehowwordingthethreemainelementsdifferentlycanimprovetheimpactthattheintroductionhasonthereader.Writing an IntroductionSecond exampleBody-checkinghasalwaysbeenacontroversialissue.However,therecentdecisionofHockey Canadatoallowsomehockeyassociationstopermitbody-checkingamongplayersasyoungasnineyearsofage,onanexperimentalbasis,hasaggravatedthecontroversyquiteconsiderablyin recent months.Perspectives fall into three maincategories:viewpoints of fans,the official standpoint ofHockey Canada,and positions held by the scientificcommunity.Evaluationofthemainargumentsshowsquiteclearly that Hockey Canadas decision to allow body-checkinginsomejuniorgames,evenonanexperimentalbasis,isaseriousmistake.Writing an IntroductionDiscussion of second exampleInthissecondintroduction,thetopic-sentencegivesanimpressionofthecurrentstateofthetopic(and,so,conveysthetopicoftheessaytothereader)withoutusingthewordsessayortopic.Thestructure-sentencesinformthereaderofthemainpartsofthebodyoftheessayandtheirorderofdiscussion(viewsoffans,HockeyCanada,andscientificcommunity)withoutusingmanyorganizationalwords.Writing an IntroductionDiscussion of second exampleThe thesis-sentences tell the reader where youstandontheissueandhowyouarrivedatyourposition(through evaluation of the main arguments for andagainstaban),withoutincludingwordssuchasessayorthesis.Writing an IntroductionDiscussion of second exampleThis second introduction gives the reader theimpressionthatyouareknowledgeableonthetopic,andthat doing the research has led you to an intelligent,informedthesis.Whydidntthefirstintroductionhavethesameeffect?Writing an IntroductionDiscussion of second exampleThe reason is that within the context of an essayintroduction,words like essay,topic and thesis make itseemasifthereisagapbetweenyou,thewriter,andtheessay.Thisgivestheimpressionthattheconcernsaboutandpositionontheissuemaynotbeyourconcernsandposition(only the essays!).Notice that the secondintroductiongivestheimpressionthatthereisnogap,andthatyouareexpressingyourselfthroughtheessay.Writing an IntroductionThird exampleThe following is an introduction which would besuitable for a 1500-2000 word essay on interculturalcommunication.Thisintroductionwillbeanalysedtoshowitscontentandstructure.Question:Workplacediversityisnowrecognisedasanimportantfeature inorganisations,especiallyinmulticulturalnationslikeAustralia.Whatcommunicationproblemsmightariseinaculturallydiverseworkplace,andhowcanmanagersbestdealwiththem?Writing an IntroductionOver the past twenty five years,since Australia embracedmulticulturalismasapolicy,issuesofinterculturalcommunicationhavebecomemoreandmoreprominentintheworkplace.However,untilrelativelyrecently,littlehadbeenwrittenontheseissues,andevennow,manyorganisationalmanagershavenotrainingorknowledgeofhow to deal with communication problems,even though mostworkplaces are staffed by people of diverse cultures.Particularproblemareasincludethedifficultiesthatsomenon-Englishspeakershave in understanding safety instructions(figures produced by theABSin1997showthatmigrantworkershaveahigherincidenceofaccidents at the workplace);an ignorance of the different forms ofnon-verbal communication used by other cultures(for example it isconsideredimpoliteinsomesocietiesforanemployeetolookdirectlyat his or her employer),which can lead to misunderstandings andunpleasantness;and the lack of knowledge about differingexpectations.Based on interviews with managers and staff in sixorganisations(public and commercial),this report examines thesethreeproblemareas,andshowsthatmanyofthedifficultiesfacedbybothnativesandmigrantsintheworkforcearecausedbyalackofawarenessof,andtrainingin,interculturalcommunication.(About 190 words)Fourth example:IllegalimmigrationtotheUnitedStatesismigrationofnon-citizensinviolationofimmigrationlaws.ThenumberofillegalimmigrantsintheUShasbeenincreasingtremendouslyovertheyears.AccordingtoimmigrationsurveydonebyCenterforImmigrationStudies,thenumberofillegalimmigratesinthe US in 2009 was 11 million.This crisis has been as aresultofunder-enforcementoftheimmigrationlaws.Illegalimmigrationismainlycausedbyglobaleconomicchanges,ineffective employment sanctions,and the increasingdemandforcheaperlabor.ThispaperwillexplorethemaincausesofimmigrationtotheUS,theirimpactandhowtheproblemcanberectified.Writing an IntroductionPractice:Write an introduction about 100 words,using the notes provided below.Definition:Highereducation(HE)=universityeducationBackground:IncreasingdemandforHEworldwideputspressureonnationalbudgetsmanystatesseektoshiftcoststostudentsRelevance:Inmostcountriesdegree=keytobetterjobsandopportunitiesDiscussion points:Ifstudentshavetopaymoreofcost,discriminatesagainstpoorerfamiliesIsitfairforalltaxpayerstosupportstudents?HowtokeepHEopentoablestudentsfromallbackgrounds?Model Answer:Thelasttwodecadeshaveseenasteadyincreaseindemand for higher(i.e.university-level)educationworldwide.Rising costs in this sector have putpressureonnationalbudgets,causingmanycountriestoattempttoshiftsomeofthecosttothestudents,oftenintheformofloans.Adegreegenerallyremainsthekeytobetterjobsandopportunities,yetifstudentshave to pay a greater share of the cost this willdiscriminate against poorer families.This essayexamines the question of access to university bycomparing the situation in a developed country,theUnited States,with that of a developing country,Turkey.More examples:Writing an IntroductionStephen Bailey 2(p.52)Practice:Writing an IntroductionStephenBailey2(14Introductions,p.52-55)