高考语法填空微技能.docx

高考语法填空微技能

语法填空是通过语篇在语境中考查学生对语法和词汇的运用能力，语法填空分两种形式：纯空格填空题和提示性填空题。这里先讲第一种情况：纯空格填空题。
做此类题时，首先，分析句子结构，确定填哪类词，然后根据句子的意思，确定具体填什么词，具体分析方法有：

一、限定词
若名词前是空格，且没有限定词，很可能是填冠词、形容词性物主代词或some、any、other、another等限定词；有的名词前有限定词，比如：序数词，形容词的最高级等，其前用定冠词。
例1：
【2015课标II】 The adobe dwellings built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even ______ most modern of architects and engineers.
答案与分析：the。这里名词由形容词的最高级修饰，因此用定冠词。

例2：
【2015广东】He owned ______ farm, which looked almost abandoned.
答案与分析：a。名词farm前应该有冠词，因为在文章中第一次出现，所以用不定冠词。

例3：
【2010广东】 After the student left, the teacher let ______ student taste the water.
答案与分析：another。上文谈到一个学生让老师品尝他从沙漠里带了来的泉水，当那个学生离开后，老师让另一个学生品尝这泉水的味道。根据语境这里填写限定词another。

二、代词
如果句子中缺少主语或宾语，一定是填写代词。代词可以代替人和事物的名称。如果上文出现过某人或某事物，下文中再次提起时，可以不重复，用代词代替人和事物的名称。
例1：
【2014广东】 Last year, my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation. Some of my friends who had been there before said ______ was a wonderful holiday destination.
答案与分析：it。第二个句子中的宾语从句缺主语，这里it代替前文提到过的Miami。

例2：
【2010广东】He asked his teacher, “Sir, the water was awful. Why did you pretend to like ______?”
答案与分析：it。这个句子缺宾语，用it代替前文提到过的物water。

三、介词
如果名词或代词前是空格，而该名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语、或动词的宾语，很可能是填介词。
例1：
【2015课标I】 For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away ______ car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.
答案与分析：by。这里的car不作主语、表语或动词的宾语，可以看出其前面应该填写介词，这里的介词短语作状语。

例2：
【2015课标II】 When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day; ______ the same time, they warm up again for the night.
答案与分析：at。at the same time是固定搭配。

四、并列连词
若两个或几个单词、短语或句子之间没有连词，并且是并列的关系，可能填写并列连词。
例1：
【2014课标II】 There were many people waiting at the bus stop, ______ some of them looked very anxious and disappointed.
答案与分析：and。“There were many people waiting at the bus stop”是个完整的句子，“some of them looked very anxious and disappointed.”也是个完整的句子，两句之间是并列关系。

例2：
【2014课标I】 But the river wasn’t changed in a few days ______ even a few months.
答案与分析：or。a few days和a few months是两个并列的短语。

五、状语从句的连词
如果两个句子出现（一套主谓关系算一个句子），其中一个句子前有空格，就要考虑两个句子之间的关系。如果两个句子之间没有分号，也没有句号，很可能前面带空格的句子就是一个从句。根据句意判断其是什么样的从句，从而选择合适的从属连词。
例1：
【2012广东】 ______he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back, he was
wrong.
答案与分析：Although/Though。这里有两个句子，“______ he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back”和“he was wrong.”，且两个句子之间没有分号或句号，根据句意可知，第一个句子是让步状语从句。

例2：
【2011广东】 My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me ______ the bus arrived.
答案与分析：until/till。这里有两个句子“My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me”和“______ the bus arrived.”第二个句子前有空，根据句意可知，第二个句子是时间状语从句。

六、名词性从句的连词
名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，名词性从句无论作什么成分，其前必须有连接词，连接词that有时候可以省略。
例1：
【2015课标II】As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly ______ thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
答案与分析：how。因为“...the Pueblo Indians figured out”和“...the adobe walls needed to be...”是两套主谓关系，即两个句子，它们之间没有句号或分号，空格处必定是填连词；根据句意，确定填写连词how。

例2：
【2014广东】 I didn’t understand ______ this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for the reservation.
答案与分析：why。“I didn’t understand”和“this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for the reservation.”是两套主谓关系，即两个句子，它们之间没有句号或分号，空格处必定是填连词；根据句意，确定填写连词why。

七、定语从句的关系词
定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况，它需要放在被修饰的词（即先行词）之后。因此当所填空前有一个名词时，且空指代的是名词，那么名词后的从句前应该填写关系词。
例：
【2015课标I】 I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ______ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.
答案与分析：that/which。这里有两套主谓关系，“I’d skipped nearby Guilin...”和“are pictured...”， 两句之间没有句号或分号，空格处必定是填连词或关系词；根据句子结构，第二个句子少主语，先行词是Guilin，根据定语从句中关系词的使用规则，这里填写that/which。

八、疑问代词、疑问副词等
判断句子是否用特殊疑问词时，根据语境来确定，并考虑用什么样的疑问词。
例：
【2013广东】 His son looked surprised, “I can understand why I shouldn’t pay too much, Father, but if I can pay less, not save a bit of money?”
答案与分析：why。上文谈到父亲让儿子去买盐，告诉儿子付钱的时候不可以多付。也不可以少付。儿子不解地问：“如果我能少付钱的话，为什么我不省点钱呢？”

九、it的用法
It可以作形式主语、形式宾语；虚义it。
例：
【2009广东】 She remembered how difficult was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father.
答案与分析：it。这里it在宾语从句中作形式主语，从句中真正的主语是动词不定式“to choose...”。

十、强调结构、倒装句的功能词等
注意考查强调结构中的that、who的一些固定结构，倒装结构的功能词等。若句子结构完整，空格后的动词是原形，很可能是填写情态动词或表示强调或倒装的助动词。
例：
【2014课标II】Then the driver stood up and asked, “ anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop? ”
答案与分析：Did。根据本句中last stop可知，句子的时态应该是过去时态，因此一般疑问句的助动词是did。
句法
1.主谓一致性
这里的主谓一致性，主要讲的是在一个句子里就可以看出其中的错误；但是有的主谓一致需要通过上下文判断，这将在下期《高考短文改错满分微技能（III）》中讲到。
例1：【2014四川】 I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm go off.
答案与分析：go改为goes。因为主语是第三人称单数，所以动词用第三人称单数形式。
例2：【2014辽宁】 The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.
答案与分析：have改为has。主语the early morning barking为单数，所以谓语动词也应为单数形式。
2。并列词和并列句
并列连词用来连接属于同一层次并具有相同句法功能的词、短语或句子。做题时，需要分析句子，确定词、短语和句子是否用并列连词，并根据意思选择合适的并列连词。
例1：【2015课标I】 There the air is clean or the mountains are green.
答案与分析：or改为and。此处是并列关系。
例2：【2014陕西】 We ran to escape but fortunately no one was injured.
答案与分析：but改为and。此处是并列关系。
例3：【2014课标I】 Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, butwe have never had any disease or insect attack problems.
答案与分析：删掉but。although和but只能用一个。
3.定语从句的关系词
定语从句是一个跟在名词或代词后（先行词）对其进行修饰限定的句子。连接先行词与定语从句的那个词称为关系词，关系词在从句中要作句子成分。从句中谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。做这类题时，首先确定名词或代词后是否有定语从句，然后判断定语从句的关系词是否合适，这要根据在定语从句中使用关系词的规则而定。还要注意限定性与非限定性定语从句使用关系词的区别。
例1：【2009辽宁】 One day I saw a second-hand bicycle, that was only one hundred yuan.
答案与分析：that改为which。这里的a second-hand bicycle是先行词，后面是一个定语从句，因为是非限制性定语从句，因此关系代词只能用which。
例2：【2013课标II】 Having tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner,that might not be served until 8 o’clock at night.
答案与分析：that改为which。这里的dinner是先行词，后面是一个定语从句，因为是非限制性定语从句，因此关系代词只能用which。
4.名词性从句的连词
名词性从句是在句子中起名词作用的句子。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。根据名词性从句在句中与主句的关系来确定用什么样的连接词。
例1：【2015课标II】 After looking at the toy for some time, he turned around and found where his parents were missing.
答案与分析：where改为that或者去掉 where。句子的动词found后面有个宾语从句，从句中需要用that引导，或省略。句意是“他看了会儿玩具，扭过头来，发现父母不见了”，因此可以判断错用了where。
例2：【2014四川】 If you notice that when someone is missing and hurt, tell your
teacher immediately.
答案与分析：删掉when。连接词使用重复，that引导宾语从句，所以when多余，而且不符合语境。
5.状语从句的连词
状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词（从属连词）引导，也可以由词组引导。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。
例1：【2015浙江】 If I was only a child when I studied in that classroom, I will never forget it.
答案与分析：If改成Although/Though。在这里是状语从句用于句首，根据句子的意思可以判断出前面的从句是让步状语从句。
例2：【2015陕西】 My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor after I was packing them up.
答案与分析：after改成when/while。首先分析句子结构，在was后面有个表语从句“that I dropped some on the floor when/while I was packing them up”，表语从句还可以再分，在表语从句里有主句“I dropped some on the floor”和时间状语从句“when/while I was packing them up”。句意是“我唯一的错误是在我打包的时候，一些掉在了地上”。
6.特殊句式等
例1：【2011陕西】 I couldn’t believe my luck — not only did I had my photo taken with him, but he signed his name on my shirt!
答案与分析：had改为have。以not only开头的句子用倒装句。有助动词did，动词用原形。
例2：【2014课标Ⅱ】 They are three lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon.
答案与分析：They改为There。这是个表示“存在”意思的句子，应该用“there be...”句型。
行文逻辑

有些错误在一个句子中就可以找到，但是有的句子中的错误需要通过上下文中的信息才可以找到。
1. 冠词
使用定冠词有多种规则，其中一条是：特指或第二次提到某个名词时要用定冠词。
例：【2014四川】 I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm goes off... Soon the firefighters will come and put out a fire.
答案与分析：a改为the。此处特指上文提到的火灾。
2. 名词的单复数一致
有时候在一个单一的句子里，名词应该用单数还是复数，不容易看出来，但是通过上下文，就可以很容易看出文中名词的单复数形式是否正确。
例1：【2015课标II】 One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent. It was very crowded. Tony saw a toy in a shop window. He liked it so much that he quickly walked into the shop. After looking at the toy for some time, he turned around and found his parents were missing.
答案与分析：parent改为parents。错误在第一句中的parent，但是如果你不看后面的parents，第一句话也是没有错的。
例2：【2014浙江】 No one in the carriage had previously spoken to or even noticed the ticket-owner before. Yet they had so quickly offered the strangers their help.
答案与分析：strangers改为stranger。这里的陌生人指的是上文中的ticket-owner，因此用单数形式。
3.代词
填写代词时，需要清楚代词的所指，替代的是什么样的名词，用什么样的代词形式，有没有多用或少用的情况。
例1：【2014辽宁】 Although we’ve been delighted to have you as neighbors, we’re hoping to settle something that bothers us. In a word, your dog—Cleo... That is too much for us, considering how close the houses are. We appreciate our apologies and goodwill, but we hope that you can figure out a good way of settling the matter.
答案与分析：our改为your。该句意为：我们很感激你的道歉与友好，但我们希望你能想出一个好办法来解决这个问题。
例2：【2014四川】 I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm goes off. If you hear the alarm, stand in line at the door and wait for your teacher to lead you outside... If it's a false alarm and there is no fire, your teacher will lead us back to the classroom.
答案与分析：us改为you。句子的结构并没有错，但是从上下文的意思可知，是老师带“你们”回教室。
4.时态的一致
短文改错题还会考查学生对文章的整体理解能力。一般来说，文章中时态基本上是一致的，条理清楚，主线明确，不能乱用。
例：【2014课标II】 My dream school starts at 8:30 a.m. and ends at 3:30 p.m. There are three lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon. We didn’t need to do much homework.
答案与分析：didn’t改为don’t。上文都用的是一般现在时，可以确定didn’t是时态误用。
5.并列一致
例：【2015课标II】Tony was scared and begun to cry.
答案与分析： begun改为began。根据句意可知，was scared和后面的动词是并列关系，因此用动词的过去式began。
6.上下文意思一致
例：【2015浙江】The view from the back of the classroom was also splendid. Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around it. Farther in the distance, I could not enjoy the view of snowy mountains.
答案与分析：去掉not。根据上下文，作者在谈本人所看到的近景和远景。
总之，要想完全做对短文改错题，除了掌握词法、句法外，还要能透彻理解全文，并能通过上下文来判断句子中存在的各种行文逻辑方面的错误，以达到得满分的目的。