城市规划专业英语翻译.doc

2 THEORY OF URBAN PLANNING
2.1 What is a City?
Most of our housing and city planning has been handicapped because those who have undertaken the work have had no clear notion of the social functions of the city. They sought to derive these functions from a cursory
survey of the activities and interests of the contemporary urban scene. And they did not, apparently, suspect that there might be gross deficiencies, misdirected efforts, mistaken expenditures here that would not be set straight by merely building sanitary tenements or straightening out and widening irregular street..
大多数住房和城市规划不完满是因为我们已经开展工作没有清楚城市功效社会化概念。他们试图从当代城市景象活动与利益中一个粗略调查来取得这些功效。显然他们没有怀疑这可能有严重不足，误导努力方向，在这错误支出，将不会仅仅直接采取建设卫生住宅或者整理和拓宽不规则道路。

The city as a purely physical fact has been subject to numerous investigations. But what is the city as a social institution? I would like sum up the sociological concept of the city in the following terms:
城市作为一个纯粹物理事实一直受到众多调查。不过，城市作为一个社会制度是什么？我想在以下方面总结城市社会学概念：

The city is a related collection of primary groups and purposive associations: the first, like family and neighborhood, are common to all communities
, while the second are especially characteristic of city life. These varied groups support themselves through economic organizations that are likewise of a more or less corporate, or at least publicly regulated; and they are all housed in permanent structures, within a relatively limited area. The essential physical means of a city’s existence are the fixed site, the durable shelter, the permanent facilities for assembly, interchange, and storage; the essential social means are the social division of labor, which serves not merely the economic life but the cultural processes. The city in its complete sense, then, is a geographic plexus, an economic organization, an institutional process, a theater of social action, and an aesthetic
symbol of collective unity. The city fosters art and is art; the city creates the theater, that man’s more purposive activities are focused, and work out, through conflicting and cooperating personalities, events, groups, into more significant culminations.
城市是主要群体和立意团体相关集合：第一，像家人和邻里一样适适用于全部小区，而第二，尤其是城市生活特点。这些不一样团体经过差不多一样企业或者最少是公开监管经济组织来支撑他们自己，而且他们都坐落于一个相对有限区域内永久性建筑物中。固定场地是一个城市存在必不可少物理伎俩，经久耐用收容所，永久设施组装，交换和存放，社会基本伎俩是社会劳动分工，不不过提供经济上生活，而且要有文化过程。那么，完整意义上城市是一个地理丛，一个经济组织，一个制度进程，一个社会行为剧院和一个团结集体审美符号。城市促进和形成了艺术，城市创建了剧院，那是人类更有目标活动焦点，而且经过争论和合作人，事，团体来得出更主要成就。

Without the social drama that comes into existence through the focusing and intensification of group activity there is not a single function performed in the city that could not be performed－and has not in fact been performed－in the open country. The physical organization of the city may deflate
this drama or make it frustrate; or it may, through the deliberate efforts of art, politics, and education, make the drama more richly significant, as a stage-set, well-designed, intensifies and underlines the gestures for nothing that men have dwelt so often on the beauty or the ugliness of cities: these attributes qualify men’s social activities. And if there is a deep reluctance on the part of the true city dweller to leave his cramped quarters for the physically more benign
environment of a suburb－even a model garden suburb!－his instincts are usually justified: in its very opportunities for social disharmony and conflict, the city creates drama; the suburb lacks it.
没有经过聚焦和集约化组团活动来使社会剧存在，在城市中这不是一个单独功效进行，那是在开放国家无法执行，而实际上也并没有执行。城市物理组织可能使这部剧没有锐气或使其挫败，也可能经过刻意在艺术、政治、教育上努力，来作为一个精心设计舞台，使这个剧有愈加丰富意义，加剧并强调着人类经常居住在漂亮或是丑陋城市这种毫无意义示意：这些属性符合人类社会活动。而且假如一部分真正城市居民极不愿意离开自己狭窄住处去物理环境愈加良好郊区或是一个公园式郊区-他直觉通常是合理：在这碰到社会不友好和斗争机会很多，城市导演了这场戏;郊区却是没有。

One may describe the city, in its social aspect, as a special framework directed toward the creation of differentiated opportunities for a common life and a significant collective drama. As indirect forms of association, with the aid of signs and symbols and specialized organizations, supplement direct face-to-face intercourse, the personalities of the citizens themselves become many-faceted：they reflect their specialized interests, their more intensively trained aptitudes, their finer discriminations
and selections: the personality no longer presents a more or less unbroken traditional face to reality as a whole. Here lies the possibility of personal disintegration
; and here lies the need for reintegration through wider participation in a concrete and visible collective whole. What men cannot imagine as a vague formless society, they can live through and experience as citizens in a city. Their unified plans and buildings become a symbol of their social relatedness; and when the physical environment itself becomes disordered and incoherent
, the social functions that it harbors become more difficult to express.
在社会方面能够这么描绘城市，作为一个特殊指导体系去为一个共同生活和一个主要集体剧去创造差异化机会。有标志和符号援助以及专门组织作为间接形式协会，补充了直接面对面交流，市民自己个性变得很多样：他们反应自己特殊兴趣，他们更集中地锻炼了天赋，他们指出了区分和选择：在现实面前个性作为一个整体几乎不再展现出不间断传统了。这里个体可能解散，而且这里需要经过更广泛地参加一个详细可见整个集体来再整合。什么人无法想象一个含糊无形社会，他们能够生活和体会在城市中作为一个公民。他们统一规划和建筑成为一个社会关联象征，当物理环境本身变得无序和混乱时，它怀有社会功效将变得愈加难以表示。
One further conclusion follows from this concept of the city: social facts are primary, and the physical organization of a city, its industries and its markets, its lines of communication and traffic, must be subservient
to its social needs. Whereas in the development of the city during the last century we expanded the physical plant recklessly and treated the essential social nucleus, the organs of government and education and social service, as mere afterthought, today we must treat the social nucleus as the essential element in every valid city plan: the spotting and inter-relationship of schools, libraries, theaters, community centers is the first task in defining the urban neighborhood and laying down the outlines of an integrated city.

一个从城市概念中深入得出结论以下：社会真实是主要，而且是一个城市物理组织，其行业和市场，通信线路和交通，都必须屈从于它社会需求。然而在上个世纪城市发展里，我们扩大了物理设施而且处理了必要社会关键，而政府和教育及社会服务机构，仅仅作为可有可无东西，今天我们必须把社会关键基本要素利用在每一个有效城市规划上：发觉学校，图书馆，影剧院和小区中心相互关系是在确定城市地域，划定一个综合性城市轮廓第一位任务。

2. 2 Urban and Region城市和地域
The character of urban environments is the outcome of the interplay of a host of private and public interests operating at a variety of geographical scales. In order to understand the geography of towns and cities, therefore, it is necessary to look both within and beyond the settlement, and to examine the complex of factors involved in urban changes at all levels of the global-local continuum. Although the factors and processes involved in urban development are not confined to any discrete level of the global-local spectrum, the concept of “level of the analysis” offers a useful organizing framework which simplifies the complexity of the real world and illustrates some of the issues of concern to urban planning at different spatial scales. We can identify five main levels of analyses.
城市环境特点是指在多个地域范围内运行一些私人和公共利益相互作用结果。所以，为了了解城镇和城市地理，有必要考查其所处地域内外环境，而且调查各种原因复杂性，这些原因是包括到全球各地连续各级城市改变。即使包括到城市发展原因和过程并不只限于全球局部范围任何不相关等级，不过“分析等级”概念提供了一个有用组织框架，从而简化了复杂真实世界，并说明在不一样空间尺度城市规划所关注一些问题。我们能够找出五个主要级别分析。
The Neighborhood邻里
The neighborhood is the area immediately around one’s home; it usually displays some homogeneity in terms of housing type, ethnicity or socio-cultural values. Neighborhoods may offer a locus for the formation of shared interests and development of community solidarity. Issues of relevance to the urban planner at this level include the processes of local economic decline or revitalization, residential segregation, levels of service provision and the use of neighborhood political organizations as part of the popular struggle to control urban space.
邻里是直接围绕在你家周围区域，它通常在住房类型、种族或社会文化价值观方面显示一些同质性。邻里可能会为共同利益形成和小区团结发展提供一个轨迹。对于在这个级别城市规划师，相关问题还包含当地经济衰退或复苏、居住隔离、提供服务水平过程和邻里政治组织利用，作为人民斗争以控制城市空间一部分。
The City城市
Cities are centers of economic production and consumption, arenas of social networks and cultural activities, and the seat of government and administration. Urban planners examine the role of a city in the regional, national and international economy, and how the city’s socio-spatial form is conditioned by its role (for example, as a financial center or manufacturing base). Study of the distribution of power in the city would focus on the behavior and biases of formal organizations as well as the informal arrangements by which public and private interests operate to influence government decision. The differential socio-spatial distribution of benefits and disbenefits in the city is also an important area of investigation in urban planning.
城市是经济生产和消耗中心，社交网络和文化活动竞技场，也是政府和管理所在地。城市规划师调查一个城市在地域、国家与国际经济中角色以及城市社会空间形式怎样受制于其角色（比如作为一个金融中心或者生产基地）。城市中权力分配研究将关注于正规组织行为和偏差以及公共和私人利益非正式磋商操作影响政府决议。城市中有益和无益城市空间分配差异也是城市规划中一项主要调查领域。
The Region区域
The spread of urban influence into surrounding rural areas and, in particular, the spatial expansion of cities have introduced concepts such as urban region, metropolis, conurbation
and megalopolis
into urban planning. Issues appropriate to this level of analyses include the ecological footprint
of the city, land-use conflict on the urban fringe, growth management strategies and forms of metropolitan governance.
城市影响周围农村地域传输，尤其是城市空间扩展被引入类似城市地域、大城市、集合城市、特大城市到城市规划概念对于这种级别分析，问题适当包含了城市生态足迹、城市边缘土地利用冲突、发展管理策略和大城市管理形式。

The actual rate and amount of a city’s growth depends on the size of its economic base. A city’s economic base
consists of those economic functions that involve the manufacture, processing, or trading of goods or the provision of services for markets beyond the city itself. Activities that provide income-generating ‘exports’ for a city are termed basic functions
. In contrast, non-basic functions
are those that cater to the city’s own population and so do not generate profit from ‘outside’ customers. Examples of non-basic activities include local newspapers, local bakeries and restaurants, schools and local government.
一个城市发展实际速度和数量取决于其经济基础规模。一个城市经济基础是由那些包括产品制造、加工或交易或者为城市本身以外市场提供服务水平经济功效组成。为城市提供增收活动叫做基础功效。相反地，非基础功效就是那些服务于城市本身群体，不从外部城市中产生利润活动。非基础活动例子包含当地报纸，当地面包店和餐馆、学校和当地政府。

The fundamental determinant of cities’ growth in population, employment, and income in the world’s core countries is the percentage of their economies that is devoted to basic activities. The prosperity generated by basic economic activities leads to increased employment in non-basic activities in order to satisfy the demand for housing, utilities, retailing, personal services, and other services. The incomes generated by the combination of basic and non-basic economic activities allow for higher potential tax yields, which can be used to improve public utilities, roads, schools, health services, recreational amenities, and other infrastructure improvements. These activities are also non-basic, but they all serve to improve the efficiency and attractiveness of the city for further rounds of investment in basic economic activities.
在世界关键国家中城市人口增加、就业和收入基本决定原因在于其致力于基本活动经济百分比。由基本经济活动产生繁荣将增加非基本活动中为了满足住房需求、公用事业企业、零售、个人服务和其余服务就业。由基本活动和非基本经济活动结合产生收入估量有更高潜在税收收益，能够用来改进公共设施、道路、学校、医疗服务、休闲娱乐设施和其余基础设施提升。这些活动也是非基本活动，但他们都有利于提升城市效率和吸引力，为深入基本经济活动提供循环投资。
How Regional Economic Cores are Created?区域经济关键是怎样产生？
Regional cores of economic development are created cumulatively, following some initial advantage, through the operation of several of the basic principles of economic geography that we have described. These principles center on external economies
, or agglomeration effects
, that are associated with various kinds of economic linkages and interdependencies. The trigger for these agglomeration effects can be any kind of economic development—the establishment of a trading port, or the growth of a local industry or any large-scale enterprise. The external economies and economic linkages generated by such developments represent the initial advantage that tends to stimulate a self-propelling process of local economic development.
区域经济发展关键是累积地，依照一些最初优势，经过经营我们所描述经济地理一些基本标准而创造。这些标准集中在在外部经济，或聚集效应，引发各种各样经济联络和相互依赖关系。引发这些集聚效应能够是任何类型经济发展----建立一个贸易港口，或者一个当地产业增加或任何大规模企业。外部经济和经济联络所产生这种发展代表了最初优势，往往会刺激当地经济发展过程自我推进。
Given the location of a new economic activity in an area, a number of interrelated effects come into play. Backward linkages develop as new firms arrive to provide the growing industry with components, supplies, specialized services, or facilities. Forward linkages develop as new firms arrive to take the finished products of the growing industry and use them as inputs to their own processing, assembly, finishing, packaging, or distribution operations. Together with the initial growth, the growth in these linked industries helps to create a threshold of activity large enough to attract ancillary industries and activities (maintenance and repair, recycling, security, and business services, for example).
考虑到在一个地域一个新经济活动位置，许多相关效应开始起作用。新企业发展后向联络到与组件提供增加行业，供给专业服务或设施。新企业前向关联发展到以产品不停增加工业和使用它们作为输入自己加工、配装、涂装、包装、或分销业务。联同最初成长，这些链接产业发展有利于创建一个极限（临界值）足够大活动来吸引辅助行业和活动（比如维护和修理、回收、安全、和商业服务）。
The existence of these interrelated activities establishes a pool of specialized labor with the kinds of skills and experience that make the area attractive to still more firms. Meanwhile, the linkages between all these firms help to promote interaction between professional and technical personnel, and allow for the area to support R & D (research and development) facilities, research institutes, and so on, thus increasing the likelihood of local inventions and innovations that might further stimulate local economic development.
存在这些相互关联活动建立许多专业劳动与类型技能和经验，使该地域吸引更多企业。与此同时，这些企业之间联络，有利于促进专业技术人员之间互动，并允许该地域支持（研究与开发）设施、研究机构等，从而增加了当地发展与创新可能性，可能会深入刺激当地经济发展。
Another part of the spiral of local economic growth is a result of the increase in population represented by the families of employees. Their presence creates a demand for housing, utilities, physical infrastructure, retailing, personal services, and so on—all of which generated additional jobs. This expansion, in turn, helps to create populations large enough to attract an even wider variety and more sophisticated kinds of services and amenities. Last—but by no means least—the overall growth in local employment creates a larger local tax base. The local government can then provide improved public utilities, roads, schools, health services, recreational amenities, and so on, all which serve to intensify agglomeration economies and so enhance the competitiveness of the area in being able to attract further rounds of investment.
另一部分当地经济增加螺旋是因为人口增加为代表家庭员工。他们出现创造了一个住房需求、公用事业、基础设施、零售、个人服务，所以在全部额外工作产生。这种扩张反过来有利于创建数量大到足以吸引一个更广泛和更复杂类型服务和设施。最终，但绝非最少在当地就业整体增加创造了一个更大地方税收。当地政府能够提供改进公共设施、道路、学校、医疗服务、休闲娱乐设施等，都为加强聚集经济，所以提升竞争力区域能够吸引深入轮投资。

2. 3 What is Planning Theory? 什么是规划理论
Planning theory is an elusive
subject of study. It draws on a variety of disciplines and has no widely accepted canon.
规划理论研究是一个难以琢摩主题。它借鉴了多个学科，依然没有普适标准。
We see the central question