托福作文写作方法.docx

中间段落的展开方法body
5段式写法
1） 开头段
2） 中间段一
3） 中间断二
4） 反证段
5） 结尾段
连接词：
第一：
to start with, to begin with, first and foremost, initially, most obviously, etc.
第二：
moreover, additionally, in addition, what’s more, besides, etc.
第三：
last but the least, (最后的但也同等重要的)furthermore, lastly,, thirdly, etc.
补：on the other hand=on the contrary
1. 例证法
1)特例 6～7句 小A，小B，etc.ˊ_>ˋ
sub-point（概括性）——explanation——example——conclusion
常见错误：例子重点偏离，没有细节。 例子展开的细节应与分论点完全对应。
Take / consider +n for an example, …is a case in point, specifically, as an illustration, to demonstrate/illustrate…etc.
2)泛例 更具效率性
sub-point——explanation——example——contrast
3)数例《2 dangerous =(
补充：三分之一：on third/ one out of three
五分之三：three fifths/ three out of five
half/double/twice/triple/quarter
2. 因果论证(需要细节)
sub—point
提出问题1+得出结论1
2+得出结论2
（3+得出结论3）
因果关系的表达
原因（前果后因）
as/since…/for…=因为…+句子
due to/as a result of/owing to …/thanks to =because of +n
结果（前因后果）
hence/thus/therefore(因此)/consequently/as as consequence/as a result
…,thereby+名词／动名词 因此，为了
for the sake of 为了…＝in order to help
in light of …考虑到，鉴于 by virtue of… 通过… 来
=in view of… in terms of 在…方面
其次：
in addition/besides, what’s more, also ,moreover…
再次:
further, furthermore

极端价值观题（问题中含有极端词）
most , no deny…etc.
思路：
让步段
disagree——1.承认a好， 但不是最好／唯一
3. 某些条件下，b也好
4. 某些条件下，c也好
eg: The best way to learn about a foreign country is to read newspapers and magazines from the country.
1. travel 2.betty museum 3.internet 4. Make more foreign friends
3.对比论证
while…, whereas, by/in contrast, on the contrary, rather than… instead of ,conversely相反地, by the same token同理 ，etc.

1） 今昔对比
sub-point——contrast 1——contrast2——concluding
sub-point——contrast——example——concluding
2） 反面假设
反例
sub-point——

3） 对比事物

双重否定表肯定
1. 否定词no/not等＋表示否定意义的形容词
nothing is impossible.
no way is impossible to courage.
it is not uncommon for kids to have friendly relationship with their peers.

2. 否定词no/not/never 等＋without
no smoke without fire.
we cannot succeed without your help.
nothing to be got without pains but poverty.

3. 否定词no/not/never/nobody/few等＋具有否定意义的动词或短语
there is no denying the truth
the tart reply did not discomfort him
in spite of the increased debts, few fail to repay
there is no victory without pains.
nobody is entitled to enter the library without showing student id
not a student has access to the library without showing his student card.
I do not think it is impossible for universities to give scholarship to each student.