fee-fare-charge-toll--tip区别.doc

中考英语时态复习：一般过去时
一般过去时主要表示过去某时发生的动作或情况。可以从以下几个方面来理解：
1）过去某个时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。　　e.g. I bought a new shirt yesterday. He was a worker two years ago.
　　2）过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
e.g. When I was a child，I often played with fire. Li Lei always walked to school last term.
　　3）谈到已故人的情况时多用过去时。　　e.g. Lu Xun was a great writer.
　　4）有些发生时间不是很清楚的情况，实际是过去发生的，也应用过去时态。　　e.g. What did you say？
　　另外，还可用过去时表示委婉的语气。　　e.g. Could you lend me your pen？
　　其结构是"主语+动词的过去式".be动词的过去式为was,were；行为动词的过去式有规则变化和不规则变化两种，规则变化有以下几种情况：　　
1）直接在动词原形末尾加-ed. e.g. work--worked； ask--asked；
　　2）以e结尾的动词只加-d. e.g. arrive--arrived； like--liked.
　　 3）末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，应先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed. e.g. shop--shopped；
　　 4）以"辅音字母+y"结尾的动词，先把y变成i，再加-ed. e.g. carry--carried;study--studied.
有些动词变过去式是不规则的，e.g.fly--flew；break--broke；teach--taught. 这些需要象生单词一样记住。
　　其句式变化分为两种情况
　　1）含有be动词的依然在be上做文章。 　e.g. I was born in 1980. I was not born in 1980. Were you born in 1980？
　　2）含有行为动词的变否定句要在行为动词前加助动词didn't.，同时把动词变成原形； 变一般疑问句，在句首加助动词did，同时把动词变成原形。　　e.g. I bought a gift for my mum yesterday. I didn't buy a gift for my mum yesterday. Did you buy a gift for your mum yesterday？
　　其时间状语为yesterday或由其构成的短语，e.g. yesterday morning； 由"last+时间"构成的短语， e.g. last year； 由"时间段+ago"构成的短语， e.g. three days ago； 另外，还有on the morning of Monday， just now等，以及一些表示过去时态的从句。注意，在宾语从句中主句为过去，一般从句也为过去。
　　常见错误如下：
一把动词变成过去式易出错例：　　1 They stoped （stop） talking just now.　　2 They plaied （play） football yesterday.
解析：我们可以记住下面的口诀："动词变成过去式，双写规律要牢记；y前若是辅音字，y变i加-ed；y前若是元音字，只须直接加-e。
二 忘记把动词变成过去式例：　　I fly （fly） kites on the afternoon of Sunday.
　解析：我们可以记住下面的口诀："一般过去时态里，过去形式莫忘记".
think 的用法
一、 think 后的习惯搭配。think 既可以作及物动词也可作不及物动词。当 think 用作及物动词时，其后习惯搭配主要有如下几种句式结构：1 think+ 从句 I think （ that ） it is a good thing ． 2 think+ 名词或代词 I'll think the matter over ． 3 think+ 名词或代词 + 名词或形容词（宾补）He thinks himself very clever ． 4 think ＋ it （形式宾语） + 形容词或名词（宾补） + 不定式／动名词／从句（直接宾语）I don't think it possible to master a foreign language without much memorywork ． 5 think+不定式 I thought to return early ．6 think ＋ wh- 词 + 不定式You should think what to do next ． They couldn't think where to go ．7 think+ 名词或代词 +to be 短语（宾补）People think him to be a good teacher ．8 can't ／ couldn't ＋ think 想象，设想You can't think how surprised we were ． You can't think how glad I am ．
二、由 think 构成的几组常用习语。1 think about 2 think of 想到、对……持有看法（或想法）注意：当 think of 询问对某人某事所持看法如何时，英语习惯用 what 而不用 how 。3 think of … as 以为，认为Think of me as a friend ．4 think out 想出I sat down beside him trying to think out the problem .5 think over 仔细考虑I need a day or two to think it over..
辨：think about/of/think over 都有“考虑”之意，但前两个短语为“动词 + 介词”短语，宾语是代词宾格时须放在介词后面。如：thinkabout／of it ；think over 是“动词 + 副词”短语，宾语是代词时应放在over之前； think about 一般表示动作过程，译作“考虑”、“思考”之意，又可表示动作结果，有“想起”、“想出”之意， think over 是“仔细考虑”。
三、使用 think 应注意的几个问题：1 当 think 作“认为”讲时，一般不可用进行时或将来时，而用一般现在时表示，如：I think he is right ．2 think后的否定从句常转移到主句上来否定。如：I don't think I can stay very long ．注意：当以上句式后带有反意问句时，如果主句的主语为第一人称，疑问部分用肯定，反意问句的主语与从句的主语一致；若主句主语为第二、三人称，疑问部分用肯定，反意问句的主语与主句主语一致。如：I don't think he can swim， can he ？
3在口语中，think 后面的宾语从句在上文说明了的情况下，常用 so 代替上文已讲到的内容，其否定式用 not 或 not … so ，如：1 ）… Do you think it will rain ？— Yes ， I think so ．No ， I think not ．＝ I don't thinkso ．
2 ） Don't you think so ？4 ．在口语中， I think ／ do you think 常用作插入语，插入句中或句末。如：Who do you think will win the first prize ？不可说： Do you think who willwin the first prize ？ It's an important event ， I think ．
Special 用法
particular adj特别的；特殊的；个别的 be particular about(over)sth·对……很讲究(挑剔) in particular尤其；特别
辨析： special adj.特殊的，特别的，专门的(反义词：ordinary)，强调的是事物特有的性质、性格或专门的目的、用途。
especial adj.特别的，主要的，突出的(反义词：common)，强调的是重要性，有“优越”、“好感”之意。
particular adj.特别的，讲究的，挑剔的，强调“特定的”，“个别的”，“与众不同的”。
You must have special permission to enter this room．你必须得到特许才能进这个房间。He solved the problem of especial importance．他解决了非常重要的问题。 It happened on that particular day．事情发生在那个特别的日子。
Adv. Especially 与particularly同义，意为“特别地、 尤其地”而specially则为“专门地”
【变式题l】I‘m sorry you don't like the skirt．_______because he bought it______for you．
A．specially：specially B．especially：specially C．particularly：especially D．specially：especially
【分析比较】 special(ly)指非一般、非正常、非广泛，主要含义为“专为”“特殊。 especial(ly)指的是非普通、非寻常，主要解释为“尤其”,一般不能与special(ly)混用。 special(ly)和especial(ly)在数量、程度等方面表示“例外，格外，过分”的意思时，一般可以互换。 particular(ly)“尤其，特别，格外”，通常指以不同寻常的方式突出某一事物的个性或独之处，它常与especial(ly)通用。但它更强调与众不同。
例：I came here specially to ask for your advice. 我是专程来这里向你请教的。 The desk has a special lock. 这书桌有把特殊的锁。I think this is a matter of especial importance. 我认为这是一件特别重要的事。 The Great Wall had been added to, especially during the Ming Dynasty. 长城不时得到扩建、重建和修缮，尤其是在明朝。 These books will be particularly helpful to those who wish to improve their English. 这些书 对那些希望提高英语水平的人来说特别有用。
Fill用法
1. 表示“装满”“填满”，可用作及物和不及物动词，通常与介词 with 连用。如：
The hole filled with water.  He filled the glass with water. People filled the room. The room filled with people. 
The room was filled with people. 房间里挤满了人。He filled the room with his friends. 房间里挤满了他请来的朋友。
2. 有时可带双宾语，双宾语交换位置时用介词 for。如：去给我倒一杯啤酒来。
正：Go and fill me a glass of beer. 正：Go and fill a glass of beer for me.
3. 表示填洞等，其后可接 in 或 up, 也可不用。如：D19
He filled (in/up) the hole with small stones. 他用小石块把洞填满了。
4. 表示“填表”，其后可接 in, out, up 等。如：He told me to fill in [out, up] the form. 他叫我填那张表。
journey、tour、trip和travel
1）journey较正式。常作名词，偶作动词。适用范围广，可指陆、海、空的旅行，常指距离较远的旅行。A three days’ journey（三天的旅行）；a journey from Britain to America（从英国到美国的旅行）；表示“去旅行”时，英语不说go to a journey而说go on a journey。如：     The journey from Wuhan to Shanghai took me three days by ship.
2）travel泛指旅行、游历，是最为普通的用语，但无路程的含义。常指远距离的长期的旅行，它同journey的不同之处在于没有直接到达目的地的旅行的涵义。可作动词和名词。      Travel作名词时，一般不能说a travel； 其复数形式意思为“旅游笔记”、“游记”。如：The Travels of Marco Polo《马可波罗游记》    作v.时， travel比 journey普通很多。
3）trip是非正式用语，指短时间、短距离内往返的旅行。即可指观光旅行也可指商业旅行。在非正式用语中可代替journey。常作名词,偶作动词。如：   We went on a pleasant trip to the nearest seaside during our vacation．
4）tour“周游”“旅游”，着重指旅行线路比较曲折，常表示“（周游各地的）参观、访问、（巡回）旅游、视察、购物、演出、巡回比赛”等意思。常指周游后回到原出发地之意，距离可长可短 可作动词和名词。可以说on tour或on a tour。不能说a  tour to ... 。如：  Our American friends are making a tour of Shanghai.我们的美国朋友正在对上海进行巡回旅行。
练习： 1．How did you enjoy your ________ in Europe?2．I go to work by train, and the ______ takes half an hour.
3．He made a five-month _______ of India and the Far East.4．He took us on a _____ of his new house.
5．She had been away on a long _______ .6．I don’t believe we’ll be able to afford any _____ .
7．Will you please bring back some sugar on your next _____ to the kitchen?
8. _______ were arranged for the foreign visitors to see the Great Wall.
Key: 1. travels 2.trip/journey 3.tour 4.tour 5.trip/journey 6.travel 7.journey 8.Tour                            
中考英语考点分析：with词组搭配整理
　　With是个介词，基本的意思是“用”，但它也可以协助构成一个极为多采多姿的句型，在句子中起两种作用；副词与形容词。
　　with在下列结构中起副词作用：1.“with+宾语+现在分词或短语”，如：1）This article deals with common social ills, with particular attention being paid to vandalism.
　　2.“with+宾语+过去分词或短语”，如：2） With different techniques used, different results can be obtained.
　　（3） The TV mechanic entered the factory with tools carried in both hands.
　　3.“with+宾语+形容词或短语”，如：4） With so much water vapour present in the room, some iron-made utensils have become rusty easily.　（5） Every night, Helen sleeps with all the windows open.
　　4.“with+宾语＋介词短语”，如：　　（6） With the school badge on his shirt, he looks all the more serious.
　　（7） With the security guard near the gate no bad character could do any thing illegal.
　　5.“with+宾语＋副词虚词”，如：　　（8） You cannot leave the machine there with electric power on.
　　（9） How can you lock the door with your guests in?
　　上面五种“with”结构的副词功能，相当普遍，尤其是在科技英语中。
　　接着谈“with”结构的形容词功能，有下列五种：
　　一、“with+宾语+现在分词或短语”，如：　　（10） The body with a constant force acting on it. moves at constant pace.　　（11） Can you see the huge box with a long handle attaching to it ?
　　二、“with+宾语+过去分词或短语”　　（12） Throw away the container with its cover sealed.
　　（13） Atoms with the outer layer filled with electrons do not form compounds.
　　三、“with+宾语+形容词或短语”，如：　　（14） Put the documents in the filing container with all the drawers open.
　　四、“with+宾语+介词短语”，如：　　（15） The young lady with a red ribbon on her head is my former maths teacher.
　　（16） Do you know the gentleman with both hands in his pockets?
　　五、“with+宾语+副词虚词，”如：　　（17） Is there any water in the kettle with this cover off ?　
fare, fee, toll Cost, expense, admission, charge, ,postage
 一、 admission (n.) 指入场费。admission by ticket only 凭票入场How much is admission for the concert? Admission free.
二、 charge (n.) “原价、要价”。常用复数，主要用于一次性劳务所收取的费用，如服务费、行李超重费、旅馆费等等。如： The charge to repair the shoes is ten dollars.2. What are the charges in the hotel?
三、cost (n.) 其本义为“成本”、“原价”，常常用来表示对已取得的货物或劳务所支付的费用。如：1、 We have to reduce the production costs , or we will not make a profit. 2、 The project was stopped because of excessive development costs.
四、fare (n.) 指旅客乘公共汽车、出租车、火车、轮船、飞机等所支付的费用。如：2、All fares, please. （公共汽车售票员用语）请买票。3、Mary and I took a taxi to home from the party and split the fare. 4、What's the train fare to Beijing?
五、fee (n.) 医生、律师或其它专门职业的佣金及会费、手续费、停车费等。如：1、 The doctor charged me a fee. 2、 My lawyer's hourly fee is 130 dollars.。
六、freight (n.) 运费，指海运、空运、陆运的费用。如：1 、Who will pay the freight on this order?
七、postage (n . ) 指 邮费。如：1、How much postage do I need to send this package?
八、rent (n. ) 土地、建筑物、房舍、机器等定期的租费。如：The student owed three months’rent for my house.
九、tip (n.) 通常指对一次性劳务所付的小费。如：I gave my barber a fat tip.
十、toll (n.) 道路、桥梁、港口、市场的捐税、通行费及电话费等。如： Drivers had to pay a toll to pass the bridge.
十一、tuition (n.) 指学生上大学或私立学校所交纳的学费。如： The university raised tuition by 4% last year.
1、say意为“说出”“说过”，强调说话的内容，也可与to连用，say to sb.意为“对某人说”。
eg. He often says“hello”to me with a smile. 他常笑着向我问好。I can say it in English. 我能用英语说它。
2、tell意为“讲述”“告诉”，作及物动词时，指把一件事或一个故事讲出来，有连续诉说之意。如：tell the truth说实话，tell a story讲故事。tell也可接双宾语结构或复合宾语结构。如tell sb. sth.告诉某人某事；tell sb. about sth.告诉某人关于某事；tell sb.（not）to do sth.告诉某人（不要）去做某事。Please tell me something about yourself.
3、speak的意思是“说话”，作不及物动词时，通常指说话的能力和方式；作及物动词时，其后的宾语为某种语言。speak to sb.表示“同某人说话”。eg. Would you like to speak at the meeting? 你要在会上发言吗？Bob speaks Chinese quite well. 
May I speak to Mr. Green? 我可以同格林先生通话吗？（此句常用于打电话用语中）
4、talk的意思是“谈话，谈论”，指相互之间的谈话，一般用作不及物动词，与介词to或with连用，表示“与……交谈”。而谈及关于某人或某事时，后接介词of或about.eg. They are talking on the phone.  My mother is talking with my teacher.