汉英翻译作业.doc

homework
1．馆：
博物馆、图书馆、旅馆、宾馆、大使馆、领事馆、茶馆、饭馆、理发馆、体育馆、展览馆、文化馆、美术馆、科技馆、天文馆、照相馆……
2．酒：
葡萄酒、白酒、烈酒、啤酒、香槟酒、鸡尾酒、白兰地酒、威士忌酒、杜松子酒……
3．笔：
钢笔、铅笔、圆珠笔、蜡笔、粉笔、毛笔、画笔、电笔……
4．好：
a．他是祖国的好儿子。
b．庄稼长得真好。
c．他们对我真好。
d．楼的质量不好。
e．这个问题很好回答。
f．啊，好票
5．学习：
a．学习知识
b．学习技术
C．学习外语
d．学习成绩
e．学习别人的长处
f．互相学习
g．以雷锋为学习的榜样

III. Homework
1．中国人民不用多久就会变得富裕起来。
2．一般人要到失去他们所拥有的一切时，才会珍惜他们所拥有的一切。

3．我们只消研究一下爱迪生所做出的杰出发现就可以看到其重大意义。
4．即使商品质量好，也不能漫天讨价。
5．我们把狄更斯的成功归功于他高尚的感情。
6．在晚会上，邀请一位外国老师为我们唱几首民歌。
[初译]At the party a foreign teacher was required to sing some folk songs for us．
[分析]“require”是“要求”、“命令”，指提出要求的人有权要对方做某事。如：The students are required to write a composition twice a week．(要求学生每星期写两篇作文。)“request”是“请求”的意思，比ask稍正式一些。如：Professor Zhang was requested to give a lecture on English language．(张教授被请求做一次关于英语惯用法的讲演。)所以上句应译为：At the party a foreign teacher was requested to sing some folk songs for us．
7．最近人口统计显示中国人口已超过十亿。
[初译]The latest census shows that China's population has surpassed one billion．
[分析]“surpass”一般用于超过别人的成绩，速度等。“exceed”则单纯指在数字、程度等方面超过。如：The number of students in this school exceeds 5000．上句应改译为：The latest census shows that China’s population exceeds one billion．
8．多年的教学经验，帮助我改变了主意。
[初译]Years of teaching experiences has helped me to change my mind．
[分析]“experience”作单数是“经验”的意思，用作复数就是“经历”、“阅历”的意思。不少译者容易混淆。

29

IV. Homework
1．你们不能草率行事，应先找李先生给你们点拨点拨。
[译文]You should not take any hasty action．You should first ask Mr．Li to prime you．
[赏析]“请人点拨”的实际含意是“请人给予指点”。译成ask sb．to prime you”是贴切的。也可考虑译为：“ask Mr．Li’s advice”。
2．该市警方对旅馆和公共娱乐场所定期展开“扫黑”行动。
[译文]The city police conduct periodic vice sweeps of hotels and public entertainment places．
[赏析]“扫黑”、“扫黄”、“打假”这些词都是浓缩词语。这里的“扫黑”，意思是打击犯罪或不法行为。
3．这个贫困县年年从省里得到救济粮。
[译文]Every year this poor county gets grain handouts from the provincial authorities．
[赏析]“从省里”是意合词，其中的意义空缺是“有关部门”，译时必须译出，如译成“from the province”则是错译。“救济粮”一般译为“relief grain”，是政府向灾民发放的救急粮食。而这个贫困县不是临时受什么灾害，而是年年都领救济粮，所以不能译成
“relief grain”，而译成了“grain handouts”，意即“下拨的粮食”或“发放粮食”。
4．他们想问题做事情的方法，他们的历史习惯跟我们不同。
[初译]The way they think，the way they do things and their historical habits are different from ours．
[分析]英语中无“historical habits”这种说法，所以应把“历史习惯”译为“traditional habits”。
5．今年春天由党中央召开的全国科学大会，动员全国人民为祖国的科学、技术现代化而努力。
[初译]The National Science Conference convened this spring by the Party Central Committee sparked off the entire naition to dig in towards the modenization of science and technology．
[分析]译文用词不仅要准确、生动，而且还要注意语境，比如文体的风格、人物的语言风格等。这一句汉语，明显是比较正式的政论文体或新闻文体，而“spark off”和“dig in”两个短语是口语体表达，用在这里显然不合适。应分别改为书面体表达：“mobilized”和“work for”。
6．该公司把三个部门合成了一个部门。
[初译]The company has combined the three departments into one department．
[分析]“combine”的意思是把两个以上的东西合成一个，所以在这里“into one department”就成了画蛇添足。
7.这家工厂是纺纱、织布、印染一条龙生产的大型联合企业。
[译文]This factory is a big united enterprise on the production lines of spinning，weaving，printing and dyeing。
[分析]“一条龙”是一种比喻，看似具体，但译起来颇不容易。一是英美国家没有此种比喻；二是“龙”在西方人的心目中不是图腾式的崇拜对象，往往还有不悦的成分。所以译时应按实际意思。再如：
①该厂形成了产供销一条龙
This factory has formed an integrated system for the procurement of supplies，production and marketing．
②配套服务贯穿“一条龙”。
The necessary service shall take “one continuous line” with one person in charge from beginning to the end．
③这是一家以外贸为龙头、以实业为基础的企业集团。
This is a group enterprise with foreign trade as the key line and industry as the basic root．

VI. Homework
1.他这是吃不了兜着走。
[译文]He landed himself in serious trouble．
[分析]“吃不了兜着走”只能译其内在的含义。
2.千万别走漏半点风声。
[译文]Do remember never to let any single soul know about it．
[分析]这里的“别走漏半点风声”喻指“别让任何人知道”，所以只能译义。
3.他们成不了什么气候。
[分析]如译为“They cannot become weather．”英、美读者肯定会丈二和尚摸不着头脑。按照汉语的真实含意，宜变通译为：
They cannot prevail．
They cannot hold sway．
They cannot have their way．
4.我们无法向人民交待。
[分析]汉语中的“向……交待”可能含有三种意思：一是“布置任务”或“嘱托事情”，二是“坦白错误或罪行”，三是“解释说明”。这句汉语肯定是第三种意思。因此译为：
It would be difficult for us to account for it to the people．
We will not be able to justify ourselves to the people．
We can’t present the case to the people．
We can’t face our own people．
5.夜已很深了。
[分析]初学翻译的人一看到这个汉语句子，可能马上会想到
“deep”这个对应词。把原文译为：The night is very deep．(注：可以译成：It is already deep night.)而正确的译文应是：The night is well advanced／is growing late／has grown old．
6.不过更重要的是法国人没能在诸如机床、照相机和计算机等需求量最大的、他们称之为拳头产品的市场上占据重要的一席之地。
[译文]More to the point，however，is France’s failure to establish a major presence in the market for what the French call point forte products，those in greatest demand，such as machine
tools，cameras and computers．
[赏析]何谓“拳头产品”?概念比较笼统。“point forte”是法文词，意思是“长处”、“优点”、“强点”等。我们不妨借他山之石，用“point forte product”表示“拳头产品”。如果“拳头产品”出自厂家之口(如“我们要打出拳头产品”)，也可考虑译为“hit／knock-out／favorably competitive product”(具有竞争力的产品)。但是无论是哪一种情况，都不宜译为“fist product”。
7.读书成了我惟一的精神寄托。
[译文]Reading has become my only meat and drink．
[赏析]“精神寄托”是一个意义较为含糊的词，这里译为meat and drink",意思是“最大的乐趣”，“食粮”。也可译为“spiritual sustenance”(精神食粮；精神支柱)。
8．我只是普通教员，只得朋友托朋友向出版商推荐这本书。
[译文]Being a mere school teacher I had to ask my friends who had to ask their friends who had any pull with the publishers to peddle this book．
[赏析]①汉语中的“普通老百姓”、“普通一兵”、“普通干部”、“普通工人”、“一个小秘书”、“一个小工人”等等，一般都不按其字面意义译。这里译为“a mere school teacher”是妥当的。 ②“朋友托朋友”中的“托”字相当笼统，这里译为“had to ask my friends who had to ask their friends who had any pull with the publishers to peddle…”。
9．他女儿是个品学兼优的好学生。
[译文]His daughter is a student with a fine record of behavior and achievement．
[赏析]“品学兼优”是浓缩的意合词，这里译出了它的确切含义。“好学生”中的“好”字不能再译出，因为已包含于“品学兼优”之中。汉语为了音韵效果可以说“品学兼优的好学生”，但要按字面意思译成英语就会违反逻辑。

B. Translate the passage
经济发展涉及到范围广泛的技术、经济、社会和文化等各方面的进展。在经济高度发展的社会，仅小部分人从事农业，农业生产率较高，而大部分劳动力则从事于其他商品的生产及服务性行业。（p26 时文翻译）
useful words and expressions:
涉及 to relate to
方面 dimensions; aspects
经济高度发展的社会 a society with highly developed economy
从事 to be engaged in
生产率 productivity
服务性行业 service industry
Reference version:
Economic development relates to progress along a wide spectrum of technological, economic, social and cultural dimensions. In a society with highly developed economy, only a small proportion of the population is engaged in agriculture. Its agricultural productivity is relatively high, and most of the working population is engaged in the production of other goods and services.

C. Homework
1． 要奋发图强，把我军的军政素质提高到了一个新的水平。
We must work hard to raise to a new height the military and political quality of our army.
2． 各级干部要认真学习，刻苦钻研业务，提高领导水平。
Cadres at all levels should apply themselves to the study, gain the professional proficiency required by their jobs, and improve their art of leadership.
3． 全民族抗战展开了。
The Anti-Japanese War was unfolded on a national scale.
4． 第二次世界大战还未全面展开。
The Second World War had not yet reached its full scope.
5． 他们讲唯心论，我们讲唯物论。
They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism.
6． 没有群众条件，就不要进行任何群众性的改革工作。
Without popular support, no reform of mass characteristics should be attempted.
7． 此区地势险要，群众条件好，回旋地区大，安全方面完全有保障。
It is an area where we have a favorable mountainous terrain, a good mass base, plenty of room for manoeuvre, and full guarantee for security.
8． 但是单有这个条件还不够，还要求别的条件和他配合。首先是人民的条件。
But this condition alone is not enough and must be accompanied by others. The first of these is popular support.
9. 卫生局 public health bureau 卫生设备 : sanitary equipment
卫生队: medical team 卫生衣 : sweat shirt
个人卫生: personal hygiene 工业卫生 : industrial hygiene
环境卫生 : environmental sanitation 卫生纸 ：toilet paper
卫生球 : camphor ball 卫生标准 : hygiene standard
卫生统计 ：health statistics 公共卫生 : public health

VI. VII. Homework
1.你要母鸡多生蛋，又不给它米吃，又要马儿跑得快，又要马儿不吃草。世界上哪有这样的道理!
[译文]You want the hen to lay more eggs and yet you don’t feed it；you want the horse to run fast and yet you don’t let it graze．What kind of logic is that?
[分析]“世界上”没译出，反而比译出更为有力。
2.我们目前的主要任务就是很好地推广和应用科研成
[初译]Our principal task at present is to do a good job in disseminating and applying the results of scientific and technological research．
[分析]这又是一句“中国式英语”。“to do a good job”是多余。既然是“推广和应用”，就自然包含要把这件事做好的意思。
3.我们应该记住老一辈科学家们为成功研制“两弹”而努力奋斗的那些日日夜夜。
[初译]We should keep in mind the days when scientist of the older generation successfully developed the atomic and hydrogen bombs．
[分析]“successfully”在这里是赘词。因为既然已经研制出来，当然是成功的了。汉语中不少这样的表达译成英语时都可省掉“successfully”，如“成功召开了……”、“成功举办了……”、“成功建造了……”等等。
4.他儿子当时还是一个小不点儿。
[译文]His son was only knee-high to a grasshopper．
5.公共汽车为人们去长城参观提供了方便。
[译文]Buses provide easy access to the Great Wall．
[分析]“提供方便”也可译为“provide convenience for…”，不及“easy access to”生动。
6.闻一多拍案而起，横眉冷对国民党的手枪。
[译文]Defying the pistols pointed at him by some plain-clothes men of the KMT，Wen Yiduo rose to his full height and smote the table．
[分析]“拍案而起”如译为“stood up and clapped the table”，：不能表达出闻一多的大义凛然的气概。
7．我们就把这个方法建立在更加自觉的基础之上了。
[初译]We established this method on the basis of more consciousness．
[分析]这种译文是典型的“中国式英语”，字对字地死译，实际是破坏了原文意思的表达。改译为： We thus employed this method much more consciously．(“基础”不再译出)
又如：“在他们自愿基础上，好心地帮他们学习。”译为：
Given their willingness，it is our duty sincerely to help them study．(此句中，“基础”也不必译出)
8．中国人民一定能胜利。
[初译]The Chinese people will surely win．
[分析]“will win”的份量已够，再加上surely反而削弱了力量，使人觉得说话人自己就有点吃不准。
9．他告诉他父亲，他第二天该起得早。
[初译]He told his father that he should get up earlier the next morning．
[分析]读者弄不清谁该起得早，因为第二个he指谓不清。
改译为：
He told his father：“I shall get up earlier tomorrow．”
He said to his father：“You’11 have to get up earlier tomorrow．’，
10．李先生就要和他的同事们告别了。他与他们一道工作很长时间，因此大家不愿让他离开这里。
[初译]Mr．Li was about to say good-bye to his colleagues. He had worked with them for a long time．So，all of them were not willing that he would leave here．
[分析]这又是一句典型的中国式英语。由于机械地按顺序翻译，不但句子零乱，而且没能把原文的精髓表达出来。改译为： Mr．Li had worked so long with his colleagues here．To their regret，he was about to say good-bye to them．

Homework:
质地优良to be excellent in quality(或with superior quality)
品种齐全in complete range of articles
款式繁多with various patterns
选料考究choicematerial
做工精细fineworkmanship
色泽鲜明 bright-coloured
零售价格 retail price
批发价格wholesale price
货到付款payment against arrival
名牌产品Ilanle brand product
出类拔萃above average
驰名中外to be papular both at home and abroad
久负盛名with a long standing reputation
万古流芳will be remembered throughout the age
名垂青史to go down in history
家喻户晓to be widely known
假冒产品fake goods
伪劣产品low-quality goods
欢迎订购order welcome
欢迎光临 welcome
敬请光临You're invited to come
投资热点investment hot soot
工业园区 Industrial Park
经济特区special economic zone
土地租赁land lease
产权转让property-rights transfer
资产评估to make all appraisal one’s assets
国有资产state assets
无形资产 intangible assets
物价指数price-rise index
购销政策the ptuehase-market policy
优化结构to optimize the slmcture of production
扭亏为盈to reduce losses and increase profits
增进效益to increase economic returrls
合资经营joint venture
思想深沉to be deep in thought(或with deep thoughts)
性格坚强to be strong in character(或with strong characters)
开拓进取to work hard with a pioneering spirit
德才兼备with both professional ability and political integrity
公平竞争 fair competition

天长地久——as old as the hills
胆小如鼠——as timid as a hare
泰然自若——as cool as a cucumber
水中捞月——to fish in the air
苦如黄连——as hitter as wormwood
鸡皮疙瘩——goose-flesh
轻如鸿毛——as hght as a feather
旁观者清——The onlooker sees mostest of the game．
艳如桃李——as red as rose
狐假虎威——ass in the hun，s skin
物以类聚——Birds of a feather flock together．
非驴非马——Neitherfish，norflesh，norfowl．
如释重负——to take a load off 0ne，s mind
挥金如土——to spend money like water
弱不禁风——as weak as water
瞬息之间——in the twinlde of an eve
泪如泉涌——as steam of tears
瓮中之鳖——a rat in a hole
扬眉吐气——to hold one’s head high
一针见血——to touch one on the raw
不翼而飞——to take wings to itself
小题大做——to make mountains out of molehills
格格不入——a square peg in a round hole
山穷水尽——at the end of one’s rope
冷若冰霜——as cold as a marble
半斤八两——six of one and half a dozen of the other
胸有成竹——to have a card up one’s sleeve
孤注一掷——to put all one’s eggs in one basket
纸上谈兵——armchair strategy
白费唇舌——to speak to the wind
同行相嫉——Two of a trade can never agree．
一文不名——without a penny to one’s name

X. Homework
1.他要讲经济问题和国际形势问题。
[译文]He is going to speak on the economy and the international situation．
[分析]“问题”不必要译出，类似的情况还有“宣传教育工作”、“工业发展状况”、“出口计划的执行情况”、“浪费现象”，其中“工作”、“状况”、“情况”、“现象”都不必译出。汉语的某些抽象词喜用范围词或定性词，译成英语时多数要省略或作变通处理。
2.现在有许多人在提倡民族化，科学化，大众化。
[译文]Many people nowadays are calling for a transformation to a national，scientific and mass style．
[分析]现代汉语使用“化”的例子很多，但不都意味着要译成后缀“一ization”的对应词，许多情况下需要变通处理。如“科学化”，就不能译为“scientification”。此外，像“国产化”，“良种化”，“老龄化”，“年轻化”，“知识化”，“沙漠化”，“汉化”，“淡化”等等都没有英语对同，加后缀“一ization”自造也行不通。译时只能根据上下文灵活臭，即利用其他词、词组或句子译出这些词的内涵意义。 “实现政府各级班子领导的年轻化、知识化、专业化”，可译为to ensure that younger，more educated and professionally more competent cadres are brought to the leadership of governments at levels。又如“科研成果产业化”，可译为to apply scientific research results to industrial production。
3.应大力发展“外向型经济”
[译文]Great efforts should be made to develop “external-oriented economy”.
[分析]汉语中的“型”近年来也是颇时髦的语言。一般以oriented组成词组，如：export-oriented enterprise(产品出口型产业)但也有其他翻译方法：“技术密集、知识密集型项目”译为“technology-and-knowledge intensive project”；“劳动密集型产业”译为“labor-intensive enterprise”；“粗放型产业”译为“extensive enterprise”等等。
4.中国是个文明古国，幅员辽阔，面积达960万多平方千米。
[初译]China is a country with an ancient civilization．She has a vast territory and covers an area of 9．6 million square kilometers．
[分析]此译文是比较典型的“中国式”英语。问题主要是：①没有突出信息重心，不符合英语的表达习惯；②语言累赘，例如第二句既然说了面积960万多平方千米，那么就自然表达了“幅员辽阔”这一概念，不需要再译出。这句汉语可以考虑译为：Covering all area of 9．6 million square kilometers and more，China is a country with ancient civilization．
5．上头说把沟堵死。好嘛，沟一堵死，下点雨，咱们这儿还不成了海?(提示：①要把意合的词和逻辑关系译出来；②“成了海”是个比喻说法，不宜直译。)
6．她已经洗完了衣服，坐在小溪边的石头上撩起布衫揩脸上的汗水。(提示：此句是连动式，动作密集，应译出主干结构，把次要动词译为非谓语动词形式。)
7.突然钻出一只狗，追着她咬，几乎把她吓糊涂了。(这是无主句。宜把“狗”确定为译文的主语。)
8.．“持续性”的概念不仅以环境保护为优先，而且在最广义上涵盖对于人类福利的关心。(提示：“不仅……而且……”不一定非要译为“not only…but also…”。即便使用这一短语，也不宜重复使用，比如可以用它引起倒装句，以示用词和句型的多样化。)
9.发展中的世界正在经历一场经济管理的革命。从中国到墨西哥，从加纳到俄罗斯，各国一致认为：必须培育开放和稳定的经济环境，提倡创业精神，鼓励竞争性的私营部门活动。人们普遍认为，实行与市场“亲友”的发展方针，是经济增长、技术进步和创造就业机会的基础。(提示：①“各国一致认为……”和“人们普遍认为”应该译为不同的结构，以求多样化；②“提倡创业精神，鼓励……”可译为定语从句修饰“经济环境”。)

VII. Homework
1. 星期天早晨他的身体状况仍未好转。Sunday morning found him still unwell.
2.我们期望在不久的将来中国任能受到更好的教育。
It is our anticipation that the Chinese people will get a better education in the near future.
3.他对这件事漠不关心。
His attitude towards the matter is one of indifference.
4.不同国家的社会习俗往往大相径庭。
Social customs are usually different from country to country.
5.第二次世界大战是1945年8曰15日结束的。
The Second World War ended on august 15th, 1945.
World War II came to an end on August 15th, 1945.
6.我禁不住流下了热泪。幸亏月光下的夜色，没让人看到我的脆弱。
I felt tears streaming from my eyes. Thanks to the dimness of the evening under moonlight, I had been able to conceal my frailty.
7.赶超世界先进水平，关键是时间。时间就是生命，时间就是速度，时间就是力量。趁你们年富力强的时候，为人民做出更多的贡献吧。
In catching up with and surpassing the world advanced levels, time is the key factor. Time means life, time means speed, time means strength. You are now in the prime of life, and you should come forth with greater contributions for the benefit of the people.
8.她一手提着竹篮，内有一个破碗，空的。
In one hand s