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美英音标差异.doc

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美式英语是英式英语转变而来的。其中区别有如: 英式英语(British English)和美式英语(American English)的差别是客观存在的,学英文的人会注意到两者之间的差异。其实世界上有很多种类的英文,即使在同一个国家,发音和语法也会有地域差别。两者之间最主要的差异在如下几方面: 1.语法:英国人有时喜欢在美国人不用冠词时使用。例如: 英式英语; It was a Tuesday and he wasn't back at work until the Wednesday. 反过来,美国人用冠词时英国人不用。例如; 英式英语: I had been out of hospitable for six weeks. 另外,介词用法也不同。例如: 英式英语:at the weekend 美式英语:on the weekend 英式英语:Some parents are talking about keeping their children off school. 美式英语:Some parents are talking about keeping their children out of school. 2.单词:单词的使用也有这样的倾向。在日常应用的词汇中,“英式英语”和“美式英语”各有表达用语。我们可以从对照表中看出: 美式英语 英式英语 高速公路 freeway motorway 电梯 elevator lift 饼干 小甜饼 biscuit 雨伞 umbrella brollie 汽油 gas,gasoline petrol 汽车 automobile car 大学校长 president chancellor 足球 soccer football 假期 vacation holiday 3.拼写:英式英语和美式英语在拼写方面也有差别。 美式英语 英式英语 color colour favorite favourite honor honour 4.发音的差异也很大。例如 schedule,advertisement。 有时候英语和美语闹到了“水火不相容”的地步:同样的短语或单词在英语和美语中意思相反。如put on the table在英语中意思为“研究,认真对待”,在美语中为“束之高阁”。可以想象,英国人严谨认真,家里和办公室都收拾得很整洁,因此把什么东西摆到了桌上,多半会“研究,认真对待”;美国人一般“不拘小节”,居所和办公室都很随便,一旦被放在桌上,恐怕是没指望了。又如homely可以用来形容女性,在英语中意思是“朴实无华的”,其评价态度是肯定的;在美语中意思是“不漂亮的”,其评价态度是否定的。 随着美国经济地位的加强, 越来越多的人采用美式英语.许多中国学习者也不例外.但要注意不要混用。比如不要在写作文和谈话时,一半英语,一半美语。尤其要注意谈话对象的国籍,比如当谈到first floor时,美国人指的是一楼,而英国人指的是二楼。其他说英语的国家又要示情况而定,看其倾向于哪国英语。比如加拿大多采用英式英语。另外,soft—drinks,m inerals——软饮品:汽水等不含酒精的饮料。美式英语的soft—drinks原来泛指不含酒精的饮料,包括汽水和果汁等,现时多用来指汽水,代替了原先的air—ate water。英式英语的minerals由于没有soft—drains那么通行的笑话、故事也很多,大家有兴趣的话,可多留心一下,并避免由于这种差异而产生交流中的误解。 一 、发音上的不同 1、美式英语有明显的“r”音,英式英语则没有。如:工人worker一词,美式英语读法为|'w∂:rk∂|,英式英语为|'w∂:k∂| 2、英式英语中读|a:|,在美式英语中读|æ|。如pass一词,美式英语读|pa:s|,美式英语读|pæs|,类似的词有ask等。 3、英式英语中读|O|的音,美式英语读|a:|如box一词,英式读| bOks |,英式读|ba:ks|,类似的还有watch等 4、英式英语习惯将单词略读,美式英语则习惯把每个音节全部读出。例如:interesting一词英式读法为|'intristiŋ|,美式读法则为|'int∂ristiŋ| 5、英式英语读| i |音,美式英语读| ∂ |,如:system一词,英式为|'sistim|,美式为|'sist∂m| 6、有一些词英式英语和美式英语发音完全不同。例如:leisure英式为|'leз∂|美式为|'li:z∂r| 二、英式英语和美式英语用词的不同 1、拼写上的不同,例如:center一词英式拼法为centre,而center则是美式拼法,再如program一词,是明显的美式拼法,英式拼法则为programme,而labour则式英式拼法,美式拼法为labor。 2、同义不同词。例如:裤子一词,在英式英语中一般表示为trousers,在美式英语中一般表示为pants,如英国人使用pants,其意义是指内衣,而美国人说内衣时,一般用underwear。 3、在美式英语中,由于历史的原因,渗入了一定数量的印地安人的土著用语,在英式英语中则没有,同时由于来自世界各地的各国人或多或少的带来了自己本族的语言。起初,语言还保持原样,但逐渐地则加入一些本族语言。 4、英式英语和美式英语语调的不同 美式英语的发音比较讲究抑扬顿挫,起伏感较强(ups and downs),更具有音乐性(musical),而美式英语听起来比较平直,变化较少(flat),这和两国历史及文化背景颇有关系。英国人讲究绅士风度,(gentlemanship),因此非常注重讲话时人的腔调及语气,借以表现自己的身份及教养,而美国人历来主张平等,资历及辈分的观念较淡,讲话时显得很随和,甚至有些随便,因此当你听说在美国孙儿可以直呼爷爷的名字时,也就不足为怪了。此背景表现在语言上便是开门见山,平铺直叙。 5、还有一点需要提及的是,在二者的区别上,很多人有一种误解,那就是认为美式英语比较新潮,比较时髦,代表时尚,殊不知现在的美式英语恰好是英国莎士比亚时代的英语,是当时乘坐“五月花”号船(May Flower)来到美洲大陆的英国新教徒带过来的,这些美国的早期殖民者一直保持着当时的口音,代代相传,很少变化,而英式发音在英国本土则在数百年间不断演化,进而形成当代英式英语,从这个角度来看,美式英语则非但不“时尚”,相反还相当保守呢。 结论:(conclusions) 美英与英英的区别 1. water/matter/thirty/party /plenty/metal /t/-/d/ 2. top/hot/lot/hospitital/stop/bomb /o/-/a/ 3. chance/can’t/sample/example/half/ask/past/clasp/path/pass/passport ~n/m/l/s/th /a/-/ 4. car/farm/far ma-mar 5.whale-nail whether-weather white-wight when-wer 6.version 7.~ile agile/docile/fertile/sterile/missile/mobile/juvenile / /-/i/ 8.history/secretary/interest 9.anti- direction/either/neither/leisure / /-/i/ 10.hurry/worry/courage/encourage/discourage / /-/s/ 11.ofter 12.erase/grease/thither/schedule /z/-/s/ 重读 1.~ary/~ory 2.~ate dictate/donate/migrate 3.~arily necessarily/extraordinarily/voluntarily only for one’s reference 仅供参考 Health disparity in communities of color equal-unequal(形容词反义词),inequality(名词的反义词) emulate sth from sb 向某人学习 euphemism(委婉语) the departed 死了 memorized speech 准备好的演讲 impromptu speech 即兴演讲 extempore speech 即席演讲 he has a hollow leg 他喝酒很海量 he cannot drink him under the table 你灌不倒他 out-patient Department=O.P.D 出院部 in-patient Department=I.P.D 住院部 doctor in charger 主治医师 he is a real apple-polisher 他是一个马屁精 doormat 受气包 the die is already cast 木已成舟 I could/would first like to thank the organizations that made this event possible I look forward to your early reply I am writing this letter to…… collaborative effort 齐心协力 set a positive tone and precedent for 起到了积极作用和先例 a flood on such a scale is without precedent …… is close to my heart 在我心中很重要 in session 正在开会 the well of 富人 you don’t know when you’re well off 生在福中不知福 underprivileged 贫困 she is expecting 她怀孕了 …… if he had grown up=had he grown up Ministry of Foreign Affairs 外交部 Int’l=International notary 公正 notary office 公证处 Good timing 时机把握正好 Answer a phone 接电话 Answer the door 开门 Eat soup 喝汤 filthy air 污浊的空气 state of the art 最先进 intermediate 中等 autonomous 自立 the visiting social elites the utterance of love 对爱的表达 utterly=entirely in light of……鉴于…… diversified 差异地 war-stricken countries 饱受战乱的国家 mid-autumn festival 中秋节 label day 劳动节 internal-ladies’ day 三八妇女节 drunking driving 酒后驾车 traffic jam 交通堵塞 free of charge 免费 pregnancy-pregnant she is expecting 她怀孕了 she is in a family way 她怀孕了 fat =stout(形容男性)/plump(女性)/chubby(小孩) thin=lean(男性)、slim-slender-willowy-svelte(亭亭玉立) ugly=plain/homely she is on a diet watcher=she is a weight(形容女性很瘦) venereal disease性病=social disease asylum精神病院=mental center old=senior/elderly/pass one’s prime die=pass away/be no more/depart the living/the dead=the departed funeral-memorial service graveyard-memorial garden poverty(贫穷) poor=underprivileged=needy GDP=gross domestic product debt=cash advance bankrupt=out of the game dismissal=lay off(下岗) laid-off workers slum=substandard housing burglary(夜盗)=surreptitious entry wiretapping(窃听)=intelligence gathering murder=take care of young criminals=juvenile delinquency prison=correctional center prostitute(妓女)=call girl/street girl=whore prostitution=the oldest profession in the world sex(性) sex knowledge=facts of life pornographic movies=adult films=X-rated films have sex with=make love with=go to bed with free love=trial marriage illegitimate child私生子=love child homosexual partner同性恋=spouse equivalent bisexual双性恋=AC/DC excretion排泄 menstruation月经=I’m having my friend with me I’m having my periods I’m a woman for a week urination小便=pass water defecation/shit=number one job answer the nation’s call(在野外大便) ease nature(在野外大便) relieve nature(在野外大便) 在屋里: May I wash my hands? Where is the restroom? I have to pay a call I would like to be excused I would like to retire for a moment Do you want to make yourself comfortable? Used car=pre-driven classic second-hand furniture=antique costume jewelry=fashion jewelry occupation 职业 maid/housekeeper=domestic help/day-help/live-in help barber/hairdresser-beautician janitor看门=custodian/superintendent undertaker=sad therapist garbage collector=solid-waste ecologist fuck me 骗了我 status quo 军事现状 are you serious?你当真 per capita 人均收入 she is more mad than stupid 与其……,还不如…… very=of utmost it is pointed out by some expert that it is obvious that it is well-known to all that more often than not=often some=quite a few 用插入语 It is more often than not pointed out by quite f few experts that protecting environment, to some extent/in a sense, s of utmost importance, especially for those developing nations, hich are eager to improve their productivity. 隐形眼镜 contact lenses What’s the story?=tell me about your story story意思是past experience smoking-free free of worry 无忧无虑 free of trouble free of charge addiction 爱好 junk food=snacks/snakes I like to be by myself by myself=alone Toothache/headache/stomachache Sore throat 咽喉痛 at dawn黎明/in the morning/in the mid-morning9点钟/at noon/at dusk黄昏/in the evening6点到9点/at night/at mid-night12点 at present/in the past/in (the) future go Dutch AA制 荷兰:Dutch/Holland/Netherland Dutch courage 酒后之勇 Mean=tight=stingy=penny pincher 小气 You cannot squeeze blood out of stone铁公鸡 Love can’t pay the rent 爱不能当饭吃 till the pig can fly 除非太阳从西边出来 the die is already cast 已经抛出来了 cast light on=throw light on =shed light on 餐馆 Order点菜 menu菜单 Let’s eat out tonight/dine out the food served in those greasy spoons is quite delicious 路边小餐馆 this is an authentic Japanese restaurant 这是一家正宗的日本料理店 for here or to go?在这里吃还是带走 how would you like your steak?牛排要几分熟 rare生的/almost rare medium半生半熟 well-done 熟 medium-well 8、9分熟 excuse me, waiter, can I have some water please?给我一杯水 sure, is tap water OK?自来水可以吗 I’d prefer bottled water/mineral 我喜欢矿泉水 May I have a doggie bag? 我可以打包吗 Excuse me, have you forgotten some thin? 要小费 It’s customary to tip, sir 先生,通常这里是付小费的 I just wonder who should pick the tab 谁买单 Check, please 买单 Say when 要多少(倒酒时问的) When 回答(够了)/give me more, please不够/not yet不够 Cyber love 网恋 Beauty contest 选美比赛 Talented 有才华 handsome (形容女性)高大 it takes more than beauty to win a contest 赢得一场比赛光漂亮是不行的 it takes more than love to make a marriage it does not follow that he’s just not one of us 他跟我们不是同一类人 go-between 媒人 cohabitation 婚前同居 grown woman 成年女人 celebrities名人 public figure 公众人物 take a stroll 散步 reality show 直播节目 alumna 女校友
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