1、专家论坛310.J Surg Concepts Pract 2023,Vol.28,No.4ERCP术后胰腺炎的危险因素及预防方法聂海行,王帆,王红玲,赵秋(武汉大学中南医院消化内科湖北省肠病医学临床研究中心和重点实验室,湖北武汉430071摘要】内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrogradecholangio-pancreatography,ERCP)是胆胰疾病诊断的主要操作技术之一。ERCP术后胰腺炎(post-ERCPpancreatitis,PEP)是ERCP术后最常见的并发症,延长病人的住院时间,重症胰腺炎甚至危及生命。了解PEP的危险因素对于预防PEP的发生至关重
2、要。目前常见的PEP危险因素包括病人自身的和ERCP操作相关的。根据这些危险因素,予以相关的术前、术中、术后干预可有效降低PEP的发生率。本文总结阐述目前常见的PEP危险因素及预防方法,供广大临床工作者参考。关键词:内镜逆行胰胆管造影术;ERCP术后急性胰腺炎;危险因素;预防中图分类号:R576文献标志码:A文章编号:10 0 7-9 6 10(2 0 2 3)0 4-0 310-0 6D01:10.16139/j.1007-9610.2023.04.007Risk factors and prevention methods for post-ERCP pancreatitisNIEHaih
3、ang,WANG Fan,WANG Hongling,ZHAO QiuDepartment of Gastroenterology,Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University;Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal andColorectal Diseases of Hubei Province,Hubei Wuhan 430071,ChinaAbstract Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography(ERCP)is one of the primary proce
4、dural techniquesused for diagnosing biliary and pancreatic diseases.Post-ERCP pancreatitis(PEP)is the most common complication ofERCP,which resulted in prolonged hospitalization and potential risk of patients lives,especially in severe cases.Under-standing the risk factors associated with PEP is of
5、paramount importance for its prevention.Currently,recognized risk fac-tors for PEP encompass both patient-related factors and ERCP procedure-related factors.By considering these risk factors,implementing appropriate preoperative,intraoperative,and postoperative interventions could effectively reduce
6、 the inci-dence of PEP.In this article,we concisely summarized the common risk factors and preventive methods for PEP,offeringvaluable insights for healthcare professionals in clinical practice.Key words:Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography;Post-ERCP pancreatitis;Risk factor;Prevention急性胰
7、腺炎是内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endo-scopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography,ERCP)后最常见的并发症。目前,诊断ERCP术后胰腺炎(post-ERCPpancreatitis,PEP)的主要依据是ERCP术后病人出现腹痛,且手术后2 4h内血清淀粉酶水平上升,至少是参考上限的3倍以上。PEP的发生率为5%10%,亚洲地区的发病率约为9.9%2-3。根据危险因素的患病率不同,可能从3.6%到2 9.2%不等1,4。此外,多种危险因素并存,PEP的患病率可能会增加到40%43%5-6 。PEP的风险既与病人有关,也与内镜操作有关。因此,了解PEP
8、的危险因素及适当的预防手段至关重要通信作者:赵秋,E-mail:1PEP的危险因素1.1病人相关的危险因素规避病人自身的危险因素,相较于后期治疗,可使病人更好获益。欧洲胃肠内镜协会(EuropeanSociety for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy,ESGE)明确了3个危险因素,包括可疑的Oddi括约肌功能障碍(Oddidysfunction,SO D)、女性和既往胰腺炎病史。其他5个可能的危险因素包括既往PEP病史、年轻人、未扩张的肝外胆管、无慢性胰腺炎、血清胆红素水平正常14-5.7-1。可疑的SOD使PEP的风险从3.9%增加到10.3%4,9-10 然而,对S
9、OD的内镜治疗指征仍存在311.外科理论与实践2 0 2 3年第2 8 卷第4期争议。根据密尔沃基分类,只有I型SOD是内镜括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)的明确指征。9 1%的病人在EST后1.5年内疼痛完全缓解,而型和型SOD的这一比例分别为7 5%和050%12-3。O d d i 括约肌测压(sphincter of Oddi ma-nometry,SOM)是诊断型和型SOD最客观的方法。但由于SOM造成PEP的风险特别高,因此在行ERCP前应考虑非侵人性SOD诊断方法,如胆总管超声或磁共振胰胆管成像14。因此,对于型和型SOD病人,建议在有丰
10、富ERCP经验的医疗中心进行。PEP的另一个危险因素是女性,已在过去的诸多研究中得到证实4.6-8,11,15。根据ESGE的建议,女性是明确的危险因素(0 R=2.23),发病率为4.0%,而男性为2.1%.14。雌激素对Oddi括约肌的影响可能是女性PEP风险增加的原因。然而也有学者认为,因为女性的SOD发病率更高,所以导致PEP风险增加。根据ESGE指南,既往有胰腺炎病史病人PEP发生率上升(OR=2.46),发病率3.9%9.3%l.4.7810.13。根据本中心的经验,实施适当的非侵入性诊断方法,降低这些病人发生PEP的风险。现有的影像学检查方法如磁共振胰胆管成像、超声内镜、胆管功能
11、检查等均可鉴别诊断SOD、胰腺分裂、小胰腺肿瘤和胰管汇流异常17,13。应应用非侵人性诊断可避免与ERCP相关的风险既往有PEP病史的病人再次发生PEP的风险显著增加(OR=8.7),发生率为2 7.1%32.5%,而无PEP病史的病人发生率为3%5%。这可能是既往PEP使胰管括约肌过度收缩导致胰管开口相对狭窄所致。因此,这些病人行ERCP,应采取相关的预防措施,如尽量避免失败的插管操作、预防性置入胰管支架、术前经直肠应用非留体抗炎药(non-ste-roidal anti-inflammatory drug,NSAID)2.12.14-5.。年轻是PEP的可能危险因素(OR=1.092.87
12、)。老年病人PEP风险低可能是因为胰腺实质进行性退化,使胰腺对ERCP引起的刺激反应不明显。研究发现,ERCP术后重症急性胰腺炎病例有57%是年轻病人,证实了这一点16.9.1.17。然而,对于如何定义病人年轻或年老,目前尚存在争议。未扩张的肝外胆管可增加PEP的发生率,OR值为0.8 2.6。当胆管没有扩张时,内镜医师会在胆总管插管时进行多次尝试。相反,在胆管扩张的情况下,胆管开口会相对明显,插管会变得相对顺利。但是目前也缺乏对正常胆总管直径的明确界定。目前认为5 10 mm是胆总管的正常直径范围。胆管狭窄小于5mm者PEP发生率为19.6%,大于14mm者为2.0%18 。因此,胆管直径的
13、认定十分重要,需要进一步的分析来建立明确的标准。PEP另一个可能的危险因素是胆红素水平正常。ESGE指南指出胆红素正常病人PEP发病率为4.15%,而胆红素升高病人的发病率为1.43%。这可能是因为当存在胆管狭窄甚至闭塞时,会引发胆红素升高,较易观察到胆汁流动,提示胆管开口的位置,易于胆管插管。当胆红素水平不升高、正常时,胆管无明显狭窄,因此难以观察胆汁流动,操作时胆管插管可能会更困难10 1.2操作相关的危险因素根据ESGE指南,只有3个明确与操作相关的危险因素:插管持续时间 10 min(OR=1.76),多条导丝引入胰管(OR=2.77),以及胰管内注射造影剂(OR=2.2)1.7-8
14、困难插管会增加PEP的风险,发病率为1.7%15.6%,但这取决于如何定义困难插管的具体情况。插管时间(10 30 min)、胆管插管失败次数(320次)或意外的胰管插管次数(2 5次)均是常见的研究标准19 。目前认为胆管插管次数 2 0 次为14.9%。Logistic回归分析表明,10 15次插管的0 R为4.4,15次插管的OR为9.4;每一次插管使OR值增加1.39 4-5。因此,ESGE指南建议,在胆管插管尝试10 15次后或插管时间 10 min后需改变插管方式。导丝的使用同样会影响PEP的发生7-8 。许多研究表明,导丝引导下插管可缩短操作时间。一项荟萃分析显示,导丝导引下插管
15、显著降低PEP的发生率,增加一次插管成功率,减少括约肌预切开的需要,并且不会增加其他ERCP相关并发症U9。导丝引导下胆管插管还可防止意外性插人胰管。有时,也会主动将导丝引人胰管,用以避免胆管插管过程中误人胰管。但研究表明,多条导丝引人胰管增加PEP的风险(OR=2.77),因为会破坏主胰管开口2 0 。此外,发生胰管意外性插管后置入胰管支架引流,可将PEP发生率从2 3%降至2.3%。因此,ESGE指南也推荐该法胰管内注射造影剂增加PEP的风险,PEP的发病率为15%,而未行胰管造影的病人发生率为1.6%.7.19。此外,风险取决于胰管注射造影剂的部位和程度,如涉及胰头、胰头和胰体抑或胰尾。
16、值312JSurgConcepts Pract2023,Vol.28,No.4得一提的是,使用导丝有助于避免意外将造影剂注射到胰管内。1.3多种危险因素并存的PEP风险多种危险因素并存显著增加病人PEP的发生率。Ergin等2 1 多中心研究评估老年人发生PEP的风险,发现女性是老年病人PEP发生的主要危险因素,OR可增加8.1。SOD使PEP的OR增加1.1。当两种因素同时存在时,老年病人PEP的发生率进一步提高(OR=10.9)。K o h l i 等2 发现,胆总管直径5 mm的病人发生PEP的风险是5 mm病人的3倍(RR=3.1);括约肌过度收缩的病人RR为10.3;如两个危险因素均
17、存在,RR则升高至18.1,发生率为57%。Y a n g 等2 3 的荟萃分析表明,59 岁、无胆总管结石的病人EST后发生PEP的风险为2 7%;如胆总管狭窄(远端直径 12 h)输注生长抑素对PEP有较好的预防作用,但短期输注则没有明显获益35Wang等36 的荟萃分析显示,对于高危病人,长时间输注生长抑素可显著降低PEP以及高淀粉酶血症的风险。然而,与安慰剂组相比,在低风险病人中使用生长抑素并无明显获益。对于奥曲肽的预防作用无明确结论。此外,Norouzi等37 的研究发现,生长抑素联合吲哚美辛无法提高吲哚美辛预防PEP的效果。生长抑素及其类似物在预防PEP中的应用需更多的研究去验证。
18、2.1.4硝酸酯类药物硝酸甘油有助于ERCP后胰管的引流,缓解Oddi括约肌的收缩状态7-8 。最新的研究表明,硝酸甘油与直肠NSAID联合应用可能比单纯直肠NSAID更有益38 。Shi等39 的荟萃分析指出,与直肠吲哚美辛和舌下安慰剂联合使用组相比,接受直肠吲哚美辛(10 0 mg)和舌下含服硝酸甘油(5mg)组PEP的发病率显著降低,OR值下降0.13。Wang等40 的随机对照试验表明,与对照组相比,吲哚美313外科理论与实践2 0 2 3年第2 8 卷第4期辛和舌下含服硝酸异山梨酯显著降低PEP的发生率(5.1%比9.3%)。尽管上述研究表明硝酸酯类药物降低PEP的风险,但目前仍需更
19、大的样本数据来证明这一结论。2.2PEP的内镜操作预防2.2.1胰管支架置人对于高危病人,如插管困难、不慎插入胰管、胰管内注射造影剂或胰腺括约肌切开,预防性置人胰管支架均可降低PEP的发生率,因为支架可降低胰管内压2,7-8,2 4,41。一项荟萃分析得出结论,与不放置支架相比,放置胰管支架减少PEP的发生(RR=0.39)42。A f g h a n i 等43 的荟萃分析发现,对于高危病人,5Fr支架的效果优于3Fr支架。有研究表明,5Fr单猪尾塑料支架与5Fr直塑料支架的效果相似,均优于3Fr单猪尾塑料支架。此外,ASGE建议不要在手术后立即取出支架2 。Cha等44 的单中心随机前瞻性
20、研究显示,支架放置7 10 d组与支架立即取出组相比,PEP的发生率显著降低(4.3%比2 1.3%,P=0.027)。PEP严重程度也相对较低。胰管支架同样可能导致并发症发生,如支架闭塞、胰腺炎、支架移位、胰管穿孔、侵犯十二指肠、支架相关的胰管结构改变、感染等2.2 6.35.4-1。Akshin-tala等2 6 还发现5-7 Fr支架预防PEP的效果与单用双氯芬酸直肠给药的效果相似。该研究还比较NSAID、静脉水化与支架置人的预防效果,发现支架置人、单用双氯芬酸、水化联合直肠吲哚美辛的效果差异不大(OR=0.59),水化联合吲哚美辛效果最好(OR=0.04),并优于单用吲哚美辛。此外,胰
21、管支架置人失败本身也被认为是发生PEP的独立危险因素。Choksi等45 的研究发现,支架置入失败后的PEP发生率高于无支架置人的PEP发生率(35%比12%)。支架置人的另一个缺点是需再次手术取支架。可自行溶解的生物可降解支架避免二次手术且更经济。目前也需行大规模的研究,比较生物可降解支架在预防PEP中的有效性。2.2.2导丝引导下插管ASGE指南建议使用导丝引导下插管以降低PEP发生率2.8.2 4。Tse等46 0 的荟萃分析发现,导丝引导下插管与单行造影辅助下插管相比,PEP的风险显著降低(RR=0.51)。该研究导丝引导下插管还提高一次插管的成功率,并减少括约肌预切开的需要。如遇到解
22、剖学改变、恶性病变或引导下插管两三次以上仍失败时,可选择其他方法,如双导丝技术、括约肌预切开术、沿支架的导丝引导下插管或经胰乳头括约肌预切开术。但值得注意的是,这些方法也可能增加PEP的风险。因此,需预防性置人胰管支架以及NSAID直肠给药来降低PEP的发生率。荟萃分析显示,对于插管困难的病人,双导丝技术并不优于其他方法(括约肌预切开术、沿支架插管)47 7。3结语综上所述,ERCP各种引起胰腺损伤、引流障碍的因素均可引发PEP,各因素间是否存在交互作用有待进一步研究明确。目前NSAID经直肠给药、静脉水化、预防性放置胰管支架和使用导丝引导下插管是预防PEP效果已明确的方法。同时,医师的操作经
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