1、基础研究。545-生物医学工程与临床2 0 2 3年9 月第2 7 卷第5期BME&Clin Med,September 2023,Vol.27,No.5网络出版时间:2 0 2 3-0 8-2 9916:57:06D01:10.13339/ki.sglc.20230822.002网络出版地址:https:/ 0%后,分别用含不同浓度(0、10、2 0.30、40、50.6 0、7 0 mol/L)VitC的分化培养液对其进行诱导分化,在光学显微镜下观察分化过程。用实时定量聚合酶链式反应(real-time PCR)分别检测干细胞特异性标志物Nanog和性别决定因子同源盒2(Sox2),心肌细
2、胞特异性标志物心肌肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)、心脏特异性同源盒转录因子(Nkx2.5)的表达。用免疫荧光检测Nanog、c T n T、Nk x 2.5的蛋白表达变化。结果在分化基础培养液中,低浓度VitC(1030 umol/L)不能诱导hESC向心肌分化,随着VitC浓度的增高,干细胞逐渐往心肌方向分化,心肌分化效率逐渐提高,Nanog和Sox2的表达量逐渐下降;VitC浓度为40 mol/L或50 mol/L组在第8 天开始出现自发跳动细胞,且有cTnT和Nkx2.5阳性表达。real-timePCR结果显示随分化时间延长,cTnT和Nkx2.5的mRNA表达逐渐增加,心肌表面标志物Nkx2
3、.5、c T n T 的mRNA表达量在VitC浓度40 mol/L和50 mol/L要比6 0 mol/L和7 0 mol/L的诱导效果更高。提示浓度大于6 0 mol/L就开始出现抑制分化的作用。结论实验研究证实VitC在hESC向心肌分化中是不可或缺的因子,研究还明确了VitC诱导hESC分化为心肌细胞的适宜浓度范围。关键词:人胚胎干细胞(hESC);心肌分化;心肌细胞;L-抗坏血酸(VitC);维生素C中图分类号:R54文献标识码:A文章编号:10 0 9-7 0 9 0(2 0 2 3)0 5-0 545-0 8Effect of L-ascorbic acid on differe
4、ntiation of human embryonic stem cells into cardiomyocytes in vitroCHENJingab,QIU Min,ZHANG Hai-peng,LI Hui-li,ZHANG Meng-zhenb,LI Xiao-hong(a.Guangdong Provincial Key labo-ratory of South China Structural Heart Disease;b.Medical Research Center of Guangdong Provincial Peoples Hospital;c.De-partment
5、 of Blood Transfusion,Guangdong Provincial Peoples Hospital(Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences),Guangzhou510080,Guangdong,China)Corresponding author:LI Xiao-hong.E-mail:.Abstract:Objective To observe the effects of different concentrations of L-ascorbic acid(VitC)as an inducer in differentia-tion
6、 medium on differentiation of human embryonic stem cells(hESC)into cardiomyocytes,and explore the method with clearcomposition,low cost and high efficiency.Methods The hESC were resuscitated and cultured with stem cell culture mediumto 90%cell fusion,and induced to differentiate with differentiation
7、 medium containing different concentrations VitC(O,10,20,30,40,50,60,70 mol/L),and differentiation process was observed under optical microscope.The expression of stem cellspecific markers Nanog and Sox2,cardiomyocyte specific markers cTnT and Nkx2.5 were detected by real-time quantitativepolymerase
8、 chain reaction(real-time PCR),and the protein expression of Nanog,cTnT and Nkx2.5 was detected by immunoflu-orescence.Results In differentiation medium,low concentration of VitC(10-30 mol/L)could not induce hESC to differentiateinto myocardium.With the increase of VitC concentration,the efficiency
9、of hESC differentiating into cardiomyocyte,myocardiumwas gradually improved,and the expression of Nanog and Sox2 gradually decreased.On the 8th day,spontaneous beating cellsappeared in VitC concentration with 40 mol/L or 50 mol/L group,and cTnT and Nkx2.5 were positively expressed.The resultsof real
10、-time PCR showed that mRNA expression of cTnT and Nkx2.5 gradually increased with prolongation of differentiation time.The mRNA expression of myocardial surface markers Nkx2.5 and cTnT with 40 mol/L and 50 mol/L concentration was higherthan that with 60 mol/L and 70 mol/L concentration,suggesting th
11、at the concentration greater than 60 mol/L inhibited differ-entiation,and the effect of inhibiting differentiation began to appear when concentration was greater than 60 mol/L.ConclusionIt is demonstrated that VitC is an indispensable factor in differentiating hESC into cardiomyocytes,and also clari
12、fies the appropri-ate concentration range of VitC which could induce hESC to differentiate into cardiomyocytes.Key words:human embryonic stem cells(hESC);myocardium differentiation;cardiomyocytes;L-ascorbic acid;vitamin C(VitC)作者单位:广东省人民医院(广东省医学科学院)南方医科大学附属广东省人民医院,a.广东省华南结构性心脏病重点实验室;b.医学研究部;c.输血科,广东
13、广州510 0 8 0作者简介:陈景(19 8 7),女,广东省人,本科,主管技师,主要从事干细胞与心血管疾病治疗工作和研究。电话:0 2 0-8 38 2 7 8 12。E-mail:。基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(8 2 17 0 2 59);广东省中医药局科研项目(2 0 2 310 15)通信作者:李晓红(19 7 6),女,贵州省人,博士,副研究员,主要从事从事干细胞与心血管疾病治疗工作和研究。电话:0 2 0-8 38 2 7 8 12。E-mail:。版权保护,不得翻录。546-BME&ClinMed,eptember2023.Vol.27.No.5生物医学工程与临床2 0
14、 2 3年9 月第2 7 卷第5期心肌梗死引起大量的心肌细胞死亡而导致的充血性心力衰竭是心血管疾病的主要死因。日新月异的临床治疗方案尚未能从根本上彻底解决心肌损伤后不能再生的难题。大量研究1 3表明,多种类型的干细胞均有心肌分化的潜力。干细胞向心肌分化取得了一定的成果,但目前常用的分化试剂价格非常高昂,成分复杂,在一定限度上制约了心肌分化研究的临床转化。L-抗坏血酸(L-ascorbicacid,VitC)是一种价格便宜且容易获得的维生素,笔者通过探讨VitC在人胚胎干细胞(human embryonic stem cell,hESC)心肌分化中的作用,明确其达到最大分化效率时的最佳浓度,得到
15、成分明确且高效心肌分化试剂,以利于将来大规模临床推广运用。1材料与方法1.1实验材料1.1.1实验细胞hESC来源于北京赛贝公司1.1.2主要试剂人干细胞复苏培养液、人干细胞培养液(E8)、消化液乙二胺四乙酸(ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid,EDTA)(北京赛贝公司,中国)。VitC、6-(2-(4-(2,4-二氯苯基)-5-(5-甲基-1H-咪唑-2-基)嘧啶-2-基)氨基)乙基)氨基)烟腈三盐酸盐(6-(2-(4-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-5-(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)
16、ethyl)amino)nicoti-nonitrile trihydrochloride,Chir99021)、二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulphoxide,DMSO)、含4,6-二氨基-2-苯基吲哚(4,6-diamino-2-phenyl indole,DAPI)封片剂(Sigma,美国);N-(6-甲基苯并 噻唑-2-基)-2-((4-氧代-3-苯基-3,4,6,7-四氢噻吩并3,2-d嘧啶-2-基)硫基)乙酰胺(N-(6-methyl-1,3-benzothia-zol-2-yl)-2-(4-oxo-3-phenyl-6,7-dihydrothieno3,2-dpyrimidi
17、n-2-yl)sulfanyl)acetamide,IWP-2)(Selleck,美国);磷酸盐缓冲溶液(phosphate bufferedsaline,PBS)、R PM I16 40 培养液、B27(Gibco,美国);低生长因子(growthfactorreduced,GFR)基质胶(Corning,美国);RNA提取试剂Trizol、A l e x a Fl u r o488标记的山羊抗兔和AlexaFluro594标记的山羊抗鼠荧光二抗(Invertogen,美国);一抗Nanog、心肌肌钙蛋白(cardiactroponinT,cTnT)和心脏特异性同源盒转录因子(Nk2home
18、obox5,Nkx2.5)(1:50)抗体(Abcam,美国);PrimeScriptIM RT reagent Kit(PerfectReal Time)试剂与 TB Green?Premix Ex TaqTM II(TliRNaseHPlus)试剂(Takara,中国)。引物合成由英潍捷基公司完成(序列见实验方法)。1.1.3仪器设备二氧化碳培养箱(Thermoforma3111,美国);超净工作台(SW-CJ-1FD,中国);倒置相差显微镜(Le-icaDMil,美国);正置荧光显微镜(Nikon88i,德国);小型冷冻台式离心机(Eppenddorf,德国);实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应
19、(real-time quantitative poly-merase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)仪(AppliedB-biosys-temsViVA7,美国);梯度PCR仪(LIFESimpliAmp,新加坡);普通冰箱(海尔,中国);超低温冰箱(Thermoforma,美国);液氮罐(Thermo Electron,美国);多功能酶标仪(MultiskanGO,美国);电子分析天平(电子JA1003,中国);制冰机(SIM-F104AY65,日本);漩涡振荡器(ThermofisherMaxiMIXII,美国);风热式电热干燥箱(GNP-9080,中国);高压蒸汽灭菌锅
20、(MLS-3780SANYO,日本);电动移液枪(Brand,德国);手持移液器(Eppenddorf,德国)1.2方法1.2.1干细胞培养从液氮罐中取出1支冻存的hESC,在37 水浴锅内左右摇晃使其迅速融化;加入到含有3mL人干细胞复苏培养液的离心管中,于2 0 0 g条件下离心5min,吸去上清液;加人5mL复苏培养液,重悬后加到预先用GFR(1:10 0)包被好的培养瓶中,48 h后换E8培养液进行培养,待细胞密度为7 0%8 0%时用EDTA消化后以团块传代。1.2.2诱导与分化待hESC培养至9 0%汇合度后,分别在RPMI1640中加人0、10、2 0、30、40、50、6 0、
21、7 0 mol/LVitC的基础培养液,用带有联合Chir99021(6mol/L)进行诱导分化,2 d后将Chir99021替换成Wnt信号抑制剂IWP-2(5mol/L),与不同浓度的VitC联合进行诱导分化,2 d后再更换为2%B27与不同浓度VitC联合诱导,并隔天换液维持。1.2.3光学显微镜观察hESC加人诱导分化培养液后,每天在光学显微镜下观察细胞的分化状态,观察不同浓度VitC对分化效果的影响,并记录下自发跳动心肌细胞出现的最早时间,对出现跳动的区域进行显微录像。1.2.4实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应检测各基因的表达分别收集诱导分化后第0 天、第2 天、第4天、第6天、第8 天和
22、第10 天的心肌细胞,用Trizol裂解法547-BME&ClinMed,September 2023,Vol.27,No.5生物医学工程与临床2 0 2 3年9 月第2 7 卷第5期提取总 RNA。用PrimeScriptrM RT reagent Kit 进行反转录,得到 cDNA 模板。使用 TB Green?Premix ExTaqTMII 试剂盒在实时荧光定量PCR仪 ABI VIVA7进行,扩增基因:同源盒转录因子基因(homeobox pro-tein gene,Nanog),性别决定因子同源盒 2 基因(sexdetermining region Y-box2 gene,Sox
23、2),心肌肌钙蛋白T基因(cardiac troponin T gene,cTnT),心脏特异性同源盒转录因子基因(Nk2 homeobox 5 jene,Nkx2.5),甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶基因(glyceraldehyde-3-phos-phate dehydrogenase,GA PDH)作为内参。相关基因引物序列:Nanog正向5-CAATGGTGT-GACGCAGAAGG-3,反向5-GAAGGTTCCCAGT-CGGGTTC-3;SOX2正向 5-AGAGAAAACCTGG-GAGGGT-3,反向 5-GCAAAGCTCCTACCGTACCA-3;cTnT正向5-GACAGAGC
24、GGAAAAGTGGGA-3,反向 5-CTCCTTGGCCTTCTCCCTCA-3;Nkx2.5 正向5-CAAGTGTGCGTCTGCCTTTC-3,反向5-CGCACAGCTCTTTCTTTTCGG-3;GAPDH 正向 5-GGA-GCGAGATCCCTCCAAAAT-3,反向 5-GGCTGTTGT-CATACTTCTCATGG-31.2.5免疫荧光在铺有盖玻片的2 4孔板中接种hESC,待其长至80%进行诱导分化。在诱导分化后第0 天、第2 天、第4天、第6 天、第8 天和第10 天收集细胞,用新鲜配制的 4%多聚甲醛溶液固定细胞2 0 min,1 X PBS洗 3 遍,每次 5
25、min。用 0.2%Triton X-100(PBS 配制)对细胞通透化处理 2 0 min,1 X PBS 洗 3 遍,每次5 min。4%牛血清白蛋白(albumin from bovine serum,BSA)封闭 45 min。加人一抗 Nanog、c T n T 和 Nkx2.5(1:50),4条件下孵育过夜,PBS 洗 3 遍,每次 5min。加人Alexa Fluro 488标记的山羊抗兔和 Alexa Fluro594标记的山羊抗鼠荧光二抗,室温避光孵育1h,用PBS 洗 3 遍,每次 5 min。加人含 DAPI 封片剂,在激光共聚焦扫描显微镜下观察拍照1.3统计学方法计量资
26、料以均数标准差表示,采用SPSS16.0统计软件进行处理。多样本均数间比较采用单因素方差分析(One way ANOVA),组间比较采用Dunnett或 LSD检验。P0.05)。心脏转录因子Nkx2.5mRNA在第10 天的表达,则表明40、50 mol/L组与6 0、7 0 mol/L组差异有显著统计学意义(P=0.001、0.0 0 1),40 mol/L组与50 mol/L组组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。见图5。2.0840 umol/L 组40 umol/L 组50mol/L组a50mol/L组1.5-60 mol/L组6-60mol/L组70 mol/L组m70mol/L组1
27、.00.52DOD2D4D6D8D10DOD2D4D6D8D10时间/d时间/d120r1 40040 mol/L 组=40 mol/L 组120010050mol/L组50umol/L组=60mol/L组=60mol/L组10008070mol/L组m70mol/L组80060600404002020000DOD2D4D6D8D10DOD2D4D6D8D10时间/d时间/d*P0.05)。心肌特550-BME&ClinMed,September2023,Vol.27,No.5生物医学工程与临床2 0 2 3年9 月第2 7 卷第5期异性标志物cTnT表达的对照组与40 mol/L组相比,荧光
28、强度差异有显著统计学意义(7.6 8 0 32.0 52 1vs20.54302.0524。P=0.0 0 4),而40 mol/L组与50mol/L组组间差异也有统计学意义(2 0.5430 2.0524vs10.47200.5774。P=0.0 2)。Nk x 2.5的表达,与对照组相比,无论是40 mol/L组还是50mol/L组,其荧光强度差异均有显著统计学意义(24.529 3 1.974 3、2 6.0 9 33 2.0 7 8 2 v s 11.0 57 7 0.7724。P=0.0 0 7.0.0 0 6),而40 mol/L组与50 mol/L组组间差异无统计学意义(P0.0
29、5)。见图6 8。DAPINanogMergedABCA:对照组;B:40mol/L组;C:50mol/L组图6免疫荧光检测心肌样细胞Nanog(标尺=10 0 m)Fig.6 Immunofluorescence staining images of Nanog in cardiac-like cells(scale bar=100 m)DAPIcTnTMergedABCA:对照组;B:40mol/L组;C:50mol/L组图7免疫荧光检测心肌样细胞cTnT(标尺=10 0 m)Fig.7 Immunofluorescence staining images of cTnT in cardi
30、ac-like cells(scale bar=100 m)551生物医学工程与临床2 0 2 3 年9 月第2 7 卷第5期BME&Clin Med,September 2023,Vol.27,No.5DAPINkx2.5MergedABCA:对照组;B:40mol/L组;C:50mol/L组图8 免疫荧光检测心肌样细胞Nkx2.5(标尺=10 0 m)Fig.8 Immunofluorescence staining images of Nkx2.5 in cardiac-like cells(scale bar=100 m)3讨论迄今为止,研究干细胞向心肌分化已发展将近20年。2 0 0
31、 1年KehatI及其同事首次报道一种通过拟胚体(embryoidbody,EB)来分化心肌细胞的方法,但该方法心肌分化效率非常低,只有不到8.1%的细胞能成功转化为跳动的心肌细胞。后来科学家们利用细胞因子激活素A(cytokineactivin A,Activin A)和骨形态发生蛋白4(bone morphogenetic protein4,BMP4)对干细胞进行分化,相比EB法,这种分化方式具有更高的效率,但该方法仅能在某些人类多能干细胞系中起作用,且细胞因子高昂的价格也阻滞了它的发展运用。后续有研究者发现Wnt/-Catenin信号传导抑制剂能进一步更有效诱导胚胎干细胞(embryon
32、icstem cell,ESC)向心肌细胞分化6 8 。也有的研究采用病毒过表达转录因子、细胞因子或者microRNA等进行心肌的诱导分化19 1。而从多种多样的诱导方案中,积极寻找高效、简便的诱导分化剂成为目前人们关注的焦点。抗坏血酸也称维生素C(VitC),是一种人类无法自身合成、只能通过食物摄取的必需营养素。一方面VitC是许多酶的重要辅助因子,它能通过调节DNA的合成和组蛋白羟化酶的活性来修改干细胞的表观遗传学/基因表达谱,从而影响细胞外基质(extracel-lularmatrix,ECM)的稳态12,也能通过DNA甲基化、转录谱和能量代谢影响ESC的多能性13。另一方面VitC对干
33、细胞增殖和分化也具有重要影响。VitC能通过增强8 T细胞的增殖和效应子功能影响T细胞的分化4,也可刺激人牙髓干细胞(human deciduouspulpstemcell,HDPSC)体外增殖及激活分化潜能15,还可促进精原干细胞增殖和降低其活性氧(reactiveoxygen species,ROS)的产生。有研究发现,Vitc不仅能通过促进胶原蛋白合成,促使诱导性多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSC)/hESC 来源的神经上皮样干细胞的生成和分化17,还能增加高表达蛋白TRF1的诱导性多能干细胞(induced pluripotentstem
34、 cells with high expression of the shelterin-complexproteinTRF1,iPSChighT)分化的心肌细胞数量18 。Choi SC等19 利用成纤维细胞生长因子4(fibroblastgrowthfactor4,FGF4)和VitC分化hESC来源的心肌细胞成功建立一种体外缺氧应激模型。而PerinoMG等2 0 则认为VitC可能是通过激活母亲DPP同源物1(果蝇)mothers against DPP homolog 1(Drosophila),SMAD1)通路促进ESC向心肌细胞分化。笔者的研究在已有的诱导分化方案上进行简化,采用
35、分化效果明确的化学小分子化合物Chir99021及552BME&ClinMed,September2023,Vol.27,No.5生物医学工程与临床2 0 2 3年9 月第2 7 卷第5期IWP-2联合不同浓度的VitC,探索在ESC的心肌诱导方案中VitC是否必须及发挥作用最合适的浓度范围。笔者研究将hESC培养到9 0%时,分别用含有不同浓度VitC序贯联合化学小分子Chir99021及IWP-2进行分化培养,在分化过程中发现不含VitC的培养组细胞大面积死亡,随着VitC浓度逐渐增高,细胞死亡数量逐渐下降。这表明VitC是这个诱导分化组合中不可或缺的因子。研究结果显示,随着分化时间的延长
36、,干细胞标志物Nanog的表达量逐渐下降,VitC40mol/L组比50.6 0、7 0 mol/L组Sox2的表达更快降低。心肌标志物Nkx2.5、c T n T mR NA 表达水平在VitC40mol/L组和50 mol/L组要远远高于6 0 mol/L组和7 0 mol/L组。在免疫荧光检测中也看到同样的趋势。笔者的结果进一步表明,Nanog的表达量随着分化天数逐渐下降,而Nkx2.5、c T n T 的表达量逐渐增加。综上所述,hESC分化为心肌细胞过程中,可观察到唯有浓度40 mol/L和50 mol/LVitC与Chir99021及IWP-2的组合分化方案才能成功且高效诱导hES
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