英语科技文翻译市公开课一等奖百校联赛优质课金奖名师赛课获奖课件.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,English Translation for Science and Technology,1/258,Introduction to Translation,2/258,Criteria of Translation,玄奘,：既须求真，又须喻俗,严复,（1853-1921）：Triple Principle of Translation,信（faithfulness）：忠实准确,达（expressiveness）：通顺流畅,雅（elegance）：文字古雅,鲁迅,信（,Faithfulness,）,顺（,Smoothness,）,3/258,林语堂,忠实（,faithfulness）,通顺（smoothness）,美（beautifulness）,傅雷,神似（,Resemblance in spirit,）：,以效果而论，文学翻译应该像临画一样，所求不在形似而在神似。,4/258,钱钟书,化境（,reaching the acme of perfection,）：,文学翻译最高境界是“化”，把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯差异而露出生硬牵强痕迹，又能完全保留原有风味。,刘重德,信、达、切,(faithfulness,expressiveness and closeness):,信于内容,(to be faithful to the content of the original);,达如其分,(to be as expressive as the original);,切合格调,(to be as close to the original style as possible).,5/258,英语科技文件翻译标准,科技翻译能够了解为一个科学“语码转换”，科学性是第一位，科技译文正确性是最主要。,忠实-忠于原意，传达信息准确；,通顺-文从字顺，译文格调贴近原文格调。,6/258,忠实,In computing work done,it is important always to keep in mind that the force and distance that are multiplied must be in the same direction.,相乘力和距离方向必须相同，,在所作计算工作中,，记住这一点往往是主要。,改,在计算所做功时,，用以相乘力和距离必须沿同一方向，一直记住这一点是很主要。,The motion of ions is the motion of such atoms,as have gained,or lost electrons,which in most cases takes place in chemical solutions.,离子运动也就是,原子得到或失去电子时,运动，在大多数情况下，化学溶液中发生这种现象。,改离子运动，也就是,已经得到或失去电子原子,运动，这种运动大多发生在化学溶液中。,7/258,Every body continues in its state of rest or,uniform motion in a straight line,unless acted upon by an external force.,每一物体如不受外力作用，将继续保持其静止状态或做,均匀直线运动,。,改,物体如不受外力作用，将继续保持其静止状态或做,匀速直线运动,。,8/258,通顺,Matter is anything having weight and occupying space.,物质是有重量和占据空间任何东西。,改凡是物质，都含有重量和占有空间。,What is large and what is small is relative.,什么是大和什么是小是相正确。,改大和小是相正确。,The report noted that being overweight has been linked to sickness and death from such diseases as high blood pressure,diabetes,heart disease and gallbladder.,汇报指出，过胖与疾病及诸如高血压、糖尿病、心脏病和胆囊疾病引发死亡相关。,改汇报指出，肥胖轻易引发疾病，轻易造成由高血压、糖尿病、心脏病和胆囊疾病等引发死亡。,9/258,Three Qualifications for the Translation of EST,Good Command of English,Good Command of Chinese,Familiarity with Knowledge of Science and Technology,10/258,英语科技文件翻译过程,了解阶段,结合上下文，推敲词义,辨明语法，搞清关系,了解原文所包括事物,表示阶段,直译,意译,11/258,结合上下文，推敲词义,Various speeds may be obtained by the use of large and small,pulleys,.,误,利用大小,滑轮,能够取得不一样速度。,正,利用大小,皮带轮,能够取得不一样速度。,The rate of dissociation was followed by placing the,unit,on a,scale,and noting the weight loss due to chlorine evolution.,误,离解速度可由在,标尺,上,刻度,得出，并注意因为氯放出而引发重量损失。,正,离解速度是经过以下方法求得：将该,设备,放置在,天平,上，并统计因为氯放出而引发重量损失。,12/258,辨明语法，搞清关系,As friction manifests itself as a resistance that opposes motion,it,is usually considered as a nuisance.,误,摩擦是运动阻力，所以,阻力,常被人看成讨厌东西。,正,摩擦是运动阻力，所以常被人看成讨厌东西。,Intense light and heat in the open contrasted with the coolness of shaded avenues and the interiors of buildings.,误 强烈光线和露天场所酷热，同林荫道上清凉和建筑物内部形成了对比。,正露天场所强烈光线和酷热，同林荫道上和建筑物内部清凉形成了对比。,13/258,了解原文所包括事物,Do you know that the bee navigates by,polarized light,and the fly controls its flight by its back wings?,误,你知道蜜蜂借助,极光,飞行，而苍蝇用后翅控制飞行吗？,正,你知道蜜蜂借助,偏振光,飞行，而苍蝇用后翅控制飞行吗？,In modern operations tin is generally deposited on the steel plate by,electrolytic action,.,误,在当代工艺中，普通是用,电解法,将锡镀在钢片上。,正,在当代工艺中，普通是用,电镀法,将锡镀在钢片上。,14/258,直译（,Literal Translation,）,直译：把忠实于原文内容放在第一位，把忠实于原文形式放在第二位，把通顺译文形式放在第三位。,假如译文和原文相同形式能表示和原文相同内容，能够直译。,Translate literally wherever possible.,15/258,意译（,Free/Liberal Translation,）,意译：把忠实于原文内容放在第一位，把通顺译文形式放在第二位，不拘泥于原文形式。,假如译文和原文相同形式不能表示和原文相同内容，普通意译。,Translate liberally if necessary.,16/258,英语科技文件语言特点,“科技文件”是一个集体名词，泛指科技论文、研究汇报、技术标准、科技广告、科技产品指南、科技图书、科技教材、科普读物、科技新闻等各种类型和文体。,科技语言是反应客观现实世界工具，为了能客观准确地描述客观世界实情，科技语言尽可能在语言使用上规范地道，在语言形式上简明准确，在语义了解上直接明了，尽可能不出现语言变异现象。科技文件追求是形式与逻辑结合。,17/258,“It appears that youve got the offer of a very good job.”,“A wonderful job.”,“Are you going to take it?”,“I dont think so.”,“Why not?”,“I dont want to.”,“,听说有个很好工作要你去干。”,“挺好工作。”,“打算干吗？”,“不。”,“为何不干？”,“不想干。”,18/258,这是小说中一段对话，属于口语文体。其特点是：用词自由，句法结构简单，短句与省略句多，自然朴素，生活气息浓厚。在译文中深入表达汉语口语特点，省去主语“你”、“我”；将英语一个句子,I dont think so.,干脆译成一个字“不”，显得简练有力。,19/258,She was of a helpless,fleshy build,with a frank,open countenance and an innocent,diffident manner.Her eyes were large and patient,and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about.,那妇人生着一副绵软多肉体格，一张坦率开诚面容，一个天真羞怯神气。一双大落落柔顺眼睛，里边隐藏着无穷心事，只有那些对于凄惶无告穷苦人面目作过同情观察人才看得出来。,20/258,这是文艺文体，其特点是：语言凝练，形象生动，修辞富于艺术色彩，大量使用形容词。五十一个词片段，就利用了十个形容词，占五分之一。“,and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress”,是非常优美生动文学语言，译文保持了这一格调。,21/258,MONTREAL-Clark Johns accomplished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight,the first score launching a four-point first period outburst,to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6-4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecutive game without a loss.,蒙特利尔电在全国手球联赛中克拉克,约翰斯今晚初试锋芒，引发轰动。上半场领先四分，首开统计。,克拉克发挥中坚作用，约翰逊市高帽队终以6：4击败蒙特利尔市小鸭队，创造了连胜八场未负一场战绩。,22/258,这是属于应用文新闻文体，其特点是简明扼要，短小精悍，结构紧凑，笔锋犀利。这则电讯只有一个句子，却把一场球赛描绘得淋漓尽致，富于吸引力。,23/258,日常英语,People,get,natural rubber from rubber trees as a white,milky liquid,which is called,latex.They,mix it with,acid,and dry it,and then they,send it,to countries all over the world.As the rubber industry,grew,people,needed,more and more rubber.They,started,rubber plantations in countries with hot,wet weather conditions,but these still could not,give enough,raw rubber to,meet the needs,of growing industry.,科技英语,Natural rubber,is obtained,from rubber trees as a white,milky liquid,known as,latex.This,is treated with,acid and dried,before being dispatched,to countries all over the world.As the rubber industry,developed,more and more rubber was,required,.Rubber plantations were,established,in countries with a hot,humid climate,but these still could not,supply sufficient,raw rubber,to satisfy the requirements,of developing industry.,24/258,一、大量使用名词化结构（,Nominalization,）,Archimedes first discovered the principle that water is displaced by solid bodies.,Archimedes first discovered the principle,of displacement of water by solid bodies,.,阿基米德最先发觉固体排水原理。,The earth rotates on its own axis,which causes the change from day to night.,The rotation of the earth on its own axis,causes the change from day to night.,地球绕轴自转，引发昼夜改变。,Television transmits and receives images of moving objects by radio waves.,Television is,the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves,.,电视经过无线电波发射和接收活动物体图象。,25/258,二、广泛使用被动句,Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.,应该注意机器工作温度。,You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine.,你们必须注意机器工作温度。,We,can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium.,We,call such a device a capacitor,or a condenser,and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance.,We,measure capacitance in farads.,我们可将电能储存在由一绝缘介质隔开两块金属极板内。我们称这么装置为电容器，称其储存电能能力为电容。我们使用方法拉为单位来测量电容。,Electrical energy,can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium.,Such a device,is called a capacitor,or a condenser,and,its ability to store electrical energy,is termed capacitance.,It,is measured in farads.,电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开两块金属极板内。这么装置称之为电容器，其储存电能能力为电容。电容测量单位是法拉。,26/258,三、非限定动词,A direct current is a current,which flows always in the same direction,.,A direct current is a current,flowing always in the same direction,.,直流电是一个总是沿同一方向流动电流。,Heat causes air currents to rise,when it is radiating from the earth,.,Radiating from the earth,heat causes air currents to rise.,热量由地球辐射出来时，使得气流上升。,A body can move uniformly and in a straight line,if there is no cause to change that motion,.,A body can move uniformly and in a straight line,there being no cause to change that motion,.,假如没有改变物体运动原因，那么物体将作匀速直线运动。,Vibrating objects produce sound waves,and each vibration,produces one sound wave.,Vibrating objects produce sound waves,each vibration producing one sound wave,.,振动着物体产生声波，每一次振动产生一个声波。,27/258,四、后置定语,介词短语,The forces,due to friction,are called frictional forces.,因为摩擦而产生力称之为摩擦力。,A call,for paper,is now being issued.,征集论文通知现正陆续发出。,形容词及形容词短语,In this factory the only fuel,available,is coal.,该厂唯一可用燃料是煤。,In radiation,thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy,similar in nature to light,.,热能辐射时，转换成性质与光相同辐射能。,28/258,副词,The air,outside,pressed the side in.,外面空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。,The force,upward,equals the force,downward,so that the balloon stays at the level.,向上力与向下力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。,单个分词，但仍保持较强动词意义,The results,obtained,must be checked.,取得结果必须加以校核。,The heat,produced,is equal to the electrical energy,wasted,.,产生热量等于浪费了电能。,29/258,定语从句,During construction,problems often arise,which require design changes,.,在施工过程中，常会出现需要改变设计问题。,Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day,to which we pay little attention,.,我们几乎没有注意很奇异物质改变天天都在眼前发生。,To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235,in which all the atoms are available for fission,.,制造原子弹，我们必须用铀,235,，因为铀全部原子都会裂变。,30/258,五、惯用句型,It seems that,these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting.,看来这两个科学分支是相互依存，相互作用。,Computers,may be classified,as analog and digital.,计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。,In water sound travels nearly,five times as fast as,in air.,声音在水中传输速度几乎是在空气中传输速度五倍。,Ice keeps the same temperature,while melting,.,冰在溶化时，其温度保持不变。,All substances,whether gaseous,liquid or solid,are made of atoms.,一切物质，不论是气态、液态、还是固态，都由原子组成。,31/258,六、长句,The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led,in the first instance,to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibrations,and,at a later stage,to the definite conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium having the physical character assumed in the hypothesis.,为了解释光学现象，人们曾试图假定有一个含有与弹性固体相同物理性质介质。这种尝试结果，最初曾使人们了解到一个能传输横向振动介质详细实例，但以后却使人们得出了这么一个明确结论：并不存在任何含有上述假定所认为那种物理性质发光介质。,32/258,七、复合词与缩略词,Full-enclosed,全封闭,Feed-back,反馈,Maths (mathematics),数学,Lab (laboratory),试验室,Ft (foot/feet),英尺,FM (frequency modulation),调频,TELESAT (telecommunications satellite),通信卫星,33/258,科技英语翻译基本方法和技巧,34/258,词义选择,英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义现象。,一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，含有几个不一样意思。,一词多义就是说同一个词在同一个词类中，又往往有几个不一样词义。,35/258,依据词类选择词义,An electron is an extremely small corpuscle with negative charge which,rounds,about the nucleus of an atom.,电子是绕着原子核转动带有负电荷极其微小粒子。（动词）,The earth goes,round,the sun.,地球围绕太阳运行。（介词）,Round,surface reflector is a key unit for the solar energy device.,弯曲面反射器是太阳能装置关键元件。（形容词）,The tree measures forty inches,round,.,这棵树树围40英寸。（副词）,This is the whole,round,of knowledge.,这就是全部知识范围。（名词）,36/258,Like,charges repel,unlike charges attract.,同性,电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。（形容词）,In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining,like,gold.,在射入窗内阳光里，细微尘埃,象,金子普通在闪闪发亮。（介词）,It is the atoms that make up iron,water,oxygen and the,like,.,正是原子组成了铁、水、氧,等类物质,。（名词）,He,likes,making experiments in chemistry.,他,喜欢,做化学试验。（动词）,Waves in water move,like,the waveform moves along a rope.,波在水中移动就,象,波形沿着绳子移动一样。（连词）,37/258,Plastics was at first,based,on coal and wood.,最初塑料是从煤和木材中提取。（动词）,As we all know,a,base,reacts with an acid to form a salt.,众所周知，碱与酸起反应变成盐。（名词）,Iron and brass are,base,metals.,铁和黄铜为非珍贵金属。（形容词）,We have now accumulated a considerable,body,of knowledge about electronics.,当前，我们在电子学方面已经积累了,大量,知识。（名词）,They are in desperate need of this kind of,bodied,oil.,他们非常需要这种,聚合,油。（过去分词）,Imagination,bodies,forth the forms of things unknown.,想象力能使未知事物形象,展现,出来。（动词）,38/258,依据上下文选择词义,Our,work,today is to work out the design.,我们今天,工作,是把设计做出来。,To move something is to do,work,.,移动物体就是作,功,。,We like his,works,very much.,我们非常喜欢他,著作,。,The building of these giant iron and steel,works,will greatly accelerate the development of the iron and steel industry of our country.,这些大型钢铁,厂,建立会大大地加速我国钢铁工业发展。,The,works,of these watches and clocks are all home-produced.,这些钟表里,机件,全部都是国产。,39/258,The electronic microscope possesses very high resolving,power,compared with the optical microscope.,与光学显微镜相比，电子显微镜含有极高分辨,率,。,Power,can be transmitted over a long distance.,电力,能够输送到很远地方。,The fourth,power,of three is eighty-one.,34,次方,是81。,The combining,power,of one element in the compound must equal the combining power of the other element.,化合物中一个元素化合,价,必须等于另一元素化合价。,Explosive technological development after 1940 gave the medical profession enormous,power,to fight disease and sickness.,1940年以来，伴随技术快速发展，医学界大大提升了战胜疾病,能力,。,Semiconductor devices have no filament or heaters and therefore require no heating,power,or warmed up time.,半导体器件没有灯丝，所以不需要加热,功率,和加热时间。,A car needs a lot of,power,to go fast.,汽车高速行驶需要很大,动力,。,Streams and waterfall are suitable for the development of hydroelectric,power,.,溪流和瀑布适适用于开发水电,能源,。,40/258,The nucleus is the information center of the,cell,.,细胞核是,细胞,信息中枢。,He was imprisoned in a,cell,.,他被关在监狱,单人小牢房,中。,In the center of the spacious workshop stood a,cell,with packets of block anodes.,在宽大车间中央有一个装有一组组阳极板,电解槽,。,When the ends of a copper wire are joined to a device called an electric,cell,a steady stream of electricity flows through the wire.,当把一根铜丝两端连接到一个叫做,电池,电器上时，就会有稳定电流流过该铜丝。,41/258,试译以下各句，注意依据词类确定划线词词义：,Aluminum is,light,and strong so that it is widely used in aircraft industry.,Like,charges repel,while unlike charges attract.,It is the atoms that make up iron,water,oxygen and the,like,.,A magnetic field is build up,round,the coil.,Small,as,atoms are,electrons are still smaller.,42/258,Key:,铝既轻又坚硬，所以广泛用于航空工业。,同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。,正是原子组成了铁、水、氧等等。,线圈周围形成了一个磁场。,原子虽小，但电子却更小。,43/258,试译以下各句，注意依据上下文确定划线词词义：,When sunlight,falls,on the leaves of plants,it is transformed into chemical energy.,There is no,physical,contact between workpiece and tool.,The amount of work is equal to the product of the force,by,the distance.,The thicker the wire,the more,freely,it will carry current,and the less its resistance.,When the,pressure,gets low,the boiling point becomes low.,44/258,Key:,当阳光照在植物叶子上时，就变成化学能。,工件和刀具不直接接触。,功大小等于力和距离乘积。,导线越粗，就越轻易导电，电阻也就越小。,气压低，沸点就低。,45/258,词义引申,所谓词义引申，就是指对一些英语词汇含义加以扩展和变通，使其更准确地表示原文词汇所表示特定意思。,46/258,专业化引申,His mother died of,difficult labor,.,他母亲死于难产。（困难劳动）,The major problem in manufacturing is the control of contamination and,foreign material.,制造时一个主要问题是控制污染和杂质。（外界物质）,The running of such automated establishments remains only a matter of,reading,various meters mounted on panels.,管理这种自动化工厂只不过要求查看一下控制台上各种仪表而已。（阅读）,More weight must be placed on the,past history,of patients.,必须愈加重视患者病史。（过去历史）,The bacterial pneumonia may complicate influenza at,both,extremes of age,.,幼儿和老年流行性感冒患者可并发细菌性肺炎。（年纪两个极端）,47/258,The doctor may insert thin needles into the skin of a patient at,key,points,along meridians.,医生能够把一些细针沿病人身上经络插进穴位中。（关键点）,Everything is ready,so I,call,the morning paper up on the screen.,一切准备就绪，于是我把早报调入屏幕。（喊叫）,This kind of wood,works,easily.,这种木料易于加工。（工作）,The patient had been,given,three transfusions after he was admitted into the hospital.,病人入院后已输过三次血了。（给）,This medicine,acts,well on the heart.,这种药治疗心脏病疗效很好。（起作用）,48/258,详细化或形象化引申,Other,things,being equal,copper hea