油田硫化氢防控标准分析与建议.pdf

2023 年第 39 卷第 2 期石油化工安全环保技术PETROCHEMICAL SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY52硫化氢（H2S）是仅次于氰化物，易致人死亡的有毒气体，可能存在于油田钻完井、油气处理、集输等工艺流程，不仅会造成设备损坏和环境污染，还严重威胁员工的生命安全。近些年油田的稠油热采开发、采出水硫酸盐还原菌等造成的次生硫化氢危害不容忽视，涉及到硫化氢危害的油田主要有胜利油田、江苏油田、河南油田、中原油田等。以胜利油田为例，含硫化氢生产井约占生产井总数的 10%、含硫化氢集输站场占比 73%，涉及 1 634 个岗位，设施数量众多、区域分布较广。1东部油田含硫化氢设备、设施特点与我国西南、西北地区油气田相比，东部油田含硫化氢设备、设施具有以下特点：1.1硫化氢浓度含量相对较低我国含硫化氢气田主要分布在西北塔里木、准格尔盆地和西南四川盆地1。东部油田油藏硫化氢含量总体较低。根据调研统计，东部油田设备中硫化氢浓度在 1 500 mg/m3（1 000 mg/L）以上 的 站 场 占 4%，4501 500 mg/m3（300 mg/L）的站场占 18%，450 mg/m3（300 mg/L）以下站场的占 78%。绝大多数油田站场设备硫化氢浓度在450 mg/m3以下。1.2硫化氢气体分压低东部油田油井油气比低，设备运行压力收稿日期：2022-04-02作者简介：刘洋，男，2009 年毕业于法国勒阿弗尔大学安全工程专业，硕士，主要从事安全技术咨询和安全评价工作，高级工程师。E-mail:油田硫化氢防控标准分析与建议刘洋1,2，朱丽国1,2，张鲁1,2，杜帆1,2（1.中国石油化工股份有限公司胜利油田分公司，山东 东营 257062；2.胜利油田检测评价研究有限公司，山东 东营 257062）摘要：针对当前东部油田硫化氢防控现状，梳理现行国家、行业、企业标准规范、制度，分析研究其适用性；调研东部油田站场、设施分布、生产运行参数、地理环境特点，并开展泄漏后果模拟仿真和实验测试，确定东部油田硫化氢泄漏后的扩散规律，提出含硫化氢设备危险分级方法，并以此为基础制定东部油田硫化氢风险管控企业标准，实现硫化氢风险的精准管控，提升安全水平。关键词：硫化氢东部油田泄漏扩散规律危险分级防控标准通常在 0.120.5 MPa（绝）。以站场设备硫化氢浓度含量计算，大多数设备的硫化氢分压在0.000 2 MPa（绝）以下。按照标准规范，只有气体总压 0.45 MPa（绝），气体中硫化氢分压 0.000 35 MPa（绝）的含有水和硫化氢的天然气，称为含硫酸性天然气2，因此在生产实际中不能完全照搬标准中相关要求。2 石油天然气行业在用硫化氢标准适用性分析石油天然气行业针对硫化氢防控有多项标准规范、规定，东部油田工程设计、施工和生产运行过程常参考的规范有硫化氢环境人身防护规 范（SY/T 62772017）、硫化氢环境天然气采集与处理安全规范（SY/T 61372017）等，这些规范更适用于高含硫、高油气比等地区。见表 1。通过对以上标准规范的适用性分析，主要存在以下问题：2.1行业范围不适用国家标准石油化工可燃气体和有毒气体 刘洋等.油田硫化氢防控标准分析与建议 532023 年第 39 卷第 2 期检测报警设计标准（GB/T 504932019），重点是用于石油化工新建、扩建工程的有毒气体检测报警设计，对东部油田站场如何有针对性的设置安装有毒气体检测报警没有明确的条文规定。呼吸防护用品的选择、使用与维护（GB/T 186642002）适用于空气环境中涉有毒污染物行业的呼吸用品防护。而该导则及附录中没有针对介质泄漏事故状态下的环境空气中硫化氢浓度来确定应急物资配置的要求，因此在实际工作中不能按照该标准直接指导工作3。2.2 高含硫化氢天然气采气等相关行业标准不适用如高含硫化氢气田地面集输系统设计规范（SY/T 06122014）等标准在制定时更多考虑到了我国西南、西北等地区的高含硫气田，防控要求普遍较高，不适用于东部油田。2.3企业标准匮乏目前企业标准中仅有高含硫化氢天然气集输管道运行技术规范（Q/SH 05682013）、含硫化氢天然气井井下作业施工规范（Q/SH 05462013）、高含硫化氢油气井气体监测设备及呼吸器配备与使用（Q/SH 04652012）3 个制定时间较早的标准，东部油田的硫化氢相关防控标准一直处于空白。2.4东部各油田硫化氢防护管理制度不完善东部各油田制定的硫化氢防护管理规定普遍存在风险分级管控措施不具体、检测报警设施配置范围广，防护用品配备数量多等问题，给基层隐患治理带来困扰。综合以上分析，东部油田与西南、西北地区相比具有明显的特点。涉硫化氢站场、设备、设施、岗位数量众多，按照现行国家、行业标准等推荐要求，盲目配备大量监测设施、气防装备，不仅与“风险精准管控”主旨不适应，而且还造成资源的浪费，给基层单位带来维修保养的不便。因此应结合国家、集团公司对安全管理的最新要求完善相关标准、制度。3 开展基于东部油田硫化氢泄漏后果的硫化氢防控企业标准研究针对以上问题，通过调研分析、理论研究、模拟仿真、实验验证的路线开展东部油田硫化氢防控企业标准研究，提出在有毒气体泄漏检测、气 防设备等方面建立东部油田硫化氢分级管控标准。3.1东部油田硫化氢泄漏后果仿真与实验测试在对胜利油田、江苏油田、河南油田调研分析的基础上，按照东部油田地理环境、工艺设施特点，开展基于计算流体动力学方法的泄漏仿真。模拟了油田含硫站场主要设备在当地风向、风速、不同泄漏孔径共 872 个组合工况下的泄漏场景，统计分析了 1 584 个泄漏后果，并通过气体泄漏实验验证了泄漏仿真的准确性，确定了东表 1石油天然气行业在用硫化氢标准适用性一览序号 标准类别标准名称标准号适用性分析1 国家标准石油化工可燃气体和有毒气体检测报警设计标准GB/T 504932019使用石油化工行业有毒气体检测2 国家标准呼吸防护用品的选择、使用与维护GB/T186642002适用于空气环境中涉有毒污染物行业的 呼吸用品防护3 行业标准含硫化氢天然气井公众危害程度分级方法AQ 20172008适用于含硫化氢天然气井4 行业标准含硫化氢天然气井公众危害防护距离AQ 20182008适用于含硫化氢天然气井5 行业标准高含硫化氢气田地面集输系统设计规范SY/T 06122014适用于高含硫化氢气田6 行业标准硫化氢环境天然气采集与处理安全规范SY/T 61372017适用于高含硫化氢环境天然气采集7 行业标准硫化氢环境人身防护规范SY/T 62772017适用于高含硫化氢环境8 行业标准硫化氢环境原油采集与处理安全规范SY/T 73582017固定式硫化氢检测报警器设置要求较高9 企业标准高含硫化氢天然气集输管道运行技术规范Q/SH 05682013适用于高含硫化氢气田10 企业标准 高含硫化氢油气井气体监测设备及呼吸器配备与使用 Q/SH 04652012适用于高含硫化氢气田11 企业标准高含硫化氢气田天然气集输系统设计规范Q/SH 02452009适用于高含硫化氢气田石油化工安全环保技术542023 年第 39 卷第 2 期部油田硫化氢泄漏事故演变规律：1）东部油田地形地势平坦，站场区域开阔，不易形成复杂的风场导致泄漏硫化氢的阻塞，利于大气中泄漏硫化氢的扩散稀释。2）风速是硫化氢泄漏的控制因素，东部油田所处区域常年风速高、静风频率低，泄漏后硫化氢易达到泄漏扩散平衡，泄漏范围变化小，距离相对较短，通常限于装置区域，受站场围墙阻挡，站外影响有限。3）石油天然气油气处理设备相对炼油、化工行业其高度偏低，泄漏高度与方向（水平或垂直）对扩散距离影响小。4）东部油田站场泵房内的管线、阀组等设备气相空间小，油水中硫化氢溶解量少，泄漏后造成的危害后果低；计量间空间小、通风效果差且无人值守，泄漏后造成的危害相对较高。3.2标准编制根据模拟东部油田含硫化氢设备泄漏后的大量数据，建立了东部油田含硫化氢设备泄漏后果模型，提出东部油田硫化氢泄漏危险分级方法，并在研究成果的基础上，制定胜利油田企业标准油田含硫化氢危险区域分级方法，明确站场含硫化氢设备设施危险区域划分方法，实施东部油田站场含硫化氢设备的风险精准管控。3.3现场应用根据该标准指导，在胜利油田孤岛采油厂针对站内含硫化氢设备设施划分事故状态下应急区域，建立分级警示标识，提出站内监测、防护设施配置建议，并以此为孤岛采油厂进一步开展硫化氢泄漏风险评估等工作提供技术支持，为硫化氢防控工作提供更加科学的技术依据。标准中提出了东部油田含硫化氢站场、计量间固定式硫化氢报警仪分级设置要求，正压式空气呼吸器安全高效配置数量，为重点隐患治理项目提供科学、准确、高效、经济的决策依据。4建议4.1完善标准、制度建设在贯彻应用油田含硫化氢危险区域分级方法的同时，结合国家、集团公司对安全管理的最新要求，对现行硫化氢环境原油采集与处理安全规范（SY/T 73582017）、各企业硫化氢防护安全管理规定相关内容进行修订以提升标准适用性，同时制定大型企业标准，优化东部油田硫化氢防控措施。4.2进一步开展关键技术研究进一步开展基于激光光谱吸收原理的硫化氢在线检测技术研究。研制响应速度快、成本低的在线检测设备，并对现有的固定式硫化氢检测报警器布置提出优化方案。5结语通过调研东部油田开发生产过程中的硫化氢风险防控措施，分析现行标准规范的适用性，有针对性的开展相关技术研究，依托科技成果形成标准规范，有效提升东部油田硫化氢防控水平，以助推行业安全发展。参考文献：1 戴金星.中国含硫化氢的天然气分布特征、分类及其成因探讨 J.沉积学报，1985（4）：109-120.2 中国石油天然气集团公司.油田油气集输设计规范：GB 503502015S.北京：中国计划出版社，2015.3 韩立强.油气田硫化氢泄漏风险状态下呼吸防护设备的优化配置 J.中国石油石化，2017（1）：104-106.quently in work activities that involve work at height in petrochemical industry in China,a large part of which is related to scaffolding.Whether the scaffolding is unsta-ble,collapsed or capsized,or the workers fall from height in the process of scaffolding removal or use,all of these have caused serious casualties.In the inspection,it was found that the main root causes of the frequent scaffold-ing accidents were the lack of targeted scaffolding plans,the insufficient professionalism of the erection staff who set up the scaffolding at will,material defects,no scaffolding specialists and so forth.By putting forward specific preventive measures combined with the good experience and practice of the enterprise,the obvious problems of scaffolding on site can be solved effectively so that scaffolding accidents can be reduced.Key words:scaffolding;instability and collapse;high falling;account book;whole process managementSAFETY PROTECTION MEASURES FOR FLAME MONITORING AND FLAMEOUT PROTECTION OF GAS-FIRED HEATERS41Ren Xiangjuan1,Wan Xiaofang2.(1.Dalian Branch of Daqing Huakai Petrochemical Design Project,Dalian,Liaoning,116039;2.PetroChina Liaoyang Petrochemi-cal Company,Liaoyang,Liaoning,111000)Abstract:This paper introduces and analyzes the safety of gas-fired heaters and the technical characteristics of flame monitoring and flameout protection in China at present.Relevant rectification requirements issued by the national Ministry of Emergency Management in-clude adding flame monitoring and flameout protection settings for the operating gas-fired heaters and heaters with heat-transfer oil.Different technical transforma-tion routes are put forward according to the different conditions of domestic active gas-fired heaters:the gas-fired heaters of single burners are equipped with opti-cal flame detector and corresponding interlocking;the gas-fired heaters with 2 3 burners are equipped with optical flame monitoring and corresponding flameout protection;for gas-fired heaters with more than 4 burn-ers(including 4 burners),furnace flame monitoring TV with alarm function and corresponding flameout protec-tion shall be designed.Key words:gas-fired heater;burner;safety;flame monitoring;flameout protectionSIMULATION ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH ON POOL FIRE OF IMPOUNDING BASIN IN LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS TERMINAL45Liu Yi.(SINOPEC Engineering Incorporation,Beijing,100101)Abstract:The leakage of LNG easily leads to methane diffusion,fire and explosion accidents.This paper dis-cusses the working conditions of pool fire and introduc-es the current research status and achievements of pool fire in LNG terminal.The pool fire of impounding basin set in full containment tank is simulated,analyzed and studied by adopting the PHAST software.The paper studies the influences of different wind speed,atmo-spheric stability,ambient temperature,relative humidi-ty,the size of impounding basin and the selecting prin-ciples of equivalent diameter on the calculation results of thermal radiation.The thermal radiation of pool fire is simulated and calculated,and the thermal radiation flux under different working conditions are obtained.According to the criterion of thermal radiation damage,the discrimination method of thermal radiation influ-ence protection distance is put forward.This provides reference for the study of pool fire radiation effects in the impounding basin of LNG terminal.Key words:liquefied natural gas/LNG;impounding basin;pool fires;equivalent diameter;thermal radiationRISK ANALYSIS OF OPERATION IN CON-CENTRATING SOLAR POWER PLANTS BY GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING CREW AND COUNTERMEASURES50Dai Zhiyong1,Cheng Zonghua2,Yan Ying3,Yong Yong-zheng1.(1.BGP Inc.,China National Petroleum Cor-poration,Baoding,Hebei,071000;2.CNPC Research Institute of Safety&Environment Technology Co.,Ltd.,Beijing,102200;3.RONGTONG Property Manage-ment Company,Wuhan,Hubei,430061)Abstract:Operation sites of geophysical prospecting crew are usually areas with abundant solar energy re-serves such as deserts and Gobi.CSP(Concentrating solar power)plants are generally built in such environ-ment,and they occupy a very large area after large-scale construction.If there is a concentrating solar power plant at the prospecting teams operation site,offsetting the shooting points will cause a great impact on the quality of geophysical data acquiring and production profit;while prospecting inside the CSP plant will face many new risks and challenges.This paper conducts a risk analysis on the operation of geophysical prospecting crew enter-ing the CSP plant and puts forward countermeasures and risk control measures for the main risks.Key words:geophysical prospecting operation;con-centrating solar power/CSP;risk analysisANALYSIS AND SUGGESTION ON PREVEN-TION AND CONTROL STANDARDS OF HY-DROGEN SULFIDE IN OIL FIELD52Liu Yang1,2,Zhu Liguo1,2,Zhang Lu1,2,Du Fan1,2.(1.Technical Inspection Center of SINOPEC Shengli Oil-field Co.,Ltd.,Dongying,Shandong,257062;2.Shengli Oilfield Inspection and Assessment Research Co.,Ltd.,Dongying,Shandong,257062)Abstract:Aiming at the prevention and control status of hydrogen sulfide in eastern oilfields,this paper sorted out the current national,industrial and enterprise stan-dards,norms and systems and analyzes their applicabil-ity.It investigated the distribution of stations,facilities,production and operation parameters and geographical environment characteristics of eastern oilfield and conducted simulation and experimental test of leakage consequences.It also determined the diffusion rules of hydrogen sulfide after leakage in eastern oilfield,pro-posed a hazard classification method for hydrogen sul-fide-containing equipment.Based on this,the enterprise standard of risk management and control of hydrogen sulfide in eastern oilfield was formulated in order to achieve accurate risk control of hydrogen sulfide and improve safety of the enterprise.ABSTRACTSPETROCHEMICAL SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGYBimonthly.20 Apr.2023 Vol.39 No.2Key words:hydrogen sulfide/H2S;eastern oilfield;leakage diffusion law;hazard classification;prevention and control standardsEXPLORATION AND PRACTICE OF WA-TER INJECTION QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF OFFSHORE OIL PRODUCTION PLAT-FORM55Ma Liang,Wang Peng,Zhang Laiyuan,Zhang Wei.(Tianjin Branch of CNOOC(China)Limited,Tianjin,300450)Abstract:The development activities of offshore oil-fields are concentrated on the oil production platform with a relatively small area.Due to the facility space of the oil recovery platform and compared to the onshore oilfield,the offshore oilfield treatment facilities are characterized by a high degree of integration and limit-ed facility capacity and so on.These factors place high demands on the treatment efficiency of the equipment at all levels of the sewage treatment system in the process of water injection development of offshore oil recovery platform.It is necessary to give full play to the good performance of the equipment and rely on the daily del-icacy management of the team,so as to realize various indicators required by water injection development.Key words:offshore oilfield;water flooding;indicator;water quality improvementOPTIMIZATION AND APPLICATION OF COAL-WATER SLURRY GASIFICATION BLACK WATER TREATMENT PROCESS59Chang Liang,Zhang Yu.(Yankuang Group Lunan Chemical Co.,Ltd.,Tengzhou,Shandong,277527)Abstract:Aiming at the current environmental prob-lems caused by the external sale of gasification filter cake,and the price of the external sale being far lower than the economic benefits generated by the recovery and utilization of the filter cake,the optimal treatment process was selected based on the comparison and se-lection of different treatment technologies for black wa-ter.This not only solved a series of problems resulting from the current disposal of filter cake,but also created more economic benefits for the company.Key words:coal-water slurry gasification;black water;filter cake;recyclingON PROCESS OPTIMIZATION OF REVERSE OSMOSIS CONCENTRATED WATER TREAT-MENT SYSTEM FOR REFINERY WASTEWA-TER62Zhang Xin,Tao Yujiang.(PetroChina Yunnan Petro-chemical Company Limited,Kunming,Yunnan,650300)Abstract:“Ultrafiltration+reverse osmosis(RO)”process was applied for deep reuse of wastewater in a petrochemical company.In the actual treatment of RO concentrated water,the quality and quantity of inlet water is changed due to the entry of flue gas desulfuriza-tion wastewater,which affects the standard discharge of chemical oxygen demand and total nitrogen of the con-centrated water treatment system.In particular,only 68%of the total nitrogen in the wastewater reached the set standard.The reduction of the standard discharge rate of reverse osmosis concentrated water has become a bottle-neck that restricts the increase of wastewater reuse rate.In the production process,the problems of total nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand were solved through the process adjustment and optimization operation involving the concentrated water treatment system ozone dosing,denitrification filter operation and biological filter oper-ation and so forth.And the concentrated water was dis-charged up to standard,and the reuse rate of wastewater was raised from 72%to more than 80%,which achieved the goal of water saving and emission reduction.Key words:refinery wastewater;reuse ratio;concen-trated water;total nitrogen;denitrification filterABSTRACTSPETROCHEMICAL SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGYBimonthly.20 Apr.2023 Vol.39 No.2彩页索引封 1 江苏中天伯乐达变压器有限公司封 2 广州三业科技有限公司封 3 天长市康弘石油管材有限公司封 4 成都华西化工科技股份有限公司前插页1 北京精诚信达环保净化设备有限公司2 宣达实业集团有限公司3 赛默飞世尔科技（中国）有限公司4 重庆博张机电设备有限公司5 泰和新材集团股份有限公司6 北京飞燕石化环保科技发展有限公司7 天津市创举科技股份有限公司8 北京美斯顿科技开发有限公司9 石化盈科智能科技有限责任公司10 中海油能源发展股份有限公司安全环保分公司11 成都凯天电子股份有限公司郫都成航分公司12 青岛创统科技发展有限公司13 浙江中德自控科技股份有限公司14 浙江华星阀业有限公司15 水力消防科技有限公司16 东营市成功石油科技有限责任公司17 四平市巨元瀚洋板式换热器有限公司18 中石化（大连）石油化工研究院有限公司