标准化实用英语practicalenglishPPT课件.ppt

PracticalEnglishforInternationalStandardization国际标准化实用英语(1)Guangdong WTO/TBT Notification,Consultation and Research Center广东省WTO/TBT通报咨询研究中心 2012Page 2Course Outline 课程提纲A.IntroductionofInternationalStandardsandInternationalStandardOrganisations国际标准及国际标准组织简介B.IntroductionofWTOandTBTWTO与TBT简介C.ISOandtheISOsystemISO与ISO系统-ISOstructureISO架构-Internationalstandardsdevelopments国际标准的制定D.RecentDevelopmentinISOISO近期进步E.ChinaandISO中国与ISOF.IntroductionofIECandIECsystemIEC与其体系简介G.IntroductionofITUITU简介Introduction of International Standards and International Standard Organisations 国际标准及国际标准组织简介Page 4Definition of International Standards 定义International standardsarestandardsdevelopedbyinternationalstandardsorganizations.国际标准是由国际标准化组织制定的。International standardsareavailableforconsiderationanduse,worldwide.在世界各地，国际标准都可被参考及采用。International standardsmaybeusedeitherbydirectapplication,国际标准既可以以采标的形式直接使用，orbyaprocessofmodifyinganinternationalstandardtosuitlocalconditions.也可以按照当地的情况部分采标。Page 5International Standards Organizations 国际标准化组织Therearemanyorganisationsthatestablishandimplementstandards:AmericanPetroleumInstitute(API)美国石油学会AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials(ASTM)美国试验材料协会BritishStandardsInstitution(BSI)英国标准学会EuropeanComputerManufacturersAssociation(ECMA)欧洲计算机制造商协会International Electrotechnical Commission(IEC)国际电工技术委员会International Organization for Standardization(ISO)国际标准化组织InternationalSystemofUnits(SIUnits)国际单位制International Telecommunication Union(ITU)国际电信联盟OrganizationfortheAdvancementofStructuredInformationStandards(OASIS)结构化信息标准促进组织UniversalPostalUnion(UPU)万国邮政联盟Page 6WSC-The World Standards CooperationMulti-discipline and cross sector跨学科和跨领域的For electrotechnology电工类For telecommunication电信类Collaborate to meet the challenges of converging technologies他们联合起来，以迎接技术融合的挑战。Page 7WSC-The World Standards Cooperation ISO，togetherwithIECandITU，hasbuiltastrategicpartnershipwiththeWTO(WorldTradeOrganization)withthecommongoalofpromotingafreeandfairglobaltradingsystem.ISO 与IEC和ITU一起建立了同WTO战略伙伴关系，其共同的目标是促进一个自由和公平的全球贸易体系。ThepoliticalagreementsreachedwithintheframeworkoftheWTOrequiresupportbytechnicalagreements.在WTO框架内达成的政治协议需要技术协议的支撑。ISO,IECandITU,asthethreeprincipalorganizationsininternationalstandardization,havethecomplementaryscopes,theframework,theexpertiseandtheexperiencetoprovidethistechnicalsupportforthegrowthoftheglobalmarket.ISO、IEC、和ITU作为国际标准化的三个主要组织，在不同的领域、框架、专业和经验上是互补的，可为全球市场的增长提供技术支持。Introduction of WTO and TBTWTO与TBT简介Page 9Introduction of WTO Itsanorganizationforliberalizingtrade.贸易自由化的组织Itsaforumforgovernmentstonegotiatetradeagreements.贸易协定谈判的论坛Itsaplaceforthemtosettletradedisputes.解决贸易纠纷的场所Itoperatesasystemoftraderules.实行贸易规则体系Page 10WTO Agreements WTO协定Theagreementsforthetwolargestareasgoodsandservicesshareacommonthree-partoutline,eventhoughthedetailissometimesquitedifferent.这些协定包括了两大类：商品类与服务类，它们都有共同的三大要点，尽管其详细内容有时相当的不同。Theystartwithbroadprinciples:theGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)(forgoods),andtheGeneralAgreementonTradeinServices(GATS).(Thethirdarea,Trade-RelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights(TRIPS)alsofallsintothiscategoryalthoughatpresentithasnoadditionalparts.)这三大原则包括：关税及贸易总协定（商品类）、贸易服务总协定。（第三个方面是贸易有关的知识产权协定也属于贸易服务总协定内,然而目前来说并没有格外列出。）Theseagreementsandannexesdealwiththefollowingspecificsectorsorissues:这些协定及其附录涉及以下相关产业或问题：Page 11Forgoods(underGATT)关税及贸易总协定 Agriculture建筑Healthregulationsforfarmproducts(SPS)农产品卫生条例Textilesandclothing纺织与服装Productstandards(TBT)产品标准Investmentmeasures投资措施Anti-dumpingmeasures反倾销措施Customsvaluationmethods海关估价方法Preshipmentinspection装船前检验Rulesoforigin原产地规则Importlicensing进口许可Subsidiesandcounter-measures补贴及反制措施Safeguards保障措施Forservices(theGATSannexes)贸易服务总协定Movementofnaturalpersons自然人流动Airtransport航空运输Financialservices金融服务Shipping船运Telecommunications电讯Page 12TechnicalBarrierstoTradeAgreement(TBT)TheTechnical Barriers to Trade Agreement(TBT)triestoensurethatregulations,standards,testingandcertificationproceduresdonotcreateunnecessaryobstacles.技术性贸易壁垒协定致力于确保法规、标准、测试和认证程序不会造成不需要的障碍。TheWTOsAgreementonTechnicalBarrierstoTrade(TBT)includesthe Code of Good Practice for the Preparation,Adoption and Application of Standards.WTO技术性贸易壁垒协定（TBT）包括制定、采纳和实施标准的良好行为规范。Page 13TBT agreement 技术性贸易壁垒协定The TBT Agreement recognizes the important contribution thatInternational Standards and conformity assessment systems canmake to improving efficiency of production and facilitatinginternationaltrade.TBT协定承认国际标准和合格评定体系可以为生产效率的提高和国际贸易便利做出重要贡献。Therefore,whereInternationalStandardsexistortheircompletionisimminent,the Code states that standardizing bodies should usethemasabasisforstandardstheydevelop.因此，本规范规定，在有国际标准存在或即将完成情况下，标准化机构应将这些标准作为他们制定标准的基础。Page 14TheCoderequiresthatstandardizingbodiesthathaveaccepteditstermsnotifythisfacttotheISO/IECInformationCentrelocatedattheISOCentralSecretariat.此规范要求已经接受了其条款的标准化组织将这一事实通知驻于中央秘书处的ISO/IEC信息中心。StandardizingbodieshavingacceptedtheCodemustpublishtheirwork programmes and also notify the existence of their workprogrammestotheISO/IECInformationCenter.已经接受了本规范的标准化机构必须公布它们的工作计划，同时还要将其现行工作计划资料通报ISO/IEC信息中心。On behalf of the WTO,ISO periodically publishes a directory ofstandardizing bodies that have accepted the WTO TBT StandardsCode.ISO代表WTO定期公布已经接受WTOTBT标准规范的标准化机构名录。Introduction of ISO and the ISO system ISO与ISO系统简介Page 16Introduction on ISO ISO简介In1946,LondonDelegatesfrom25countriesDecidedtocreateanewinternationalorganization.Theobject:tofacilitatetheinternationalcoordinationandunificationofindustrialstandards.ISO,officiallybeganoperationson23February1947.1946年，来自25个国家的代表聚集在伦敦，决定创建一个新的国际组织，其目标是“促进工业标准的国际协调和统一”。1947年2月23日，新的国际组织，ISO，开始正式运行。Page 17ISOBecause International Organization for Standardization would have different abbreviations in different languages,it was decided at the very beginning to use a word derived from the Greek isos,meaning equal.因为“国际标准化组织”的不同语言的缩写各异，所以组织成立时决定采用由希腊文“isos”所派生的单词，意为“平等”。Therefore,whatever the country,whatever the language,the short form of the organizations name is always ISO.因此，无论哪个国家，哪种语言，本组织的名称缩写皆为“ISO”。Page 18When the large majority of products or services in a particularbusiness or industry sector conform to International Standards,astateofindustry-widestandardizationcanbesaidtoexist.当特定业务部门或工业部门的大部分产品或服务符合国际标准时，可以说工业范围标准化状态已经存在。This is achieved through consensus agreements between nationaldelegationsrepresentingalltheeconomicstakeholdersconcernedsuppliers,users,government regulators and other interest groups,suchasconsumers.这种状态是通过代表所有经济利益相关者 供应商、用户、政府监管机构及其他利益相关群体（例如顾客）的国家代表协商一致达到的。ISOPage 19ISOTheyagreeonspecificationsandcriteriatobeappliedconsistentlyin the classification of materials,the manufacture and supply ofproducts,testing and analysis,terminology and the provision ofservices.他们就统一用于材料分类、产品制造和供应、检测和分析、术语和服务提供的规范和准则达成一致意见。Inthisway,InternationalStandardsprovideareferenceframework,oracommontechnologicallanguage,betweensuppliersandtheircustomers.这样，国际标准利用这种方法提供标准框架，或供应商及其顾客之间通用的技术语言，从而促进贸易和技术转让。Page 20Standardization in the global village地球村的标准化Anincreasingdemandforconsensusbasedinternationalstandards：对协商一致的国际标准的需求越来越高：Globalizationoftradeinproductsandservices产品和服务贸易全球化Delocalizationofprocurementandinvestment采购和投资的非定域化Deregulationofpublicservices取销对公共服务的管制Responsetoclimatechangesandenergyefficiency应对气候变化和能源效率Publicdemandforconsumerandenvironmentalprotection消费者和环境保护的公众需求Needforinternationalsolidaritytofaceterrorism,epidemicsandnaturaldisasters面对恐怖主义、流行疾病和自然灾害的国际共同的需求Deploymentofnewtechnologiesandinnovation新技术和创新的部署Page 21The ISO system ISO系统ITtools信息技术工具Standardsdevelopmentprocedures标准制定程序Consensusbuilding协商共识Dissemination传播163nationalmembers成员国203activeTCs技术委员会3235technicalbodies技术机构50000experts专家CentralSecretariatinGeneva驻日内瓦的中央秘书处153staff工作人员Page 22ISO system:ISO Structure 结构Council:理事会Central Secretariat:中央秘书处General Assembly:全体大会Policy Development committees：政策发展委员会（政策制定委员会）Council Standing committees:理事会常务委员会Technical Management board:技术管理局Strategic and technical advisory groups and REMCO:战略和技术咨询小组和标准样品委员会TC-Technical Committees:技术委员会Ad hoc Advisory Groups:特别技术支持小组Page 23Page 24ISO member 成员AmemberbodyofISOisthenationalbody“mostrepresentativeofstandardizationinitscountry”.OnlyonesuchbodyforeachcountryisacceptedformembershipofISO.MemberbodiesareentitledtoparticipateandexercisefullvotingrightsonanytechnicalcommitteeandpolicycommitteeofISO.ISO的成员机构是成员国“最能代表该国标准化”的机构。每个国家只有一个这样的机构能取得ISO的成员资格。成员机构都有权利参与任何ISO的技术委员会和有关政策委员会，并行使完全投票权。Page 25General Assembly 全体大会TheGeneralAssemblyissupremeauthorityconstitutedbyameetingoftheOfficersanddelegatesnominatedbythememberbodies;correspondentmembersandsubscribermembersmayattendasobservers.全体大会是ISO的最高权力机构，是由官员和ISO成员机构指派的代表参加的会议。通讯成员和注册成员可以观察员身份参加会议。GeneralAssemblymeetsonceayear.ItsagendaincludesactionsrelatingtotheISOannualreport,anISOmulti-yearstrategicplanwithfinancialimplications,andtheTreasurersannualfinancialstatusreportontheCentralSecretariat.通常，全体大会每年召开一次。会议议程特别包括与ISO年度报告有关的措施，ISO与财务密切相关的多年战略计划，和司库的有关中央秘书处年度财务状况报告。ThePresidentisChairmanoftheGeneralAssembly.ISO主席是全体大会的主席。Page 26TheGeneralAssemblymayestablishadvisorycommittees,calledpolicydevelopmentcommittees.Theyinclude CommitteeonConformityAssessment(CASCO),Committeeonconsumerpolicy(COPOLCO)andCommitteeonDevelopingCountryMatters(DEVCO).Theyareopentoallmemberbodiesandcorrespondentmembers,andtheirmanagementreportinglineistotheCouncil.全体大会可以组建咨询委员会，称为政策发展委员会（政策制定委员会），包括合格评定委员会（CASCO）、消费者政策委员会（COPOLCO）和发展中国家事务委员会（DEVCO）。这些委员会对所有成员体和通信成员开放，它们直接向理事会报告其管理情况。Policy Development Committees 政策发展委员会Page 27Council 理事会TheoperationsofISOaregovernedbytheCouncil,consistingoftheOfficersand20electedmemberbodies.ISO是由理事会来管理运作的，理事会由官员和20个选举出的成员机构组成。CouncilappointstheTreasurer,the14membersoftheTechnicalManagementBoard,andtheChairmenofthepolicydevelopmentcommittees.ItalsodecidesontheannualbudgetoftheCentralSecretariat.理事会负责指定司库、技术管理局的14名成员和政策发展委员会的主席。同时也决定中央秘书处的年度预算。Page 28Election to Council 理事会选举Eligibility:Allmemberbodies任命资格：所有成员机构NumberofpayableunitsNumberofTC/SCsecretariatsNumberofP-membershipsinTCsandSCsABCABCRanking=60%+20%+20%Criteria for appointment/election 条件:Page 29Technical Management Board(TMB)技术管理局ISOtechnicalworkisgovernedbytheTechnicalManagementBoard(TMB)toISOspecificworkingproceduresandtechnicalmethodologywhichhavebeendevelopedandrefinedasaresultofexperience.技术管理局(TMB)按ISO制定的并根据经验完善的特定工作程序和技术方法管理ISO技术工作。Technicaladvisorygroups(TAG)areestablished,whennecessary,bytheTechnicalManagementBoardtoadvisetheBoardonmattersofbasic,sectoralandcross-sectoralcoordination,coherentplanningandtheneedsfornewwork.需要时由技术管理局组建技术咨询组(TAG)，就基础、行业和横向协调、相关策划和新工作需求等问题向管理局提出建议。AtpresenttherearethreeTAGs.TAG1ishealthcaretechnology;TAG4isMetrologyandTAG8isBuilding.ThesecretariatoftheTAGsiswiththeCentralSecretariat.目前有3个咨询组：TAG1；保健技术，TAG4：计量学，TAG8：建筑。TAG秘书处设置在中央秘书处内。Page 30TMBisresponsiblefortaskssuchassettingupthevarioustechnicalcommittees(TC),appointingTCchairsandmonitoringtheprogressofthetechnicalwork.TMB负责建立不同的技术委员会（TC），并指派TC的主席并监察技术工作的进程。ItisresponsiblefortheDirectives,whicharetherulesforthedevelopmentofInternationalStandards,anditdealswithallmattersofstrategicplanning,coordination,performanceandmonitoringoftechnicalcommitteeactivities.TMB也负责指令这部分的工作，指令是指国际标准的制定规则，涉及所有关于战略规划、协调、执行和监督技术委员会活动的事项。Page 31Technicalcommittee(TC)andsubcommittee(SC)arethebasictechnicalunitsandtheyareresponsibleforpreparingISOinternationalstandardsunderitsspecifiedscope.Technicalcommitteesareestablishedanddissolvedbythetechnicalmanagementboard.技术委员会（TC和分委员会（SC）是基础技术单位，负责制定其专业领域内的ISO国际标准。由技术管理局建立和解散技术委员会。OnISOsitethebasicinformationisprovidedforeachtechnicalcommittee(TC),listedinnumericalorder,withsubcommittees(SC)andworkinggroups(WG).ISO网址上提供每个技术委员会的基本信息，这些委员会按编号顺序排列并附有分委员会和工作组信息。ThelistbeginswithJTC1,theJointISO/IECTechnicalCommitteeestablishedin1987.TheISOtechnicalcommitteesareassignednumbersinorderoftheirestablishment,fromTC1in1947toTC224in2001.委员会目录从ISO/IEC第1联合技术委员会（JTC1）开始，该委员会建立于1987年。ISO技术委员会按其建立顺序编号，从TC1（成立于1947年）到TC224（成立于2001年）。Page 32Whenatechnicalcommitteeisdissolved,itsnumberisnotallocatedtoanothertechnicalcommittee.Certaintechnicalcommitteeshavenofurtherworkitemunderstudyorforeseen;theyregularlyreviewtheISOInternationalStandardsforwhichtheyareresponsibleandtheirtitlesarefollowedby“STAND-BY”inthelistoftechnicalcommittees.、若一个技术委员会解散，它的编号不再分配给另一个技术委员会。有些技术委员会根据前瞻或研究没有进一步的工作项目，他们定期复审他们负责的ISO国际标准，在委员会目录中在这些委员会名称后加“待命”（或“暂停”字样。Everynationalbodyhastherighttobeamemberonanytechnicalcommitteeorsubcommittee.ItcanchooseP(Participating)orO(Observer)membershipstatus.Nationalbodiesthatwanttoholdthesecretariatoftheproposedcommitteesaysoduringthesurvey.每个国家机构都有权成为任何技术委员会和分委员会成员。它可以选择P（参加）或O（观察员）成员资格身份。希望承担建议的委员会的秘书处的国家成员机构在调查期间予以表示。Page 33Election to the Technical Management Board 技术管理局选举To be eligible for appointment a member body must either hold at least one technical committee or subcommittee secretariat or be providing an individual with chairmanship responsibilities within at least one technical committee or subcommittee,or jointly hold the secretariat of at least one technical committee or subcommittee.有资格任命为TMB成员机构的，必须符合以下条件：一，担任至少一个技术委员会或分委员会的秘书处或其中有人员担任至少一个技术委员会或分委员会的主席。或二，或共同承担至少一个技术委员会或分委员会的秘书处Eligibility任命资格:Page 34Central Secretariat 中央秘书处TheCentralSecretariatactsassecretariattotheGeneralAssembly,theCouncil,thepolicydevelopmentcommitteesandtheirsubsidiarybodies,theTechnicalManagementBoardandthecommitteeonreferencematerials(REMCO).中央秘书处作为大会、理事会、政策制定委员会和其附属机构、技术管理局和国际标准化组织理事会的秘书处行事。Page 35Standards development标准的制定ISO/IECdirectivesandISOsupplementpresentsthethreecoredocumentsdescribingbasicproceduralanddraftingrulestobefollowedbyISOcommittees,namely:ISO/IEC导则和ISO补充文件给予了三个核心文件，描述了ISO委员会须遵守的基本的程序和起草规则：ISO/IECDirectives,Part1:Proceduresforthetechnicalwork ISO/IEC导则（ISO/IEC Directives）第1部分：技术工作程序ISOSupplement,ProceduresspecifictoISO ISO补充文件，ISO的具体程序 ISO/IECDirectives,Part2:RulesforthestructureanddraftingofInternationalStandards ISO/IEC指令：第2部分：国际标准的结构规则和起草(Direct URL to this area:www.iso.org/directives)InternationalStandardsnormallygothroughthefollowingdevelopmentstagesastheyadvancethroughthewritingandapprovalprocessaccordingtotheISO/IECDirectives.根据ISO/IEC导则，国际标准从编写到批准阶段通常经过以下制定阶段：Page 36AtProposalStage(Stage1)anewWorkItemProposal(NP)maybesubmittedbyanymemberofsources.Adecisiontoaddtheitemtoprogramofworkcanbetakeneitherbycorrespondenceoratmeeting.ApprovalbyasimplemajorityoftheP-membersisrequired,plusacommitmentbyatleastfivenationalbodiestoparticipateactivelyinthework.在提案阶段（阶段1），可由任何成员提交新工作项目（NP）建议。可以通过通信或会议将其项目纳入工作计划的决定。要求P-成员的简单多数赞成，再加上至少5个国家成员机构承诺积极参加该项目工作。Stage 1:The Proposal Stage Page 37PreparatoryStage(Stage2)coversthepreparationofaworkingdraft(WD)conformingtotheISO/IECDirectives,Part2.准备阶段（阶段2）包括按照ISO/IEC导则第2部分制定工作草案（WD）。WorkingDraft(s)(WD),aninitialdocumentiscirculatedinthisstagebythesecretariatofthetechnicalcommitteeorsubcommittee,orbytheconvenerofaworkinggroup,forconsiderationbyitsmembers.Thepreparatorystageendswhenaworkingdraftisavailableforcirculationtothemembersofthetechnicalcommitteeorsubcommitteeasafirstcommitteedraft(CD)andisregisteredbytheofficeoftheCEO.The